绿脓杆菌组分疫苗研究进展

由于绿脓杆菌在自然界广泛存在并且对大多数防腐剂和抗菌素药物均表现出耐受性,已成为医院内感染经常出现的条件致病菌。许多年来,人们致力于研制开发安全有效的绿脓杆菌疫苗,以助于对绿脓杆菌感染的控制。目前,一些组分疫苗表现出了较好的发展前景,例如外膜蛋白疫苗、胞外粘液多糖疫苗、LPS疫苗等。本文对这些疫苗的组成成分、制备方法、动物实验和人体观察等作一简要综述。     

溶藻弧菌脂多糖对石斑鱼免疫功能的影响

脂多糖(Lipopolysaccharide,LPS)是G菌细胞壁中的主要成分之一,是细菌内毒素的主要物质,不仅可引起机体良好的体液免疫应答,而且也可提高机体的非特异性免疫功能。Bog-wald发现LPS能导致实验鱼产生特异性抗体,而且还增强鱼体的免疫吞噬能力;Mac Arthur等报道LPS可提高鲽(pleuronectes platessa)体内巨噬细胞的游走能力;Solem认为LPS可促进大西洋鲑(Atlantic salmon)巨噬细胞的分裂且提高其吞噬活性和鱼体抗感染的能力。本文用溶藻弧菌LPS免疫石斑鱼后,分析了石斑鱼血清抗体效价的变化、LPS对石斑鱼血清溶菌酶、酚氧化酶(PO)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性以及抗菌活力等非特异性免疫指标的影响,以及LPS对石斑鱼免疫保护效果,将为充分利用LPS免疫学特性提供理论依据。       

抗绿脓杆菌鸡卵黄色免疫蛋白的冷冻干燥研究

介绍了冷冻干燥技术的原理、抗绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa,简称PA)鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白(Immunoglobulin of Yolk,IgY)的冷冻干燥工艺过程及其参数.通过实验,获得了抗-PA IgY的冻干曲线;经间接血球凝集实验检测,抗-PAIgY的冻干品的活性为1128;在4℃和25℃下,抗-PAIgY的冻干品保存6个月,其活性不变.     

脂多糖是内毒素吗?

脂多糖是革兰阴性菌细胞壁上的一种重要结构,同时也和细菌的致病作用紧密联系,但长期以来直接将脂多糖定义为细菌内毒素,形成了医学细菌学教学中的一个重大误区,可能对细菌致病作用的理解形成学习上的障碍,故就此提出一些见解,以供探讨。     

绿脓杆菌外毒素A的研究进展

<正>绿脓杆菌广泛存在于土壤、水及各种动物体内,是一种常见条件致病菌。绿脓杆菌导致的感染占革兰氏阴性感染的10%,常继发于肿瘤,大面积烧伤、面积创伤及免疫抑制剂使用者。感染类型多种多样,有急、慢性局部感染,也有全身性感染。因为感染绿脓杆菌的患者往往免疫功能低下、临床有效的抗生素种类少,又缺乏有效的疫苗等因素给临床治疗带来了很大困难。     

中医药抗肿瘤的生物免疫效应

本文探讨了中医药对抗肿瘤生物免疫效应的影响。以近年来的临床和实验研究结果为基础,多方面阐述其在生物免疫效应中的影响以达到抗肿瘤的目的;最后表明中医药对生物免疫效应的影响是中医药抗肿瘤最重要的内在作用机理。     

绿脓杆菌的粘附素

绿脓杆菌的粘附功能被认为是绿脓杆菌呼吸道感染的首要一步。粘液型菌株是由细胞外粘多糖（ＭＥＰ）介导,而非粘液型菌株则由菌毛（Ｐｉｌｉ）介导,国内外文献早有报道并认为ＭＥＰ和菌毛均为绿脓杆菌的粘附素。绿脓杆菌的菌毛与菌体的粘附、动力和噬菌体的吸附有关。ＭＥＰ除了粘附功能外,尚与抑制白细胞的吞噬作用、抑制抗ＬＰＳ抗体介导的调理吞噬作用有关,并能增强菌株对抗体包被的抵抗力。     

绿脓杆菌的快速鉴定方法

比较了绿脓杆菌、埃希氏大肠杆菌、摩尔根变形杆菌和几株不发酵葡萄糖的革兰氏阴性杆菌的乙酰胺酶产生情况,证明只有绿脓杆菌产生乙酰胺酶。对临床采集的１０８份标本应用乙酰胺酶法进行了检测,表明６～８小时即得出结果。根据乙酰胺酶检测绿脓杆菌,能够达到快速准确的目的。为临床治疗提供了有利条件。     

细菌脂多糖(LPS)在糖尿病视网膜微血管病变中的作用

本研究旨在通过Akita小鼠糖尿病模型及糖尿病人群血浆样本,探讨病原体相关性分子细菌脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)在糖尿病视网膜病变中的重要作用。本研究选择6个月糖尿病病程的Akita小鼠(Ins2+/Akita)及其同年龄组野生型(wild type,WT)小鼠(C57BL/6J)尾静脉内注射脂多糖(LPS)或生理盐水对照共7 d,从影像学、电生理及病理学水平评估糖尿病视网膜眼病进展。最后收集糖尿病视网膜眼病患者及对照人群血标本,通过ELISA测定血浆LPS表达水平。通过光学相干断层扫描技术分析,发现Akita小鼠的视网膜层间厚度较WT小鼠组相比明显变薄(p=0.000 2),LPS处理进一步加重糖尿病小鼠视网膜结构损害(p=0.000 7)。视网膜电图检测发现LPS处理Akita小鼠组的视网膜细胞幅值较生理盐水处理Akita小鼠显著减慢,有统计学意义(p<0.05)。胰酶消化法分离及PAS染色小鼠眼球视网膜微血管网后,计数测得LPS处理显著增加了Akita小鼠视网膜中无细胞毛细血管数量(p=0.002 6),提示LPS在糖尿病微血管损伤中的重要作用。为保证该研究的临床转化性,我们进一步检测了糖尿病视网膜病变患者(n=19)、糖尿病患者(无微血管并发症)(n=23)及健康对照组(n=20)的血浆LPS水平,发现糖尿病患者血浆LPS水平较健康对照组显著升高(p=0.002 3),其中糖尿病视网膜病变患者LPS升高最为显著(p<0.000 1)。本研究表明,循环中细菌脂多糖增加在糖尿病视网膜病变进展中起到重要作用。     

Protective role of Cytoglobin and Neuroglobin against the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in Leydig cells ex vivo

Leydig cells are responsible for testosterone production in male testis upon stimulation by luteinizing hormone. Inflammation and oxidative stress related Leydig cell dysfunction is one of the major causes of male infertility. Cytoglobin (CYGB) and Neuroglobin (NGB) are two globin family member proteins which protect cells against oxidative stress.In the current study, we established a Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model in TM3 Leydig cell culture to study the function of CYGB and NGB proteins under inflammatory conditions. CYGB and NGB were downregulated using siRNA and shRNA based experimental strategies. Overexpression was conducted using lentiviral pLenti-III-CYGB-2A-GFP, and pLenti-III-NGB-2A-GFP vector systems. As testicular macrophages regulate immune function upon inflammation and steroidogenesis of Leydig cells, we generated direct/indirect co-culture systems of TM3 and mouse macrophage (RAW264.7) cells ex vivo.Downregulation of CYGB and NGB induced nitride oxide (NO) release, blocked cell cycle progression, reduced testosterone production and increased inflammatory and apoptotic pathway gene expression in the presence and absence of LPS. On the other hand, CYGB and NGB overexpression reduced TNFα and COX-2 protein expressions and increased the expression of testosterone biogenesis pathway genes upon LPS stimulation. In addition, CYGB and NGB overexpression upregulated testosterone production. The present study successfully established an inflammatory interaction model of TM3 and RAW264.7 cells. Suppression of CYGB and NGB in TM3 cells changed macrophage morphology, enhanced macrophage cell number and NO release in co-culture experiments upon LPS exposure.In summary, these results demonstrate that globin family members might control LPS induced inflammation by regulating apoptotic mechanisms and macrophage response.     

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein mediates LPS detoxification by chylomicrons

Chylomicrons have been shown to protect against endotoxin-induced lethality. LPS-binding protein (LBP) is involved in the inactivation of bacterial toxin by lipoproteins. The current study examined the interaction among LBP, chylomicrons, and bacterial toxin. LBP was demonstrated to associate with chylomicrons and enhance the amount of LPS binding to chylomicrons in a dose-dependent fashion. In addition, LBP accelerated LPS binding to chylomicrons. This LBP-induced interaction of LPS with chylomicrons prevented endotoxin toxicity, as demonstrated by reduced cytokine secretion by PBMC. When postprandial circulating concentrations of chylomicrons were compared with circulating levels of low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, and high density lipoprotein, chylomicrons exceeded the other lipoproteins in LPS-inactivating capacity. Furthermore, highly purified lipoteichoic acid, an immunostimulatory component of Gram-positive bacteria, was detoxified by incubation with LBP and chylomicrons. In conclusion, our results indicate that LBP associates with chylomicrons and enables chylomicrons to rapidly bind bacterial toxin, thereby preventing cell activation. Besides a role in the detoxification of bacterial toxin present in the circulation, we believe that LBP-chylomicron complexes may be part of a local defense mechanism of the intestine against translocated bacterial toxin.     

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein inhibits responses to cell-bound LPS

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP) is an acute phase reactant that may play a dual role in vivo, both potentiating and decreasing cell responses to bacterial LPS. Whereas low concentrations of LBP potentiate cell stimulation by transferring LPS to CD14, high LBP concentrations inhibit cell responses to LPS. One inhibitory mechanism involves the ability of LBP to neutralize LPS by transferring it to plasma lipoproteins, whereas other inhibitory mechanisms, such as the one described here, do not require exogenous lipoproteins. Here we show that LBP can inhibit monocyte responses to LPS that has already bound to membrane-bound CD14 (mCD14) on the cell surface. LBP caused rapid dissociation of LPS from mCD14 as measured by the ability of LBP to inhibit cross-linking of a radioiodinated, photoactivatable LPS derivative to mCD14. Whereas LBP removed up to 75% of the mCD14-bound LPS in 10 min, this was not accompanied by extensive release of the LPS from the cells. The cross-linking data suggest that much of the LPS that remained bound to the cells was associated with LBP. The ability of LBP to inhibit cell responses could not be explained by its effect on LPS internalization, because LBP did not significantly increase the internalization of the cell-bound LPS. In cell-free LPS cross-linking experiments, LBP inhibited the transfer of LPS from soluble CD14 to soluble MD-2. Our data support the hypothesis that LBP can inhibit cell responses to LPS by inhibiting LPS transfer from mCD14 to the Toll-like receptor 4-MD-2 signaling receptor.     

Lipopolysaccharide antigens produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa from cystic fibrosis lung infection

Abstract The lipopolysaccharides (LPS) produced by 10 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infection were investigated using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) techniques. The silverstained SDS-polyacrylamide gel of proteinase K digested whole-cell lysates from these isolates showed great variation in the number of repeat units in the O polysaccharide and also in the amounts of O polysaccharide produced. LPS was extracted from the sputum of a CF patient. The SDS-PAGE profile obtained from in vivo-grown bacteria showed a ladder-like pattern similar to that obtained for LPS extracted from early stationary phase cells of the same isolate grown in vitro in iron-depleted chemically defined media, indicating that an O polysaccharide was produced during growth in the CF lung. Results of ELISA titrations indicated that the patient's serum, but not sputum, contained high titres of IgG to P .     

Detoxification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by egg white lysozyme

Abstract Recent studies carried out by our group suggest that lysozyme binds to bacterial lipopolysaccharide with a high affinity to produce a complex, and inhibits various biological activities of lipopolysaccharide. Although the basic structure of lipopolysaccharide is independent of the species and strains of Gram-negative bacteria, many structural factors such as O-antigenic polysaccharide, lipid A, substituted groups, and associated molecules, affect the biological activities of lipopolysaccharide. In this study, we prepared lysozyme/lipopolysaccharide complexes using various structures of lipopolysaccharide and compared the activity and physiochemical properties. Native and dansylated lysozyme were found to bind to all tested lipopolysaccharides. The mitogenic activity and TNF production by all tested lipopolysaccharides were significantly reduced by complex formation in vitro. Administration of the complex prepared by various lipopolysaccharides produced significantly less quantities of TNF in the septic shock model. These results suggested that binding of lysozyme to lipopolysaccharide is important for the host both in pathophysiological responses to lipopolysaccharides and in the modification of lipopolysaccharide biological activity.