新番茄粉孢菌Oidium neolycopersici生物学特性的研究

新番茄粉孢菌Oidium neolycopersici是近几年引起番茄白粉病的主要病原菌。在国内首次对该菌的生物学特性进行了研究。结果表明：新番茄粉孢菌分生孢子萌发的适宜温度范围为20－25℃,最适相对湿度范围为80%－100%,在水滴中不能萌发;该菌对光照条件和酸碱度的要求不严格,在pH3－12时其萌发率均能达到90%以上;在碳氮源利用方面,该菌分生孢子对各种碳源均能利用,以甘露糖和半乳糖效果最好;氮源以硝态氮（硝酸钾）为佳,铵态氮、有机态氮对其萌发有抑制作用;分生孢子萌发的致死温度为44℃ 10min。     

蝉拟青霉LB菌株的生物学特性

本文研究碳源、氮源、温度、湿度、pH值和光照等对蝉拟青霉LB菌株生长、产孢和孢子萌发的影响.结果表明,适合该菌株菌落生长和产孢的最佳碳源是可溶性淀粉和蔗糖,最佳氮源为蛋白胨;菌丝生长和孢子萌发的最适温度范围是25℃～27℃,产生分生孢子的最适温度是25℃;分生孢子萌发所需湿度范围是RH 90%～100%,当RH低于90%时很难萌发;在pH值4～10的范围内该菌能生长和产孢,菌丝生长最适pH为6,产生分生孢子和孢子萌发最适pH范围为6-7;光照处理对该菌产孢有一定的影响;分生孢子的致死条件为55℃ 10min.生物学特性显示,蝉拟青霉LB菌株是一株对营养要求不高、对环境适应能力较强的昆虫病原真菌.     

植物油与含水量对玫烟色棒束孢IfB01菌株分生孢子萌发率的影响

玫烟色棒束孢菌Isaria fumosorosea菌株If B01是本实验室分离的一株对烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci防治效果较好的虫生真菌,但其分生孢子不耐贮藏,明确不同因子对孢子萌发率的影响具有重要意义。将含水量为18.83%、9.31%和3.13%的玫烟色棒束孢菌分生孢子粉分别和大豆油、调和油、花生油、葵花籽油和玉米油充分混合,在25℃下贮藏7 d、30 d和90 d,测定分生孢子萌发率。结果表明,植物油有利于孢子贮藏,贮藏30 d后植物油处理的分生孢子萌发率高于66%,而对照的萌发率只5%左右,5种植物油之间没有显著性差异;低含水量能促进植物油贮分生孢子萌发率的提高,贮藏30 d后,含水量3.13%和18.83%的相比,前者孢子萌发率一般高出后者10%以上。实验结果对该菌株分生孢子剂型加工具有指导意义。     

温湿度和光照对宁夏灌区春小麦白粉病菌分生孢子萌发的影响

在宁夏灌区,春小麦白粉病菌(Erysiphe graminis f.sp.tritici)的分生孢子在-3-29℃温度范围都可萌发。温度达33℃时不能萌发,最适温度为10—15℃。分生孢子虽然在0—100%的湿度下都可以萌发。但以饱和湿度最适。紫外光对分生孢子有强烈的杀伤作用。直射阳光对分生孢子的萌发有抑制作用;在散射光和黑暗条件下,孢子的萌发率没有显着差异。     

斜脉蝠蛾“黑点病”的病原及防治的初步研究*

斜脉蝠蛾Hepialus oblifurcus Chu et Wang幼虫“黑点病”由粉质拟青霉Paecilomyces farinosus Brown et Smith引起。该菌在10—25℃温度范围内能正常生长,生长速度及分生孢子萌发率随温度升高而加快和增高。该菌对酸度要求不严。百菌清烟熏剂处理5秒钟即能显著抑制分生孢子的萌发。探讨了斜脉蝠蛾幼虫“黑点病”的药剂防治。     

鸭跖草生防菌叶点霉F-3菌株生物学特性的研究

主要研究影响鸭跖草生防菌叶点霉菌株菌丝生长和孢子萌发的条件。研究表明,PDA培养基和鸭跖草培养基是该菌生长的适宜培养基,该菌生长的温度范围为20~35℃,最适温度为25℃,分生孢子萌发的温度范围为25~35℃,最适温度为30℃;pH为6时生长最快,偏酸偏碱有利于孢子的萌发,在pH为10时萌发最好。F-3菌株在供试的6种碳源中生长速度相差不大,在不同氮源中差异显著,以硝酸铵为氮源生长最好。     

温度和水活度对冠突散囊菌菌丝生长和产孢的影响

冠突散囊菌(Eurotium cristatum)是茯砖茶发酵过程中的优势菌。通过调节甘油含量制备具有不同水活度(aw)的培养基,研究培养基水活度、培养温度以及不同温度和水活度组合对冠突散囊菌菌丝生长、分生孢子产生、萌发和菌落形态的影响。供试的冠突散囊菌菌株FZ-2、FZ-3和FZ-4在水活度为0.77～0.99的培养基中均能生长,最适培养基水活度为0.90～0.95。培养基水活度在0.77～0.95范围内有利于菌株FZ-2产生分生孢子,最适水活度为0.83;培养基水活度于0.83～0.95范围内有利于菌株FZ-4产孢;而菌株FZ-3适合产孢的培养基水活度为0.95。菌株FZ-2分生孢子萌发的最适水活度为0.87～0.95。菌株FZ-2适合的生长温度为28～37℃,温度38℃时菌体生长速度下降,至40～45℃时菌丝停止生长;菌株FZ-3和FZ-4最适生长温度均为28℃。在20～37℃条件下菌株FZ-2均能产生分生孢子,最适产孢温度为37℃;菌株FZ-3在28～37℃范围内产生分生孢子;菌株FZ-4在20～37℃内产生分生孢子,最适产孢温度为37℃。菌株FZ-2分生孢子可以在较宽的温度范围内(20～40℃)萌发,最适温度为25～33℃。研究结果表明不同水活度-温度组合对菌株FZ-2菌丝生长和菌落形态产生显著的影响,与温度作用相比,水活度的影响更为明显。本研究证明了冠突散囊菌适合在干燥的茶叶中生长和繁殖,为解释其在茯砖茶加工过程中的优势地位提供理论依据,研究结果也将促进茶叶发酵菌剂的开发利用和砖茶的标准化生产。     

几种植物油对莱氏野村菌分生孢子萌发的影响

【目的】研究从银纹夜蛾(鳞翅目:夜蛾科)[Argyrogramma agnata Staudinger(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)]幼虫上分离得到的莱氏野村菌菌株Nr0815分生孢子,于不同温度下在8种植物油中萌发率和萌发速率的差异。【方法】采用紫外分光光度计测定了Nr0815分生孢子在8种植物油中的吸光度,并用载玻片萌发法测定了72 h内不同温度下分生孢子在不同植物油中的萌发率以及不同观察时间段的萌发速率。【结果】莱氏野村菌分生孢子在供试植物油中分散良好。在10–30°C内,莱氏野村菌分生孢子在各植物油中均能正常萌发,其中在大豆油中累积萌发率均最高。从孢子萌发速率来看,23°C时除大豆油和菜籽油外,其他植物油中孢子的萌发速率在72 h内均随着时间的延长而上升,在48–72 h时的萌发速率最大。10°C时的萌发速率最小,48 h后才开始萌发。从孢子萌发后芽管生长来看,23°C下孢子萌发后72 h时大豆油中的芽管长度最大,为(24.89±1.04)μm,葵花籽油中芽管最短,仅为(9.10±1.00)μm。【结论】明确了温度和植物油对莱氏野村菌孢子萌发的影响,也为该菌油剂开发利用提供理论基础。     

白僵菌在松毛虫体上宿存侵染的电镜扫描观察

通过扫描电子显微镜,观察了几种人工的或自然的环境下白僵菌在马尾松毛虫体上的宿存与侵染过程,描述了分生孢子的萌发和菌丝形成中的形态变化,讨论了致病效果与环境的关系,对林间应用提出了建议。结果表明：在２５℃和９５％的温湿度条件下,分生孢子萌发较快,萌发率和侵入率较高;白僵病的发生需要８５％以上的相对湿度,这是自然环境中防治效果的制约因子;在松毛虫每年发生２～３代的我国林区,冬季放菌做法不宜提倡,６月份放菌更为适宜。     

生防枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株抗菌物质的初步研究

通过检测生防枯草芽孢杆菌除菌上清液对黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporium f．cumerinum菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,初步研究了生防枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株抗菌物质的活性。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株分泌的抗菌物质不仅抑制病原菌的生长;并可抑制尖孢镰刀菌孢子的萌发,使分生孢子萌发畸形。研究确定了该菌株抗菌物质产生的最佳条件：培养温度30℃;培养基初始pH值7.5;装液量为250ml三角瓶装液75ml培养基;培养时间120h。经30%~70%硫酸铵沉淀获得的抗菌粗提物对60℃处理具有稳定性（活性达97.8%）;对蛋白酶K具有部分耐受性,对胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶较敏感。     

Investigation of the mechanism of temperature sensitivity of the electroreceptors of ampullae of lorenzini

In experiments on Black Sea skates (Raja clavata), the potential of the receptor epithelium of the ampullae of Lorenzini and spike activity of single nerve fibers connected to them were investigated during electrical and temperature stimulation. Usually the potential within the canal was between 0 and –2 mV, and the input resistance of the ampulla 250–400 k. Heating of the region of the receptor epithelium was accompanied by a negative wave of potential, an increase in input resistance, and inhibition of spike activity. With worsening of the animal's condition the transepithelial potential became positive (up to +10 mV) but the input resistance of the ampulla during stimulation with a positive current was nonlinear in some cases: a regenerative spike of positive polarity appeared in the channel. During heating, the spike response was sometimes reversed in sign. It is suggested that fluctuations of the transepithelial potential and spike responses to temperature stimulation reflect changes in the potential difference on the basal membrane of the receptor cells, which is described by a relationship of the Nernst's or Goldman's equation type.I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. I. M. Sechenov, Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Leningrad. Pacific Institute of Oceanology, Far Eastern Scientific Center, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Vladivostok. Translated from Neirofiziologiya, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 67–74, January–February, 1980.     

Principles of organization and evolution of systems of regulation of functions

Evolution of living organisms is closely connected with evolution of structure of the system of regulations and its mechanisms. The functional ground of regulations is chemical signalization. As early as in unicellular organisms there is a set of signal mechanisms providing their life activity and orientation in space and time. Subsequent evolution of ways of chemical signalization followed the way of development of delivery pathways of chemical signal and development of mechanisms of its regulation. The mechanism of chemical regulation of the signal interaction is discussed by the example of the specialized system of transduction of signal from neuron to neuron, of effect of hormone on the epithelial cell and modulation of this effect. These mechanisms are considered as the most important ways of the fine and precise adaptation of chemical signalization underlying functioning of physiological systems and organs of the living organism