台湾早熟蜜桃优良芽变新种质'五月红'的鉴定

桃是我国重要的果树种类,分布十分广泛,在水果生产中排第四位,但适合南方栽培的品种却稀少。该研究通过资源调查在广西大学标本园内的一棵台湾早熟蜜桃大枝上发现一个芽变新种质,命名为‘五月红'',并进一步对其主要生物学特性、植物学性状以及果实经济性状等进行观测分析,同时还通过SRAP分子标记检测与母株台湾早熟蜜桃的差异性。结果表明:‘五月红''芽变新种质成熟期比台湾早熟蜜桃提前20 d左右,5月上中旬成熟,果变大,核变小,可食率提高,且颜色均匀,可溶性固形物含量显著提高,保持了台湾早熟蜜桃需冷量低、品质优良和风味极佳的优点,属于特早熟优质种质资源; 通过琼脂糖电泳检测SRAP扩增组合引物me9/em5在‘五月红''DNA样品中能够扩增到1 200 bp大小的特异性条带,表明‘五月红''在DNA遗传水平上与母株台湾早熟蜜桃发生了变异,属于新的特早熟种质资源。‘五月红''芽变新种质的发现将为选育适合南方栽培的特早熟桃品种提供重要材料,有助于优化不同熟期品种的栽培结构,进而促进南方桃种植产业经济效益的提高。     

不同红叶性状桃叶片花色素苷种类鉴定及呈色规律研究

以早熟桃(Prunus persica,‘早美’、‘春蕾’)和红叶桃(Prunus persica f.atropur purea,‘筑波5号’、‘洛格红叶’)两种不同叶片呈色类型桃品种为试材,在5~9月份对其呈色过程中叶片色泽、花色素组成进行了测定,并对其叶片色差值与色素组成间的相关性进行了分析,探讨早熟桃和红叶桃叶片呈色差异的生理机制。结果表明:(1)红叶桃叶片5月下旬叶片出现"返青"现象,叶片a*值由正值变为负值;相反早熟桃叶片6月份果实采收后叶片由鲜艳绿色逐渐变为红紫色,叶片a*值逐渐增大。(2)在试验所选的4个品种中共发现5类花色素苷,早熟桃含有3类,红叶桃含有4类,矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷和矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷为两种类型桃叶片所共有的且含量相对较高的花色素苷;呈色过程中叶片花色素苷种类基本不变,但各色素含量发生了明显的变化。(3)多元回归分析显示:红叶桃叶片与早熟桃叶片的a*值分别与矢车菊素-3-葡萄糖苷、矢车菊素-3-芸香糖苷含量呈正相关关系,且均与Ant/Chl呈负相关关系。研究表明,矢车菊素为桃叶片呈现红色的物质基础,两种类型桃叶片呈色差异并非所含花色素苷种类不同所致,而与不同种类花色素苷含量有关。     

早熟桃果实和种子发育过程中乙烯产生及ACC含量和ACC氧化酶活 …

早熟桃果实在成熟前（授粉后３０￣４８ｄ）产生的乙烯极微，而此阶段种子生产的乙烯则相当高。果实乙烯大量产生前内果皮开裂。种子产生的乙烯可能是妄动早熟桃果实成熟的关键性因子。     

红雪桃的栽培

红雪桃是河南省浚县小河中国冬熟果树研究中心用雪桃与冬桃杂交育成的晚熟桃新品种.该品种的育成,彻底解决了原雪桃果实无色,生理上的自然裂果这二个重大问题,是晚熟桃理想品种.丰产、优质、适应性强.果实与雪桃同期成熟上市,因为有色泽比雪桃售价高,经济效益好. 红雪桃抗裂果性极强,从果实膨大到成熟无一果实开裂现象.自花授粉能力强,可成串     

早熟桃夏季叶色转红过程中的光化学响应特征

比较研究了‘早美’和‘春蕾’2个早熟桃品种夏季叶色转红对太阳光能的利用和光系统Ⅱ的叶绿素荧光特征的影响。结果表明：早熟桃叶片色素组成的变化会显著影响其光合和叶绿素荧光特性。叶色转红后,早熟桃净光合速率（Pn）日均值、PSII最大光化学效率（Fv/Fm）、PSII实际光化学效率（ФPSII）均上升,无显著光抑制,而绿叶对照‘红花碧桃’的电子传递速率（ETR）、Fv／Fm和ФPSII值均显著下降,7月光合明显受抑制。叶色转红程度较深的‘早美’在夏季高温强光下表现优于‘春蕾’和对照。淬灭分析表明：叶片花色素苷的积累能在短时间内增加PSII天线色素吸收的光能用于光化学反应的份额（P）与用于反应中心热耗散的相对份额（D）。转红后的叶片光化学淬灭系数（qp）显著高于绿叶,PSII光化学效率较高,但耗散过剩激发能的能力显著低于绿叶对照。     

早熟桃果实和种子发育过程中乙烯产生及ACC含量和ACC氧化酶活性的变化(简报)

早熟桃果实在成熟前（授粉后30～48d）产生的乙烯极微,而此阶段种子产生的乙烯则相当高。果实乙烯大量产生前内果皮开裂。种子产生的乙烯可能是启动早熟桃果实成熟的关键性因子。     

植物生物技术与果树品种改良

果树植物大多系多年生木本植物,与一年生大田作物相比,具有树体高大、遗传上高度杂合、童期长等特点,这使得常规育种技术难以发挥应有的作用。近年来,植物生物技术发展迅速,能够有效地解决常规育种技术所无能为力的某些困难,在作物品种改良过程中获得了卓有成效的应用。本文仅就植物生物技术在果树品种选育中的应用状况作一评述。五胚胎抢救在果树有性杂交中,常因杂种胚发育不良而不能获得表现正常的杂种后代,植物胚胎培养将有助于克服这一困难。例如,在培育成熟期很早的桃品种过程中,需用早熟品种作杂交亲本。但早熟品种因其果实…     

肥城桃的杂交育种

山东省泰山西麓的肥城市是我国重点的生食桃生产基地，这里盛产的肥城桃又叫佛桃。它具有果体大，酸甜适口、果味浓郁等优良品质。然而，黄绿色的肥城桃因其果皮色泽不鲜艳、成熟期集中，给生产销售带来困难。为了克服以上缺点，肥城市引进了江苏无锡水蜜、北京的早香玉以及青岛地区的寒露蜜，西北的紫桃等品种。此举虽增加了红色品种，且拉开了桃的成熟期，但也丧失了肥城桃原有的特色。为了培育不同成熟期与色泽鲜艳的肥城桃，从１９９６年开始我们进行了肥城桃杂交育种工作，旨在培育肥城桃新品种，使它既保持肥城佛桃原有的特性，又使其…     

户级水平大田作物多样性与经济关系分析

以昆明市官渡区双哨乡双桥自然村为调查点 ,采用参与性生物多样性评估 (ParticipatoryBiodiversityAp praisal,简称PBA)方法进行问卷调查。通过对该村 1 0 0户农户的调查分析表明 ,在 1 0 0户农户利用大田作物品种作为家庭经济收入主要来源的有 94户 ,利用的大田栽培物种 1 8个 ,品种 5 2个。农户利用品种的数目与家庭种植业收入存在相关性 ,以利用 7个品种的第 7类农户的种植业收入较高 ,是农户平均种植业收入的 1 5倍 ,同时第 7类农户间利用品种的搭配模式不同 ,农户间的经济效益也不同 ,最佳模式为红大烟 鲁三 2号 五月桃 83-1 脱毒洋芋 小甘蓝莲花白 蚕豆 ,农户间持有和利用品种的相似性较小 ,而差异性和多样性较大     

早熟甘蓝型油菜研究进展及其应用北大核心CSCD

随着油-稻-稻三熟制种植模式的推进和油菜机械化生产的要求,早熟性状已经成为油菜理论研究和品种选育的关键性状。本文从油菜早熟性状的理论研究、品种选育以及生产应用的层面开展了综合论述。首先介绍了早熟油菜的界定标准及其生长特性和选择依据。随后从早熟性状的遗传特性、早熟基因的定位等层面介绍了早熟性状的理论研究现状。在品种选育和应用层面,从早熟品种选育的必要性、早熟品种的选育途径、育种现状以及早熟油菜品种生产应用现状和前景等方面开展了论述。最后针对油菜早熟性方面存在的问题和对策作了简要概述。本文将为我国早熟油菜种质创新和品种选育提供参考。     

Poor Decision Making Is a Consequence of Cognitive Decline among Older Persons without Alzheimer's Disease or Mild Cognitive Impairment

Objective

Decision making is an important determinant of health and well-being across the lifespan but is critical in aging, when many influential decisions are made just as cognitive function declines. Increasing evidence suggests that older adults, even those without dementia, often make poor decisions and are selectively vulnerable to scams. To date, however, the factors associated with poor decision making in old age are unknown. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that poor decision making is a consequence of cognitive decline among older persons without Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment.

Methods

Participants were 420 non-demented persons from the Memory and Aging Project, a longitudinal, clinical-pathologic cohort study of aging in the Chicago metropolitan area. All underwent repeated cognitive evaluations and subsequently completed assessments of decision making and susceptibility to scams. Decision making was measured using 12 items from a previously established performance-based measure and a self-report measure of susceptibility to scams.

Results

Cognitive function data were collected over an average of 5.5 years prior to the decision making assessment. Regression analyses were used to examine whether the prior rate of cognitive decline predicted the level of decision making and susceptibility to scams; analyses controlled for age, sex, education, and starting level of cognition. Among 420 persons without dementia, more rapid cognitive decline predicted poorer decision making and increased susceptibility to scams (p’s<0.001). Further, the relations between cognitive decline, decision making and scams persisted in analyses restricted to persons without any cognitive impairment (i.e., no dementia or even mild cognitive impairment).

Conclusions

Poor decision making is a consequence of cognitive decline among older persons without Alzheimer’s disease or mild cognitive impairment, those widely considered “cognitively healthy.” These findings suggest that even very subtle age-related changes in cognition have detrimental effects on judgment.     

On the Rationality of Decision-Making Studies: Part 2: Divergent Rationalities

A study of treatment decision making in an Anishinaabe community in Manitoba, Canada was designed to be comparable with an earlier project carried out in a Mexican town. One objective was to compare the resulting decision models. For both communities, a decision-making perspective was compatible with how individuals talked about actions taken in response to illness, and it proved to be a useful means for learning about the process of seeking care. At the same time, a decision-modeling approach is better suited to explaining treatment actions taken in the Mexican community than in the Anishinaabe community. I suggest that this finding reflects the variable potentiality, in the Anishinaabe community, for affliction and its treatment to be constructed within a cultural framework in which the underlying assumptions differ from those implicit in studies of decision modeling, [care seeking, decision models, decision making, Anishinaabe]     

Peach: a simple Perl-based system for distributed computation and its application to cryo-EM data processing

A simple distributed processing system named "Peach" was developed to meet the rising computational demands of modern structural biology (and other) laboratories without additional expense by using existing hardware resources more efficiently. A central server distributes jobs to idle workstations in such a way that each computer is used maximally, but without disturbing intermittent interactive users. As compared to other distributed systems, Peach is simple, easy to install, easy to administer, easy to use, scalable, and robust. While it was designed to queue and distribute large numbers of small tasks to participating computers, it can also be used to send single jobs automatically to the fastest currently available computer and/or survey the activity of an entire laboratory's computers. Tests of robustness and scalability are reported, as are three specific electron cryomicroscopy applications where Peach enabled projects that would not otherwise have been feasible without an expensive, dedicated cluster.     

The use of research evidence in public health decision making processes: systematic review

Background

The use of research evidence to underpin public health policy is strongly promoted. However, its implementation has not been straightforward. The objectives of this systematic review were to synthesise empirical evidence on the use of research evidence by public health decision makers in settings with universal health care systems.

Methods

To locate eligible studies, 13 bibliographic databases were screened, organisational websites were scanned, key informants were contacted and bibliographies of included studies were scrutinised. Two reviewers independently assessed studies for inclusion, extracted data and assessed methodological quality. Data were synthesised as a narrative review.

Findings

18 studies were included: 15 qualitative studies, and three surveys. Their methodological quality was mixed. They were set in a range of country and decision making settings. Study participants included 1063 public health decision makers, 72 researchers, and 174 with overlapping roles. Decision making processes varied widely between settings, and were viewed differently by key players. A range of research evidence was accessed. However, there was no reliable evidence on the extent of its use. Its impact was often indirect, competing with other influences. Barriers to the use of research evidence included: decision makers'' perceptions of research evidence; the gulf between researchers and decision makers; the culture of decision making; competing influences on decision making; and practical constraints. Suggested (but largely untested) ways of overcoming these barriers included: research targeted at the needs of decision makers; research clearly highlighting key messages; and capacity building. There was little evidence on the role of research evidence in decision making to reduce inequalities.

Conclusions

To more effectively implement research informed public health policy, action is required by decision makers and researchers to address the barriers identified in this systematic review. There is an urgent need for evidence to support the use of research evidence to inform public health decision making to reduce inequalities.     

Process evaluation of appreciative inquiry to translate pain management evidence into pediatric nursing practice

Background

Current healthcare systems have extended the evidence-based medicine (EBM) approach to health policy and delivery decisions, such as access-to-care, healthcare funding and health program continuance, through attempts to integrate valid and reliable evidence into the decision making process. These policy decisions have major impacts on society and have high personal and financial costs associated with those decisions. Decision models such as these function under a shared assumption of rational choice and utility maximization in the decision-making process.

Discussion

We contend that health policy decision makers are generally unable to attain the basic goals of evidence-based decision making (EBDM) and evidence-based policy making (EBPM) because humans make decisions with their naturally limited, faulty, and biased decision-making processes. A cognitive information processing framework is presented to support this argument, and subtle cognitive processing mechanisms are introduced to support the focal thesis: health policy makers' decisions are influenced by the subjective manner in which they individually process decision-relevant information rather than on the objective merits of the evidence alone. As such, subsequent health policy decisions do not necessarily achieve the goals of evidence-based policy making, such as maximizing health outcomes for society based on valid and reliable research evidence.

Summary

In this era of increasing adoption of evidence-based healthcare models, the rational choice, utility maximizing assumptions in EBDM and EBPM, must be critically evaluated to ensure effective and high-quality health policy decisions. The cognitive information processing framework presented here will aid health policy decision makers by identifying how their decisions might be subtly influenced by non-rational factors. In this paper, we identify some of the biases and potential intervention points and provide some initial suggestions about how the EBDM/EBPM process can be improved.     

The choice between people: 'common sense' morality, and doctors

Kamm is concerned with explaining how "common sense" morality might be used in deciding about the distribution of scarce medical resources. Drawing an analogy between redirection of possible harms or threats and the allocation of health resources, she first explores how an ordinary moral agent, not a physician, might act. Using what Kamm calls the principle of irrelevant utilities (PIU), a moral agent might decide between contestants for a particular good based on "sobjectivism" (Sob), the author's term for a combination of the objective and subjective points of view. Kamm explores decision making using three versions of Sob that weigh interests and rights, equivalences, and aggregation of costs (losses). She concludes that, while ordinary moral agents functioning as social agents may act according to objective aggregated costs, physicians should be concerned with equivalents and individuals when allocating resources.     

Inheritance and allelism of resistance to soybean mosaic virus in Zao18 soybean from China

Soybean mosaic disease caused by soybean mosaic virus (SMV) occurs wherever soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is grown and is considered one of the most important soybean diseases in many areas of the world. Use of soybean cultivars with resistance to SMV is a very effective way of controlling the disease. China has rich soybean germplasm, but there is very limited information on genetics of SMV resistance in Chinese soybean germplasm and reaction of the resistance genes to SMV strains G1-G7. There also is no report on allelic relationships of resistance genes in Chinese soybeans with other named genes at the three identified loci Rsv1, Rsv3, and Rsv4. The objectives of this study were to examine reactions of Chinese soybean cultivar Zao18 to SMV strains G1-G3 and G5-G7, to reveal the inheritance of SMV resistance in Zao18 and to determine the allelic relationship of resistance genes in Zao18 with previously reported resistance genes. Zao18 was crossed with the SMV-susceptible cultivar Lee 68 to study the inheritance of resistance. Zao18 was also crossed with the resistant lines PI96983, L29, and V94-5152, which possess Rsv1, Rsv3, and Rsv4, respectively, to examine the allelic relationship between the genes in Zao18 and genes at these three loci. Our research results indicated that Zao18 possesses two independent dominant genes for SMV resistance, one of which is allelic to the Rsv3 locus; the other is allelic with Rsv1. The presence of both genes (Rsv1 and Rsv3) in Zao18 confers resistance to SMV strains G1-G7.     

Processing of social and monetary rewards in the human striatum

Despite an increasing focus on the neural basis of human decision making in neuroscience, relatively little attention has been paid to decision making in social settings. Moreover, although human social decision making has been explored in a social psychology context, few neural explanations for the observed findings have been considered. To bridge this gap and improve models of human social decision making, we investigated whether acquiring a good reputation, which is an important incentive in human social behaviors, activates the same reward circuitry as monetary rewards. In total, 19 subjects participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments involving monetary and social rewards. The acquisition of one's good reputation robustly activated reward-related brain areas, notably the striatum, and these overlapped with the areas activated by monetary rewards. Our findings support the idea of a "common neural currency" for rewards and represent an important first step toward a neural explanation for complex human social behaviors.     

The challenge of determining the need for remediation following a wide-area biological release

Recovering from a biological attack is a complex process requiring the successful resolution of numerous challenges. The Interagency Biological Restoration Demonstration program is one of the first multiagency efforts to develop strategies and tools that could be effective following a wide-area release of B. anthracis spores. Nevertheless, several key policy issues and associated science and technology issues still need to be addressed. For example, more refined risk assessment and management approaches are needed to help evaluate "true" public health risk. Once the risk is understood, that information can be considered along with the types of characterization activities deemed necessary to determine whether the cost and time of decontamination are actually warranted. This commentary offers 5 recommendations associated with decision making regarding decontamination and clearance options that should accompany a comprehensive risk analysis leading to more effective risk management decisions. It summarizes some of the most important technological gaps that still need to be addressed to help decision makers in their objective of reducing health risks to an acceptable level. The risk management approach described should enable decision makers to improve credibility and gain public acceptance, especially when an adequate science and technology base is available to support the required decisions.     

Neural mechanisms of social learning and decision-making

One of the hallmarks of human society is the ubiquitous interactions among individuals. Indeed, a significant portion of human daily routine decision making is socially related. Normative economic theory, namely game theory, has prescribed the canonical decision strategy when "rational" social agents have full information about the decision environment. In reality, however, social decision is often influenced by the trait and state parameters of selves and others. Therefore, understanding the cognitive and neural processes of inferring the decision parameters is pivotal for social decision making. Recently, both correlational and causal non-invasive neuroimaging studies have started to reveal the critical neural computations underlying social learning and decision-making, and highlighted the unique roles of "social" brain structures such as temporal-parietal junction(TPJ) and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex(dmPFC). Here we review recent advances in social decision neuroscience and maintain the focus on how the inference about others is dynamically acquired during social learning, as well as how the prosocial(altruistic)behavior results from orchestrated interactions of different brain regions specified under the social utility framework. We conclude by emphasizing the importance of combining computational decision theory with the identification of neural mechanisms that represent, evaluate and integrate value related social information and generate decision variables guiding behavioral output in the complex social environment.