基于CENTURY模型模拟火烧对大兴安岭兴安落叶松林碳动态的影响

火作为森林生态系统重要的自然干扰因子之一,对森林的碳动态有着不可忽视的影响.本研究使用CENTURY模型模拟了大兴安岭呼中林区兴安落叶松林的碳收支对不同强度火烧的响应.结果表明:在不同强度火烧后,土壤总碳库呈先升后降再逐渐恢复的变化趋势,而林分生物碳库则先降后升,其中,林分细小组分碳库的恢复速度明显快于大组分,各碳库的波动程度随火烧强度的增大而增大.森林植被的净初级生产力(NPP)和土壤异养呼吸在火后均先降后升,但NPP的恢复快于土壤异养呼吸,二者的动态变化改变了林分的碳源/汇作用.轻微火烧后,兴安落叶松林仍表现为弱碳汇,并很快恢复到火前水平;其他强度的火烧使兴安落叶松林在短期内(9～12年)表现为碳源,随后逐渐转为碳汇.较低强度的林火不仅可以促进落叶松林的更新、减少死可燃物,也不会对林分的碳汇功能造成太大影响;高强度的严重林火对土壤和林木碳库造成严重损失,延缓森林的恢复,并可使林分表现为较长时间的碳源.     

大兴安岭北坡火烧迹地森林景观恢复及其影响因子——以郁闭度指标为例

1987年发生在大兴安岭北坡的特大火灾造成了森林资源的巨大损失,森林景观恢复一直是人们关注的热点.本研究选取与森林生产力密切相关的郁闭度因子作为研究对象,以ArcView、ArcGIS等地理信息系统软件为研究平台,采用1987年和2000年两期森林资源二类调查数据,对郁闭度、火烧强度、抚育类型和地形因子等进行分级,利用Kendall等级相关分析、相似性分析等方法,探讨了森林郁闭度格局的恢复状况以及火烧强度、更新类型、地形因子对郁闭度恢复的影响.结果表明,2000年郁闭度等级构成与1987年火前相比发生了明显变化,无林地以及高郁闭度等级比重明显下降,较低郁闭度等级比重显著上升;火烧强度对火后恢复的影响最为关键,火烧强度与郁闭度等级呈负相关;更新措施短期内对郁闭度恢复影响不显著,但可以缩短森林演替的周期,对未来针叶林群落生产力恢复具有重要的促进作用;地形因子中坡度对郁闭度恢复影响最为明显,其次为坡位,坡向影响最弱.     

大兴安岭北坡火烧迹地森林景观恢复及其影响因子——以郁闭度指标为例

197年发生在大兴安岭北坡的特大火灾造成了森林资源的巨大损失,森林景观恢复一直是人们关注的热点.本研究选取与森林生产力密切相关的郁闭度因子作为研究对象,以ArcView、ArcGIS等地理信息系统软件为研究平台,采用1987年和2000年两期森林资源二类调查数据,对郁闭度、火烧强度、抚育类型和地形因子等进行分级,利用Kendall等级相关分析、相似性分析等方法,探讨了森林郁闭度格局的恢复状况以及火烧强度、更新类型、地形因子对郁闭度恢复的影响.结果表明,2000年郁闭度等级构成与1987年火前相比发生了明显变化,无林地以及高郁闭度等级比重明显下降,较低郁闭度等级比重显著上升;火烧强度对火后恢复的影响最为关键,火烧强度与郁闭度等级呈负相关;更新措施短期内对郁闭度恢复影响不显著,但可以缩短森林演替的周期,对未来针叶林群落生产力恢复具有重要的促进作用;地形因子中坡度对郁闭度恢复影响最为明显,其次为坡位,坡向影响最弱.     

基于InTEC模型的塔河森林净初级生产力影响因子定量分析

森林净初级生产力(NPP)是反映森林碳源/汇能力的重要参数,其时空变化同时受气象变化(大气温度、降水等)、大气成分变化(CO₂浓度、N沉降)和各种森林干扰的影响.然而,目前影响森林NPP变化的关键因子尚不明确.为了探究这一问题,本研究在综合考虑InTEC模型的干扰和非干扰因子的基础上,重新模拟了不同立地指数下的NPP-林龄关系,并嵌入1987—2015年林火数据,模拟1901—2015年塔河森林平均NPP变化特征,设计9种模拟情景定量分析1961—2015年不同影响因子对塔河森林NPP变化的贡献,并探究塔河森林NPP年际以及年代变化的主要影响因子,为森林经营提供指导性策略.结果表明: 1901—1960年,塔河森林NPP的变化趋势较为平稳,1960年以后NPP随干扰因子变化趋势显著.林火和立地指数(SCI)的引入,均在不同时间对NPP的分布特征产生了不同影响.1960年以后,塔河森林NPP大幅变化的主要原因是森林年龄和林火的干扰,其年际平均贡献率为-49%,其次是降水和CO₂,分别为-28%和17%,气温和氮沉降的平均贡献率分别为5%和1%.     

基于耦合模型的干旱区植被净初级生产力估算

净初级生产力是陆地生态系统物质与能量运转研究的基础, 在干旱区生态环境演变及其与气候相互作用和影响方面极为敏感,是揭示干旱区生态环境特征的重要指标.本研究基于RS和GIS技术,利用地面气象数据、涡度相关数据、Landsat 8数据和MODIS数据,通过SEBAL模型和光能利用率模型的耦合,估算了新疆玛纳斯河流域植被净初级生产力(NPP),分析了其空间格局及与高程和坡度的关系.结果表明: SEBAL模型与光能利用率模型的耦合对玛纳斯河流域山地-绿洲-荒漠生态系统植被NPP的模拟效果较合理,能较好地反映植被净初级生产力的实际情况;2013年,玛纳斯河流域植被NPP总量为7066.72 Tg C·a^-1,平均值为278.06 g C·m^-2·a^-1,总体分布趋势是自南向北先增加后减少再增加最后减少,随着地貌和土地利用类型的变化呈现明显的分布规律,且其月变化比较明显,7—8月达到最大值,占总量NPP的52.2%;植被净初级生产力随海拔和坡度的增加整体呈下降趋势,但随海拔增加植被NPP出现3次波动.这些波动主要由地表植被覆盖类型和环境因素所引起.     

火干扰对森林生态系统土壤呼吸组分的影响研究进展

土壤呼吸是陆地生态系统与大气碳交换的主要方式,主要分为自养呼吸和异养呼吸。土壤呼吸不仅是森林生态系统碳循环过程的关键环节,也是森林生态系统能量流动和物质循环的重要生态过程。火作为森林生态系统中一个重要的生态因子,可以在短时间内对土壤呼吸组分造成巨大的影响。火干扰对土壤呼吸组分的影响与火烧强度、火烧频率、火烧持续时间以及火后恢复等因子有关,通过影响植被的根系与组成、微生物群落数量与结构,凋落物的数量以及生态系统的环境和小气候等,进而对土壤呼吸产生影响。火干扰对土壤呼吸影响整体表现为火烧后土壤呼吸速率下降,在几个月至几年内恢复到火烧前水平,之后火继续对土壤呼吸产生影响长达数年至数十年。通过描述火烧强度、火烧频率以及火后恢复时间,阐述火干扰对土壤呼吸组分的直接影响,以及通过火后环境对土壤呼吸组分产生的间接影响,来揭示火干扰对森林生态系统土壤呼吸组分的影响。同时针对火干扰对土壤呼吸组分的影响进行以下3个方面的研究展望：（1）火后产生的黑碳对土壤呼吸组分的影响;（2）火后植被恢复对土壤呼吸组分产生的影响;（3）火后土壤呼吸组分的长期变化规律。     

大兴安岭北坡火烧迹地森林郁闭度恢复及其影响因子

1987年发生在大兴安岭北坡的特大森林火灾,总过火面积达1.33×106 hm²,形成了各种火烧强度区与未火烧区构成的异质镶嵌体。火烧强度、地形以及火后人类的恢复干预都不同程度地对火后森林恢复产生了影响。研究目的有二：一是为了揭示火后森林恢复状况;二是探寻火烧强度、地形以及火后更新措施等因素对火后森林恢复的影响程度。选取了位于火烧区的图强林业局中部的育英和图强两林场为研究区,选取反映森林景观质量的郁闭度指标作为研究对象,利用地理信息系统软件,将1987年火前与2000年的郁闭度等级分布图叠加,分析火后森林质量的恢复状况;利用多元线性回归法对火烧强度、海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位等地形因子以及各种更新方式对郁闭度恢复的影响程度进行了定量研究。结果显示,2000年郁闭度等级与火前相比发生了明显变化,2000年各林型郁闭度优势等级均由较高的等级4,5降为等级3;而等级1的比重也有所降低。表明,火后森林总体生长状况良好,无林地比重降低,但由于恢复时间较短,具有较高郁闭度的森林所占比重仍较低。多元线性回归显示,各因子均对火后郁闭度恢复产生了显著性影响。其中,海拔影响最大,与郁闭度等级呈正相关;其次是火烧强度,呈负相关;其它地形因子以及更新方式影响较小。     

基于校正的CASA模型NPP遥感估算及分析——以河西走廊为例

利用CASA模型估算植被净初级生产力(NPP)应用广泛,但其精度仍然有待提高。基于地理因子回归方法(AMMRR)和地表水分指数(LSWI)对CASA模型的两个关键参数:温度胁迫系数和水分胁迫系数进行校正,再估算NPP并分析了校正对植被NPP及各因子与NPP关系的影响。研究表明:(1)校正能有效提高CASA模型的估算精度,校正后NPP总量为34.29 TgC/a,原CASA模型高估了0.23 TgC/a。(2)研究不仅可以校正地形对NPP的影响,还可以校正平坦地形下人类活动区NPP的影响;在高海拔、地形起伏较大的区域以及人类活动地区,校正对NPP估算影响较大,绿洲区原模型存在高估。(3)校正对生长季的影响大于非生长季;坡度对NPP影响较大,坡度越大原模型高估越多;校正前高估了阳坡NPP,低估了阴坡NPP。     

大兴安岭北坡火烧迹地森林郁闭度恢复及其影响因子

1987年发生在大兴安岭北坡的特大森林火灾,总过火面积达1.33×106hm2,形成了各种火烧强度区与未火烧区构成的异质镶嵌体。火烧强度、地形以及火后人类的恢复干预都不同程度地对火后森林恢复产生了影响。研究目的有二：一是为了揭示火后森林恢复状况;二是探寻火烧强度、地形以及火后更新措施等因素对火后森林恢复的影响程度。选取了位于火烧区的图强林业局中部的育英和图强两林场为研究区,选取反映森林景观质量的郁闭度指标作为研究对象,利用地理信息系统软件,将1987年火前与2000年的郁闭度等级分布图叠加,分析火后森林质量的恢复状况;利用多元线性回归法对火烧强度、海拔、坡度、坡向、坡位等地形因子以及各种更新方式对郁闭度恢复的影响程度进行了定量研究。结果显示,2000年郁闭度等级与火前相比发生了明显变化,2000年各林型郁闭度优势等级均由较高的等级4,5降为等级3;而等级1的比重也有所降低。表明,火后森林总体生长状况良好,无林地比重降低,但由于恢复时间较短,具有较高郁闭度的森林所占比重仍较低。多元线性回归显示,各因子均对火后郁闭度恢复产生了显著性影响。其中,海拔影响最大,与郁闭度等级呈正相关;其次是火烧强度,呈负相关;其它地形因子以及更新方式影响较小。     

基于遥感和地面数据的景观尺度生态系统生产力的模拟

描述了一个反映系统碳循环和水循环的景观尺度生态系统生产力过程模型(EPPML)．该模型以遥感图像作为数据源,从中获取影响植被生产力的重要变量——叶面积指数(LAI);主要对景观尺度生态系统的净初级生产力(NPP)和蒸散量的空间分布格局和时间动态进行模拟;用地理信息系统(GIS)手段对空间数据进行处理、分析和显示,从而实现将植物生理生态研究的结果从小尺度向中尺度进行拓展和转换．本研究用EPPML对1995年长白山自然保护区的植被生产力进行了模拟,结果表明,EPPML可以比较准确地模拟该保护区主要植被的NPP．NPP的模拟值年均为0．680kgC·m^-2,变幅为0．105—1．241kgC·m^-2(82.1％),其中阔叶红松林的年NPP最高(1．084kgC·m^-2)．NPP年总量为1．332×10^6tC,以阔叶红松林和云冷杉林最高,分别为0．540×10^6tC和0．428×10^6tC．NPP的季节变化呈明显的单峰型,7月最大(6．13gC·m^2·d^-1)．NPP在夏季积累最多(0．465kgC·m^-2),春季次之,冬季最少。     

Assessment of forest recovery at Wu-Ling fire scars in Taiwan using multi-temporal Landsat imagery

Normalized Burn Ratio (NBR), a satellite-derived index widely used to map the burned area and to assess burn severity level, was reconceptualized to propose the indices of post-fire recovery condition and resilience. Time series Landsat imagery during 1994–2015 were used to observe the forest recovery of Wu-Ling fire scars in Taiwan. Burn Recovery Ratio (BRR) was newly developed as the indicator to better clarify the forest recovery status. Results show that BRR coupled with dNBR (bi-temporal NBR) could quantitatively describe the level of forest recovery through the heterogeneity of forest landscape which is confirmed by field investigation. Time of complete recovery (t_c), indicator of post-fire resilience, were predicted using curve-fitting of forest recovery trajectories to the exponential decay function. The spatial distribution of t_c could reveal the patterns of post-fire recovery across the fire scars. For wildfire prevention, the issue of fire recurrence should be concerned at the areas of fire-adapted species with low t_c value. For areas of deterioration sites with high t_c value, the rehabilitation project should be implemented to accelerate forest restoration.     

Local lithological drivers of post-fire vegetation recovery and implications for fire-prone regions

Local ecosystem resilience to fire disturbance can be influenced by multiple factors, from topography and climate, to fire history and pre-fire structure of biotic communities. Here we investigated the factors affecting post-fire recovery of scrub vegetation in areas under Mediterranean climate affected by frequent fires. We hypothesized that, under comparable climatic and topographic conditions, geological factors (with bedrock type as a proxy) would be at least as important as fire history in explaining patterns of post-fire recovery. We surveyed scrub vegetation in a mountain study area in Portugal, using a stratified random sampling scheme, with fire frequency, time since last fire, and bedrock type (granite vs. schist) as stratifying layers. Based on vegetation and plant community data from 40 plots, we analyzed total species richness and composition, and the relative abundance of functional groups defined on the basis of general (non fire-specific) life-history traits. We found that, at a local scale, lithology can override fire history in determining post-fire recovery. Vegetation plots on granite exhibited a considerable development of tall scrubs and higher values of total species richness. They also hosted higher numbers of animal-dispersed woody species, of trees and tall scrubs, of woody deciduous species, and of forest, edge and tall scrub species. Differences in the post-fire development of scrub vegetation and in the functional profile of plant communities highlight the need to consider local geological diversity when establishing priorities for post-fire active restoration under scenarios of limited resources.     

气候、植被和地形对大兴安岭林火烈度空间格局的影响

在北方森林中火干扰是森林景观变化的主导因素。林火烈度作为衡量林火动态的重要指标,较为直观地反映了火干扰对森林生态系统的破坏程度,其空间格局深刻地影响着森林景观中的多种生态过程(如树种组成、种子扩散以及植被的恢复)。解释林火烈度空间格局有助于揭示林火干扰后森林景观格局的形成机制,对预测未来林火烈度空间格局以及制定科学合理林火管理策略均有重要意义。基于LandsatTM/ETM遥感影像,将2000—2016年大兴安岭呼中林区的36场火的林火烈度划分为未过火、轻度、中度、重度4个等级。采用FRAGSTAT景观格局分析软件从类型水平上计算了斑块所占景观面积比、面积加权平均斑块面积、面积加权平均斑块分维数、面积加权边缘面积比、斑块密度5个景观指数,以对林火烈度空间格局进行了定量化描述。并且采用随机森林模型,分析了气候、地形、植被对林火烈度空间格局的影响及其边际效应。通过研究得出以下结果:(1)相对于未过火、轻度、以及中度火烧斑块,重度火烧斑块的面积更大、形状更简单;(2)海拔对重度火烧斑块的空间格局起着至关重要的作用,其次是坡向、坡度、植被覆盖度、相对湿度、温度等;(3)随着海拔的升高,面积加权...     

Human intervened post-fire forest restoration in the Northern Great Hing’an Mountains: a review

The devastating fire in May 1987 in the northern Great Hing’an Mountains created a mosaic of burned severity. Subsequent log harvesting and tree planting complicated the restoration process. Based on intensive field work and GIS analysis for the burned area, we studied the landscape pattern change in relation with its influencing factors, the restoration of some ecosystem functions and the long-term effect of human planting on vegetation restoration. A post-fire vegetation restoration process was also established using spatial series instead of temporal series. The results indicated that coniferous forest, broad-leaved forest and mixed forest increased obviously in the burned area. Factors influencing the restoration process are ranked as the burned severity, way of restoration (planting, promoted restoration or natural restoration) and topographical factors. The latter was further ranked as the slope, elevation, slope position and aspect. Primary productivity, hydrological functions, habitats for wild animals and permanent frozen soil of the area have all largely been restored to the pre-fire level after more than 15 years. Parameters demonstrated a transitional character of the forest from the early succession stage to middle stage. LANDIS simulation for the long-term forest succession under pure natural restoration and human-intervened restoration indicated that post-fire tree planting largely influenced the age structure, spatial pattern and timber stock of dominant species such as Larix gmelini, Betula platyphylla and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica. In general, the influence of post-fire human planting can remain for more than 200 years.     

Effects of heterogeneity of pre-fire forests and vegetation burn severity on short-term post-fire vegetation density and regeneration in Samcheok,Korea

This study investigated the combined effects of heterogeneity of pre-fire forest cover and vegetation burn severity on post-fire vegetation density and regeneration at an early stage in Samcheok, Korea. To measure the spatial heterogeneity of pre-fire forests, spatial pattern metrics at a landscape level and class level were adopted, and a regression tree analysis for post-fire vegetation density and regeneration was used to avoid spatial autocorrelation. Two regression tree models were estimated for post-fire vegetation density and post-fire vegetation regeneration with the same independent variable sets, including heterogeneity of pre-fire forest cover and vegetation burn severity. The estimated model suggested that the percentage of Japanese red pine and burn severity were the most significant variables for post-fire vegetation density and regeneration, respectively. The compositional and spatial heterogeneity of pre-fire forest and burn severity, as well as the degree of burn severity, was found to have significant impacts on post-fire vegetation density and regeneration. Overall, more rapid vegetation regeneration can be expected in more severely burned areas. However, this rapid vegetation regeneration at an early stage is due mostly to perennials and shrubs, not to the sprouting or regrowth of trees. The study results strongly indicated that a susceptible forest cover type and its spatial patterns directly influence the heterogeneity of burn severity and early vegetation density and regeneration. Hence, the management of susceptible forest cover types is particularly critical for establishing more fire-resilient forests and for post-fire forest restoration.     

兴安落叶松林火烧迹地土壤理化性质驱动因子

探索火烧迹地土壤理化性质的驱动因子是解释生态系统响应火干扰机制的重要组成部分。旨在分析兴安落叶松林火烧迹地土壤理化性质的决定因子,深入认识火干扰在北方森林生态系统所扮演的角色,为北方森林火烧迹地火后恢复、林业可持续发展提供科学支持和理论依据。以过火后1 a的兴安落叶松林火烧迹地为研究对象,设置了不同火烈度和立地条件的火烧迹地及对照研究样地共计35块。在每个研究样地记录了树种、胸径、存活状态等乔木数据,测量了坡向、坡位、坡度、海拔等地形数据,利用植被变化情况量化了火烈度。分别采集了0—5 cm和5—10 cm的土壤样品并测定其9种理化指标,对比了过火与未过火样地这些土壤理化指标的差异。然后,分析了各土壤理化指标与火烈度量化结果的关联趋势,比较了火烈度、地形和乔木因子对火烧迹地土壤理化性质的影响程度。与对照样地相比,火干扰提升了土壤理化指标观测值的离散程度,显著提高了0—5 cm土壤含水率(MC)(P<0.05)和5—10 cm土壤MC、总氮(TN)、总有机碳(TOC)含量(P<0.05)。土壤理化性质与火烈度有明显关联趋势的并不多,观察到0—5 cm土壤MC随火烈度指数的增加...     

Postfire response of North American boreal forest net primary productivity analyzed with satellite observations

Fire is a major disturbance in the boreal forest, and has been shown to release significant amounts of carbon (C) to the atmosphere through combustion. However, less is known about the effects on ecosystems following fire, which include reduced productivity and changes in decomposition in the decade immediately following the disturbance. In this study, we assessed the impact of fire on net primary productivity (NPP) in the North American boreal forest using a 17‐year record of satellite NDVI observations at 8‐ km spatial resolution together with a light‐use efficiency model. We identified 61 fire scars in the satellite observations using digitized fire burn perimeters from a database of large fires. We studied the postfire response of NPP by analyzing the most impacted pixel within each burned area. NPP decreased in the year following the fire by 60–260 g C m^?2 yr^?1 (30–80%). By comparing pre‐ and postfire observations, we estimated a mean NPP recovery period for boreal forests of about 9 years, with substantial variability among fires. We incorporated this behavior into a carbon cycle model simulation to demonstrate these effects on net ecosystem production. The disturbance resulted in a release of C to the atmosphere during the first 8 years, followed by a small, but long‐lived, sink lasting 150 years. Postfire net emissions were three times as large as from a model run without changing NPP. However, only small differences in the C cycle occurred between runs after 8 years due to the rapid recovery of NPP. We conclude by discussing the effects of fire on the long‐term continental trends in satellite NDVI observed across boreal North America during the 1980s and 1990s.     

寒温带湿地火后植被恢复的影响因子

寒温带湿地在维护区域生态平衡方面发挥着重要作用.火是湿地的重要干扰因子.重度火烧会导致湿地生态功能明显退化.火后植被恢复,特别是火后早期植被的恢复是生态系统功能恢复的前提和基础.本文对火后湿地植被恢复影响因子的国内外研究进展进行了综述.寒温带湿地火后植被恢复受到火强度、火面积、火前植被类型、物种更新特性、立地条件等多因子的制约.寒温带湿地火后恢复的长期监测、植被恢复的关键影响因子、冻土层在植被恢复过程中的作用、植被恢复的理论与技术将是今后研究的重要方向.     

大兴安岭北部地区原始林白桦种群的世代结构

在景观火干扰历史重建的基础上,该文研究了大兴安岭北部地区原始林白桦(Betula platyphylla)种群的世代结构及其与火干扰、立地条件之间的关系。结果表明:白桦种群基于世代数的世代结构类型丰富,从一代型到五代型都有,空间分布呈斑块镶嵌状。以一代型与二代型为主要类型,空间分布集中,其它类型的世代结构空间异质性较高。世代数受火干扰频率、火干扰强度及两者的综合影响,相对来说以火干扰频率的影响更为显著。低频或高强类的火干扰易造成种群的世代数减少;高频或低强类的火干扰易造成世代数增多。世代数还随林型组类型而变化,以溪旁林组>赤杨(Alnus mandshurica)林组>杜香(Ledum palustre)林组。