Interactions between plant growth and soil nutrient cycling under elevated CO2: a meta-analysis

free air carbon dioxide enrichment (FACE) and open top chamber (OTC) studies are valuable tools for evaluating the impact of elevated atmospheric CO₂ on nutrient cycling in terrestrial ecosystems. Using meta‐analytic techniques, we summarized the results of 117 studies on plant biomass production, soil organic matter dynamics and biological N₂ fixation in FACE and OTC experiments. The objective of the analysis was to determine whether elevated CO₂ alters nutrient cycling between plants and soil and if so, what the implications are for soil carbon (C) sequestration. Elevated CO₂ stimulated gross N immobilization by 22%, whereas gross and net N mineralization rates remained unaffected. In addition, the soil C : N ratio and microbial N contents increased under elevated CO₂ by 3.8% and 5.8%, respectively. Microbial C contents and soil respiration increased by 7.1% and 17.7%, respectively. Despite the stimulation of microbial activity, soil C input still caused soil C contents to increase by 1.2% yr^?1. Namely, elevated CO₂ stimulated overall above‐ and belowground plant biomass by 21.5% and 28.3%, respectively, thereby outweighing the increase in CO₂ respiration. In addition, when comparing experiments under both low and high N availability, soil C contents (+2.2% yr^?1) and above‐ and belowground plant growth (+20.1% and+33.7%) only increased under elevated CO₂ in experiments receiving the high N treatments. Under low N availability, above‐ and belowground plant growth increased by only 8.8% and 14.6%, and soil C contents did not increase. Nitrogen fixation was stimulated by elevated CO₂ only when additional nutrients were supplied. These results suggest that the main driver of soil C sequestration is soil C input through plant growth, which is strongly controlled by nutrient availability. In unfertilized ecosystems, microbial N immobilization enhances acclimation of plant growth to elevated CO₂ in the long‐term. Therefore, increased soil C input and soil C sequestration under elevated CO₂ can only be sustained in the long‐term when additional nutrients are supplied.     

New perspectives on forest soil carbon and nitrogen cycling processes: Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal versus ectomycorrhizal tree species

Nearly all tree species develop symbiotic relationships with either arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) or ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi to acquire nutrients from soils, and hence influence soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) cycles in terrestrial ecosystems. It is crucial to understand the differences in soil C and N cycles between AM and EM forests and the underlying mechanisms. In this review, we first compared the differences in the soil C and N cycles between AM and EM forests, and synthesized the underlying mechanisms from perspectives of the inputs, stabilization, and outputs of soil C and N in forest ecosystems. We also compared the responses of soil C and N cycles between AM and EM forests to global changes. In this field, one major research priority is comparing the structure and function (including the soil C and N cycles) between AM and EM forest ecosystems to provide theoretical basis and solid data for improving forest productivity and ecosystem services. The second research focus is deepening the understanding of the effects of interactions between aboveground litter and belowground mycorrhiza and free-living microbes on soil C and N cycles to reveal the potential underlying mechanisms in forests with different mycorrhizal symbioses. Third, the research methodology and new techniques need refining and applying to explicitly focus on scaling up the fine-scale measurements to better expound and predict the C and N cycles in forest ecosystems. Finally, more studies on the stability of soil organic matter among different mycorrhizal forests are needed to precisely assess responses of the structure and function of forest ecosystems to global changes.     

外来植物入侵对土壤生物多样性和生态系统过程的影响

随着科学家对生态系统地下部分的重视,评价外来植物入侵对土壤生态系统的影响成为当前入侵生态学领域的研究热点之一。本文综述了外来植物入侵对土壤微生物、土壤动物以及土壤碳、氮循环动态影响的研究,并探讨了其影响机制。已有的研究表明,植物入侵对土壤生物多样性及相关生态系统过程的影响均存在不一致的格局,影响机制也是复杂多样的。外来植物与土著植物凋落物的质与量、根系特征、物候等多种生理生态特性的差异可能是形成格局多样性和影响机制复杂性的最主要原因。今后,加强多尺度和多生态系统的比较研究、机制性研究、生物多样性和生态系统过程的整合性研究及土壤生态系统对植物入侵的反馈研究是评价外来植物入侵对土壤生态系统影响的发展趋势。     

Soil Respiration and Student Inquiry: A Perfect Match

This activity explores the cycling of carbon between the atmosphere (primarily as CO₂) and biomass in plants, animals, and microscopic organisms. Students design soil respiration experiments using a protocol that resembles current practice in soil ecology. Three methods for measuring soil respiration are presented. Student-derived questions direct soil research projects.     

大气CO2浓度升高对土壤碳库稳定性的影响

工业革命以来,大气CO₂浓度持续上升,升高的CO₂浓度会改变植物光合产物积累、土壤碳库的碳输入和碳输出过程,进而通过影响有机碳组成和周转特征来调控土壤碳库动态变化。土壤碳库是陆地生态系统碳库的重要组成部分,其碳储量的微小变化都会对大气CO₂浓度和气候变化产生巨大影响。但目前关于CO₂浓度升高对土壤碳库动态和稳定性的影响还不清楚,很大程度上限制了预测陆地生态系统碳循环对气候变化的反馈。系统综述国内外大气CO₂浓度升高对植被生产力、植被碳输入和土壤碳库影响的研究进展,旨在揭示土壤碳库物理、化学组成以及周转特征对CO₂浓度升高的响应过程和机理,探讨CO₂升高情境下土壤微生物特征对土壤碳库稳定性的影响和驱动机制,为深入理解全球变化下的土壤碳循环特征提供理论支撑。     

蚯蚓对土壤微生物及生物肥力的影响研究进展

蚯蚓被称为“生态系统工程师”,可以通过改善微生境(排粪、作穴、搅动)、提高有机物的表面积、直接取食、携带传播微生物等方式影响土壤微生物结构、组成和功能.蚯蚓活动形成的大孔隙(洞穴)、中、微空隙(排泄物)可以增加土壤孔隙度和通气性,有助于改善微生物微环境,促进其生长和繁殖.蚯蚓还通过取食、粉碎、混合等活动使复杂有机质转变为微生物可利用的形式,增加土壤微生物与有机质的接触面积,促进微生物对有机质的矿化作用,对土壤中碳、氮、磷养分循环等关键过程产生影响,最终促进土壤养分循环和周转速率,提高土壤生物肥力.     

生物炭对土壤氮循环的影响研究进展

在定性资料调研的基础上,基于ISI Web of Science数据库,采用文献计量学方法,针对"生物炭对土壤氮循环的影响"及其分支技术进行文献检索、数据整理、分类以及主题分析,从国际整体研究态势和分支技术主题两个角度探讨了目前国内外生物炭影响土壤氮循环方面的研究进展,并从生物炭对土壤N_2O排放、肥料利用率、硝化速率、NH_4~+/NH_3吸附、NO_3~-吸附以及土壤微生物氮素固持等6个方面的影响进行了详细论述。近年来,生物炭对土壤氮循环的影响研究急剧增温,发文量逐年增加,截止2014年6月,SCI数据库中共检索到2468篇论文。其中,期刊论文2188篇、综述性论文93篇,其它类论文177篇。美国、加拿大、英国等欧美国家在该领域的研究中占有明显优势,而自2010年以来,中国已成为该领域全球第一的年发文大国。发文热点主要集中在生物炭对土壤N_2O排放和对氮肥利用率的影响2个方面,占总发文量的73.7%。从6个方面的分支技术主题来看,生物炭的影响作用争议性较大。大部分研究认为,生物炭能够抑制土壤N_2O排放、提高氮肥利用率、促进土壤硝化速率、提高土壤对NH_4~+/NH_3和NO_3~-的固持作用以及土壤微生物氮素固持作用等,但也有研究表明生物炭会促进土壤N_2O排放、抑制土壤硝化速率,且不具备NO_3~-固持能力。这主要与生物炭的类型、老化过程,以及土壤类型及其含水孔隙率等密切相关。总之,探讨了生物炭对土壤氮循环影响的研究动态、热点及主要结论,为深入了解生物炭对土壤理化特性影响的作用机制提供了一定研究思路,为生物炭的农业应用提供了一定借鉴和参考。     

陆地土壤碳循环的研究动态

１　引　言陆地碳循环不仅关系到陆地生态系统生产力的形成，同时也影响到整个地球系统的能量平衡，是陆地生态系统结构和功能的综合体现。近几十年来，由于人类活动引起大气ＣＯ２浓度的急剧上升，并可能导致全球气候变化，而且这种变化与陆地碳循环之间存在复杂的相互反馈机制，陆地碳循环已成为生态学、气候学、土壤学、生理学及地质学等众多学科研究的共同目标。在国际地圈生物圈研究计划（ＩＧＢＰ）中，碳循环也是全球尺度模型化工作最初集中的主要目标［１３］。然而由于陆地生态系统的多样性和复杂性，目前在陆地碳循环研究中仍存…     

放牧对草原土壤的影响

介绍了放牧对草原土壤物理性质 (容重、渗透率 )、化学性质 (有机质、N素 )和微生物的影响。由于草原土壤系统本身的复杂性、滞后性和弹性 ,放牧对土壤性质的影响不尽相同。一般而言 ,随放牧强度的增大 ,动物践踏作用的增强 ,土壤孔隙分布的空间格局发生变化 ,土壤的总孔隙减少 ,特别是大孔隙 (>5 0μm)和较大中等孔隙 (9～ 5 0μm)减少 ,使土壤容重增加 ,土壤的渗透阻力加大 ,土壤的保水和持水能力下降。但在有机质含量很低的沙质土壤中 ,超载过牧 ,造成有机质含量降低 ,土壤的团粒结构减少 ,稳定性团聚体减少 ,土壤结构遭到破坏 ,使得土壤容重反而降低。土壤有机质和放牧之间存在复杂的相互关系 ,土壤有机质对放牧的响应受多种因素的影响 ,这些因素包括植被和土壤的初始状况 ;环境因素 ,特别是水分和温度 ;放牧历史 (强度、频率、持续时间和动物类型 )。同时 ,土壤有机质含量低的土壤比含量高的土壤更易受放牧的影响 ,而使有机质发生变化。土壤微生物量碳是最具活性的土壤碳库 ,对环境的变化敏感 ,能较早地指示生态系统功能的变化。当考虑时间尺度时 ,高强度放牧对土壤肥力有负面的影响 ,短期内 ,由于加速了养分的循环效率 ,产生有利的影响 ,但长期无管理的超载放牧必然造成系统物质 (资源 )输入和输     

半干旱草地土壤团聚体氮磷转化相关酶活性对氮添加的响应

日益加剧的大气氮沉降对土壤养分循环过程产生了深刻影响,土壤养分转化相关酶是其关键调控途径,而土壤不同粒级团聚体结构和环境差异导致其中酶活性介导的养分转换过程可能不同。但目前对半干旱区土壤团聚体水平养分转化相关酶活性对氮沉降的响应还不清楚。基于黄土高原自然草地持续3年的野外氮添加控制试验,分析不同氮添加水平下土壤不同粒级团聚体中的基础理化性质、氮（亮氨酸氨基肽酶LAP和β-1,4-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶NAG）和磷转化相关的酶（磷酸单酯酶PME、磷酸二酯酶PDE和植酸酶phyA）活性及酶计量比,探索氮添加对团聚体酶活性的影响。结果表明：（1）氮添加导致了不同粒级团聚体中pH显著降低;高氮添加引起土壤团聚体有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、C ： P和N ： P升高;（2）随氮添加浓度增加,不同粒级团聚体中PME、PDE和phyA活性先降低后升高,而LAP、NAG和酶活性氮磷比均逐渐升高;团聚体酶活性总体表现为小团聚体（<0.25 mm）>中团聚体（0.25-2 mm）>大团聚体（>2 mm）;（3）在中和大团聚体中氮添加通过影响土壤N相关养分调控P转化相关酶活性。总之,氮添加通过改变团聚体养分及其计量比、pH等影响氮、磷转化相关酶活性。     

土壤有机碳和氮分解对温度变化的响应趋势与研究方法

总结了土壤中碳和氮贮量与温度的关系、土壤碳和氮分解对温度时空差异和直接加热升温的响应,以及土壤碳和氮分解对低温冻结及冻融循环的响应趋势,讨论了其研究方法的误差和不确定性,并对今后的研究提出了一些建议．气候变暖在短期内将使土壤碳和氮分解加速并引起CO2释放量增加,而长期过程中却并不一定会引起土壤碳和氮分解加速．合理解释不同研究结果的差异,除了需要系统分析土壤碳和氮分解对温度变化响应的机制外,还需要充分认识土壤碳和氮分解对温度变化响应的长期过程和短期过程的差异,以及研究方法、植被、土壤和气候等因素的影响．     

Carbon and nitrogen cycling during old-field succession: Constraints on plant and microbial biomass

Soil C and N dynamics were studied in a sequence of old fields of increasing age to determine how these biogeochemical cycles change during secondary succession. In addition, three different late-successional forests were studied to represent possible "steady state" conditions. Surface soil samples collected from the fields and forests were analyzed for total C, H₂O-soluble C, total N, potential net N mineralization, potential net nitrification, and microbial biomass. Above-and belowground plant biomass was estimated within each of the old field sites.Temporal changes in soil organic C, total N and total plant biomass were best described by a gamma function [y =at ^b e ^ctd +f] whereas a simple exponential model [y =a(l – e^–bt ) + c] provided the best fit to changes in H₂O-soluble C, C:N ratio, microbial C, and microbial N. Potential N mineralization and nitrification linearly increased with field age; however, rates were variable among the fields. Microbial biomass was highly correlated to soil C and N pools and well correlated to the standing crop of plant biomass. In turn, plant biomass was highly correlated to pools and rates of N cycling.Patterns of C and N cycling within the old field sites were different from those in a northern hardwood forest and a xeric oak forest; however, nutrient dynamics within an oak savanna were similar to those found in a 60-yr old field. Results suggest that patterns in C and N cycling within the old-field chronosequence were predictable and highly correlated to the accrual of plant and microbial biomass.     

"稻鸭共生"生态系统稻季N、P循环

稻鸭共生是对我国传统农业稻田养鸭的继承与发展。在长江流域双季稻主产区湖南布置了稻田养鸭田间试验,以常规稻作为对照,研究"稻鸭共生"生态系统N、P循环。结果表明:"稻鸭共生"生态系统N、P输出分别为153.50 kg/hm²和59.03 kg/hm²,其中鸭产品N、P输出分别是23.98 kg/hm²和3.10 kg/hm²;"稻鸭共生"系统在目前的N、P养分投入水平下,土壤存在严重的N和P亏缺;鸭子系统N、P输入对系统外饲料投入依赖高,自持能力较差;鸭粪N、P参与当季的稻田养分循环,其循环率分别为10.66%和28.16%。     

15N自然丰度法在陆地生态系统氮循环研究中的应用

随着氮沉降的不断增加以及人们对全球变化问题的日益关注, 稳定同位素技术在全球变化研究中得到广泛的应用。因为植物和土壤的氮同位素组成记录了氮循环影响因子的综合作用, 并且具有测量简单以及不受取样时间和空间限制的优点, 所以氮同位素自然丰度法被用于氮循环的研究中。该文从氮循环过程中植物和土壤的氮分馏入手, 总结国内外相关文献, 阐述了植物和土壤氮自然丰度在预测生态系统氮饱和和氮循环长期变化趋势中的应用; 总结了利用树轮δ ¹⁵N法研究氮循环过程中应该注意的事项以及目前尚未解决的问题。     

森林土壤氮素的转化与循环

森林土壤氮素转化与循环在森林生态系统功能中占有极其重要的意义。本文综述了森林土壤氮素转化与循环的研究历程和现状 ;介绍了凋落物的归还、施肥、大气沉降、自生固氮、氨化、硝化、反硝化、植物吸收、NH3 的挥发、NO3 -淋溶等土壤氮素输入、转化和输出的途径和过程 ;最后从研究目标、研究方法、研究对象和研究内容 4个方面归纳了森林土壤氮素转化与循环的发展趋势。     

湿地农田土壤磷素的分布、形态与有效性及磷素循环

对江汉平原四湖地区湿地农田土壤磷素的含量分布、形态、有效性、磷素循环及施肥效应进行了研究.结果表明农田土壤全磷和有效磷含量随着地势的降低呈明显降低趋势,潜育性土壤全磷和有效磷含量均极显著低于非潜育性土壤.水田土壤Ca-P、Al-P、Fe-P和O-P分别占无机磷总量的58.1%、3.7%、10.6%和27.5%,其中Ca-P和Al-P与有效磷呈高度正相关(r分别为0.9286**和0.9038**),说明Ca P和Al-P是该地区水田土壤有效磷的主要来源之一.潜育性土壤Ca-P、Al-P和Fe-P的平均含量分别比非潜育性土壤低84.0、10.2和21.1mg/kg,其差异达显著或极显著水平,证明潜育性土壤磷素降低的主要原因是Ca-P、Al-P和Fe-P的损失.五种耕作制度下潜育性稻田土壤磷素输入输出平衡值为盈余2.3～27.9kg/hm2·a,其输入输出比(1/0)为1.06～1.88.对于土壤速效磷小于5mg/kg的潜育性稻田,早、中、晚稻的最高产量施磷量分别为4.83,4.93和1.78 P2O5kg/666.7m2.     

植物与土壤微生物在调控生态系统养分循环中的作用

陆地生态系统的地上、地下是相互联系的。植物与土壤微生物作为陆地生态系统中的重要组成部分, 它们之间的相互作用是生态系统地上、地下结合的重要纽带。该文首先介绍了植物在养分循环中对营养元素的吸收、积累和归还等作用, 阐述了土壤微生物对养分有效性及土壤质量具有重要的作用。其次, 重点综述了植物与土壤微生物之间相互依存、相互竞争的关系。植物通过其凋落物与分泌物为土壤微生物提供营养, 土壤微生物作为分解者提供植物可吸收的营养元素, 比如共生体菌根真菌即可使植物根与土壤真菌达到互惠。然而, 植物的养分吸收与微生物的养分固持同时存在, 因而两者之间存在对养分的竞争。通过植物多样性对土壤微生物多样性的影响分析, 以及土壤微生物直接或间接作用于植物多样性和生产力的分析, 探讨了植物物种多样性与土壤微生物多样性之间的内在联系。针对当前植物与土壤微生物对养分循环的调控机制的争论, 提出植物凋落物是调节植物与土壤微生物养分循环的良好媒介, 植物与土壤微生物的共同作用对维持整个生态系统的稳定性具有重要意义。也指出了目前在陆地生态系统地上、地下研究中存在的不足和亟待解决的问题。     

The distribution of soil nutrients with depth: Global patterns and the imprint of plants

To understand the importance of plants in structuring the vertical distributions of soil nutrients, we explored nutrient distributions in the top meter of soil for more than 10,000 profiles across a range of ecological conditions. Hypothesizing that vertical nutrient distributions are dominated by plant cycling relative to leaching, weathering dissolution, and atmospheric deposition, we examined three predictions: (1) that the nutrients that are most limiting for plants would have the shallowest average distributions across ecosystems, (2) that the vertical distribution of a limiting nutrient would be shallower as the nutrient became more scarce, and (3) that along a gradient of soil types with increasing weathering-leaching intensity, limiting nutrients would be relatively more abundant due to preferential cycling by plants. Globally, the ranking of vertical distributions among nutrients was shallowest to deepest in the following order: P > K > Ca > Mg > Na = Cl = SO₄. Nutrients strongly cycled by plants, such as P and K, were more concentrated in the topsoil (upper 20 cm) than were nutrients usually less limiting for plants such as Na and Cl. The topsoil concentrations of all nutrients except Na were higher in the soil profiles where the elements were more scarce. Along a gradient of weathering-leaching intensity (Aridisols to Mollisols to Ultisols), total base saturation decreased but the relative contribution of exchangeable K⁺ to base saturation increased. These patterns are difficult to explain without considering the upward transport of nutrients by plant uptake and cycling. Shallower distributions for P and K, together with negative associations between abundance and topsoil accumulation, support the idea that plant cycling exerts a dominant control on the vertical distribution of the most limiting elements for plants (those required in high amounts in relation to soil supply). Plant characteristics like tissue stoichiometry, biomass cycling rates, above- and belowground allocation, root distributions, and maximum rooting depth may all play an important role in shaping nutrient profiles. Such vertical patterns yield insight into the patterns and processes of nutrient cycling through time.     

"双季稻-鸭"共生生态系统C循环

"稻鸭共生"是对我国传统农业稻田养鸭的继承与发展。在双季稻主产区湖南布置了稻田养鸭田间对比试验,以常规稻作为对照,采用投入产出法,分析"稻鸭共生"生态系统C的输入输出及循环情况。结果表明:"早稻-鸭"生态系统碳输出中,水稻籽粒C占42.21%;水稻秸秆C占38.42%;气态C(CH4和CO2)占18.50%;鸭产品C仅占0.87%。"晚稻-鸭"生态系统碳输出中,水稻籽粒C占53.80%;水稻秸秆C占35.12%;气态C占8.67%;鸭产品C仅占1.07%。两季稻作里,"稻鸭共生"土壤截存C量是2103.2 kg/hm2,水稻植株地上部分固定的C量是15109.96 kg/hm2,水稻根固定的C量是1261.34 kg/hm2,归还给土壤的鸭粪C量是229.87 kg/hm2。鸭子系统C输入主要来自系统外投入的饲料C,早稻季鸭所食的杂草C和害虫C分别为60.53 kg/hm2和2.75 kg/hm2,晚稻季鸭所食的杂草C和害虫C分别为3.64 kg/hm2和6.73 kg/hm2。对"双季稻-鸭"共生生态系统的碳收支与平衡的分析表明,"稻鸭共生"生态系统是碳汇,且固碳潜力大于常规稻作。