Investigations on organic fungicides

Summary The antimicrobial spectrum of the antifungal substance tetramethylthiuram disulphide (t.m.t.d.) was determined. The substance in general possessed antifungal rather than antibacterial properties. The bacteria as well as the moulds varied considerably with regard to their sensitivity towards t.m.t.d. Among the moulds the parasitic species were in general more sensitive to t.m.t.d. than the saprophytic fungi.The mode of action of t.m.t.d. was briefly discussed. It was concluded that this substance probably acts by interference with the anabolic part of mould metabolism.     

生防枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株抗菌物质的初步研究

通过检测生防枯草芽孢杆菌除菌上清液对黄瓜枯萎病菌Fusarium oxysporium f．cumerinum菌丝生长和分生孢子萌发的抑制作用,初步研究了生防枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株抗菌物质的活性。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌B29菌株分泌的抗菌物质不仅抑制病原菌的生长;并可抑制尖孢镰刀菌孢子的萌发,使分生孢子萌发畸形。研究确定了该菌株抗菌物质产生的最佳条件：培养温度30℃;培养基初始pH值7.5;装液量为250ml三角瓶装液75ml培养基;培养时间120h。经30%~70%硫酸铵沉淀获得的抗菌粗提物对60℃处理具有稳定性（活性达97.8%）;对蛋白酶K具有部分耐受性,对胰蛋白酶和胃蛋白酶较敏感。     

拮抗链霉菌S24抗菌物质的提取及其部分理化性质

拮抗链霉菌S24对黄曲霉、赭曲霉、黑曲霉等粮食和饲料中常见的曲霉菌具有广谱抗性,本试验通过牛津杯法测定抗菌物质的效价,研究了大孔吸附树脂对链霉菌S24产生的抗菌物质的吸附、解吸性能,筛选了解吸剂,并研究了抗菌物质的部分理化性质。结果表明,大孔吸附树脂AB-8对抗菌物质的吸附及解吸性能最好,其饱和吸附量为7.0822×104μg/g,最佳解吸剂为85%丙酮,以85%丙酮进行动态解吸,解吸率达93.82%。该抗菌物质对热稳定,对紫外线敏感,对有机溶剂不敏感,对酸敏感,对碱稳定,紫外全波长扫描发现该抗菌物质为多烯大环内酯类抗生素。     

离子注入选育高效植物病原真菌拮抗菌JA

Bacillus subtitles JA能够对多种植物病原菌如小麦赤霉菌、西瓜枯萎病菌、黄瓜黑星、油菜菌核、小麦白粉等有良好的抑制效果,本文利用离子注入诱变筛选高效植物病原真菌拮抗菌并且对JA菌株的发酵特性作了进一步的研究,获得了两株高效拮抗菌。其发酵水平的抑菌圈直径从16.62mm提高到21.23mm,经传代实验表明,其遗传性较为稳定。     

Some Characteristics of Red Light-induced Substance(s) against Botrytis cinerea Produced in Broad Bean Leaflets

The red light-induced antifungal substance(s) produced in broad bean was of relatively high molecular weight, water soluble, heat stable and fungi specific. Cellulose thin layer chromatography (TLC) of infection droplets of Botrytis cinerea or water droplets without spores of B. cinerea, recovered from inoculated broad bean leaflets kept under red light for 48 h, displayed inhibition zones at approximate Rf values of 0.0 and 0.6. Inhibition zones observed in cellulose TLC of water droplets were relatively faint compared to those of infection droplets. In a time-course study of accumulation of the antifungal substance(s), antifungal activity in both water and infection droplets recovered from red light irradiated broad bean leaflets occurred after 24 h irradiation. However, the antifungal activity in infection droplets was significantly higher than in water droplets. The antifungal substance(s) was less active against Botrytis fabae than B. cinerea.     

Antifungal cyclopeptolide from fungal saprophytic antagonist Ulocladium atrum

The saprophytic fungus Ulocladium atrum Preuss is a promising biological control agent for Botrytis cinerea in greenhouse- and field-grown crops. However, despite its known potent antifungal activity, no antifungal substance has yet been reported. In an effort to characterize the antifungal substance from U atrum, we isolated an antibiotic peptide. Based on extensive spectroscopic analyses, its structure was established as a cyclopeptolide with a high portion of N-methylated amino acids, and its 1H and 13C chemical shifts were completely assigned based on extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments. Compound 1 exhibited potent antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea and moderate activity against Alternaria alternate and Magnaporthe grisea.     

Characterization of antifungal glycoprotein in red-light-irradiated broadbean leaflets

 Red-light treatment of broadbean leaflets resulted in the production of antifungal substance(s) against Botrytis cinerea. The antifungal substance(s) was positively charged, as the antifungal constituent was removed by the cation exchanger CM cellulose. Treatment of infection droplets with glycosidases (α-mannosidase, β-galactosidase, β-glucosidase), glycol-specific reagent periodate (NaIO₄), and proteinase K completely eliminated antifungal activity, suggesting that both protein and carbohydrate are active components. The protein content of infection droplets was 0.148 mg/ml. The HPLC gel column analysis of infection droplets resulted in four fractions; all the fractions showed antifungal activity. Received: June 14, 2002 / Accepted: August 12, 2002 Correspondence to:Y. Honda     

HNO_2诱变选育链霉菌702菌株

以链霉菌702-20为出发菌株,经HNO2诱变处理,获得高产突变株。实验结果表明:HNO2处理20 m in对菌株的致死率可达83.10%,突变率高达14.13%,经过摇瓶筛选获得高产突变株20-29-148,产链霉素能力达到1.404 mg/mL,比出发菌株提高了37.65%。经传代培养考察,该突变菌株具有良好的遗传稳定性。     

Nutritional Requirement for Production of Antifungal Substance by Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus subtilis Antagonists of Phytophthora cactorum1

Anker's medium with glucose and Thornton's medium were most suitable for growing Enterobacter aerogenes and Bacillus subtilis respectively, antagonists of P. cactorum, the causal agent of apple crown rot. Calcium nitrate was thebest source of nitrogen for growing cultures of E. aerogenes and B. subtilis. E. aerogenes produced the maximum amount of antifungal substance at 200 and 400 mg/l of nitrogen in the medium. Phosphate supplied either in the potassium or calcium form did not change the growth of either antagonist. An addition of 200 mg/l of N and 400 mg/l of P significantly enhanced the production of antifungal substance by E. aerogenes on Anker's medium with glucose. Thornton's medium supplemented with 200 mg/l of N and 100 mg/l of P produced the maximum amount of antifungal substance from B. subtilis. Generally, soil extracts without enrichment did not support the growth of either antagonist; E. aerogenes required at least 400 mg/lof, both N and P while B. subtilis required 200 mg/l of N and 800 mg/l of P for the maximum production of antifungal substance. When ammonium phosphate was added to soil extracts, only a small amount of antifungal substance was produced by E. aerogenes and none by B. subtilis. These results indicate that E. aerogenes and B. subtilis need N and P fertilization of the sterilized soil for the maximum production of the antifungal substance that inhibits the growth of P. cactorum.     

利迪链霉菌A02抗真菌活性产物的分离和结构鉴定

利迪链霉菌A02是从京郊森林土壤中分离筛选出的植物病原真菌高效拮抗菌株。为了明确其抑菌活性的物质基础,利用大孔树脂和硅胶吸附柱层析、HPLC循环制备分离等方法,从菌株A02发酵液中分离获得了纯度达99.845%以上的单一组分活性化合物。经紫外光谱、高分辨质谱、红外光谱和核磁共振谱的测定和解析,确定了该活性化合物的分子量为665,分子式为C33H47NO13,化学结构与四烯大环内酯类抗生素纳他霉素相同。这一结果揭示了利迪链霉菌产生抗真菌天然产物的新功能,并为纳他霉素在植物病害生物防治中的应用开拓了新的途径。     

Isolation and characterization of a transposon mutant of Pseudomonas fluorescens AU63 deficient in antifungal activity against Pythium ultimum

Tn5 transposon mutagenesis via electroporation of Pseudomonas fluorescens AU63 was used to generate mutants deficient in antifungal activity against the phytopathogenic fungi Pythium ultimum and Thielaviopsis basicola. Mutant C-45 was obtained by an initial screen for the loss of antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis and a subsequent screen of mutants obtained for the loss of antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. A single chromosomal insertion of Tn5 in the chromosome of Ps. fluorescens C-45 was confirmed by Southern blot hybridization. A metabolite responsible for the observed antibacterial and antifungal activities was identified using thin layer chromatography. The antimicrobial activities of the partially purified substance present in the parental strain and missing in the C-45 mutant were not affected by protease, high temperature, acid or alkali treatment. These results provide the basis for a structural analysis of this new antimicrobial substance and the genetic elucidation of its biosynthesis.     

解淀粉芽孢杆菌抗菌活性物质的分离纯化及抑菌活性研究

植物真菌病害给农业生产带来了巨大损失,因此对生物农药的开发迫在眉睫。从堆肥中分离得到一株解淀粉芽孢杆菌,它具有强烈的抗真菌活性。其发酵液经硫酸胺沉淀得到粗提液,粗提液经Hiprep 26/10 Desalting,HiLoad 26/10 Q Sepharose和HPLC多步柱层析,分离纯化得到一种抗真菌活性物质。ESI-MS质谱法测得其分子量为1498 Da。经活性检测发现,该纯物质对尖孢镰刀菌、草莓蛇病菌等植物病原真菌具有很强的抑制作用,对毛霉、黑曲霉等食品腐败菌也有抑制作用。经过显微镜观测,该物质可造成草莓蛇病菌菌丝生长异常,表现在菌丝弯曲,顶端膨大,分生孢子数量减少。     

中药成分抗真菌机制研究进展

目前,寻找新型抗真菌药物迫在眉睫。已有研究表明,有效中药成分具有良好的抗真菌作用,可能具有应用前景。本文综述了抗真菌中药及其抗真菌的主要机制,涉及干扰物质运输、酵母-菌丝相转化、宿主免疫和氧化还原等方面,为中药及其提取物在抗真菌中的应用提供了一定的指导。     

Production of an antimicrobial substance against Cryptococcus neoformans by Paenibacillus brasilensis Sa3 isolated from the rhizosphere of Kalanchoe brasiliensis

An antifungal substance produced by Paenibacillus brasilensis strain Sa3 was preliminary characterized and showed to be stable after treatment with different enzymes and organic solvents and at a wide range of pH, and presented a molecular weight between 3 and 10 kDa. In vitro antagonism of this strain towards Cryptococcus neoformans was investigated by optical and electronic microscopic analyses and a fungicidal effect on C. neoformans was observed. Ultrastructural analysis showed intense changes on the fungus when it was paired cultured with strain Sa3, mainly the detachment of the capsule from the cell wall and the presence of altered organelles in the cytoplasm. This novel antifungal substance produced by P. brasilensis Sa3 may represent a new insight in antifungal therapy mainly against emergent fungi. Also, prospective studies on rhizobacteria of plants as Kalanchoe brasiliensis may offer a potential source for the discovery of bioactive compounds with medical value.     

Production of Acetone and Butanol Using Immobilized Growing-cells of Clostridium acetobutylicum

The biosynthetic route for chloromonilicin, an antifungal substance from cherry rot fungus, was investigated using deuterium-labeled precursors. The incorporation of synthetic deuterium-labeled moniliphenone into chloromonilicin and into its xanthone precursor, 4-chloropinselin, was confirmed by ’H-NMR spectrometry.     

Antimicrobial activity of Paenibacillus kribbensis POC 115 against the dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum

In a search for an antifungal substance with activity against the dermatophyte fungus Trichophyton rubrum, strain POC 115 was chosen among different Paenibacillus strains for its phenotypic and genetic characterization and for preliminary characterization of its antimicrobial substance. Strain POC 115 was identified as belonging to Paenibacillus kribbensis. Physico-chemical characterization of the antimicrobial substance showed that it was not stable during heat and organic solvents treatments, but its activity was preserved at a wide range of pH and after treatment with pronase E, trypsin and DNase I. The crude concentrated supernatant of POC 115 culture was partially purified and the fraction presenting antimicrobial activity was further analyzed by UPLC/Mass Spectrometry. Two peaks were observed at 2.02 (mass 1,207 D) and 2.71 (mass 1,014 D) min in the mass chromatogram. The antimicrobial substance produced by POC 115 was correlated to iturin family compounds based on a set of primers designed for the amplification of PKS operon in the POC 115 genome. As happens with the mode of action of the antibiotics of the iturin group, the AMS produced by POC 115 caused the disruption of cytoplasmic membrane of T. rubrum and the subsequent withdraw of the intracellular material. This is the first report on the production of antimicrobial substances in P. kribbensis, and it may be of great relevance as an alternative or supplementary substance to antifungal drugs currently used against dermatophytes.     

3-Phenyl-5-methyl-2H,5H-furan-2-ones: tuning antifungal activity by varying substituents on the phenyl ring

A series of racemic 3-phenyl-5-methyl-2H,5H-furan-2-ones related to a natural product, (-)incrustoporine, was synthesized, and their antifungal activity evaluated. The key structural feature, furanone ring, was closed via H2SO4-mediated cyclization of 2-phenylpent-4-enoic acids. The compounds displayed antifungal activity, especially against filamentous fungi. Expressed as the minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) in micromol/L, the activity of the most promising derivative against Absidia corymbifera matched that of ketoconazole (31.25 micromol/L). In terms of microg/mL, the substance was more active (7.6 microg/mL) than this standard antifungal drug (16.6 microg/mL).     

Isolation and anti-oomycete activity of nyasol from Anemarrhena asphodeloides rhizomes

The methanol extract of Anemarrhena asphodeloides rhizomes exhibited strong antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungi Magnaphothe grisea, Rhizoctonia solani, and the plant pathogenic oomycete Phytophthora capsici. The antifungal substance isolated from the rhizomes of A. asphodeloides was identified to be nyasol, (Z)-1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,4-pentadiene by NMR and mass spectral analysis. Nyasol effectively inhibited the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum orbiculare, P. capsici, Pythium ultimum, R. solani, and Cladosporium cucumerinum in a range of 1-50 mug/ml, but did not affect the growth of bacteria and yeast. In a greenhouse test, treatment with the antifungal compound nyasol was significantly effective in suppressing the Phytophthora blight on pepper plants.     

抗真菌多肽APS—1的分离纯化与特性

蜡状芽孢杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｕｓｃｅｒｅｕｓ）Ｓ１菌株对多种作物真菌性病害有良好的防效。本文报道了Ｓ１菌株产生的抗真菌物质的纯化及其部分特性。该菌株的发酵液经过酸沉淀和有机溶剂抽提、ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ１００与ＤＥＡＥ５２柱层析等步骤后,抗真菌物质得到纯化,硅胶薄层层析显色为单点。该物质在２７５ｎｍ处有吸收峰,对蛋白酶有一定耐受性,茚三酮反应呈阴性,但酸水解后,茚三酮反应呈阳性,双缩脲反应也呈阳性。氨基酸组分分析结果表明,该物质由谷氨酸、天门冬氨酸、酪氨酸、丝氨酸、苏氨酸、脯氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、缬氨酸和一种异常氨基酸组成。推测该物质为一种环状多肽,命名为ＡＰＳ１。紫外光照射和高压灭菌处理后,ＡＰＳ１的抗真菌活性损失不大。平板抑菌试验结果表明,ＡＰＳ１对９种供试真菌的孢子萌发有抑制作用,其完全抑制浓度因真菌种类不同而有差异     

Antifungal activity of some discomycetes

An antifungal glycoprotein compound was obtained from the culture filtrate of Ciboria rufo-fusca, by ultrafiltration and fractionation through D.E.A.E. cellulose and ultrogel Ac A34 chromatography. The purified material was homogeneous on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and was sensitive to the action of glucuronidase and catalase, and partly denatured by urea.The antifungal properties of the discomycete: Ciboria rufo-fusca was described in the first part of this work (6). The second part deals with the nature of the antifungal substance produced by Ciboria rufo-fusca.