甲壳素对连作条件下平邑甜茶幼苗生长及土壤环境的影响

研究在苹果连作土壤中添加甲壳素对苹果幼苗生长、土壤酶及土壤真菌群落结构的影响,探讨甲壳素缓解苹果连作障碍的可能性,为防控苹果连作障碍提供依据。盆栽条件下,以平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,在苹果连作土壤中分别添加0,0.5,1.0和2.5g/kg的甲壳素,测定了连作土壤中添加不同量的甲壳素后,幼苗生物量、根系保护酶活性、土壤主要酶(蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶等)活性以及土壤中真菌群落结构的变化。9月份结果表明,与对照相比,1.0 g/kg的甲壳素处理连作土,可显著提高平邑甜茶幼苗株高和干鲜重,分别比对照增加了36.8%、82.1%和100.8%;甲壳素处理能增加幼苗根系保护酶活性,其中1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理SOD、POD和CAT活性最高,其次为0.5 g/kg,而2.5 g/kg甲壳素处理显著抑制了幼苗根系保护酶活性。1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理可提高土壤中细菌/真菌值,并且提高了土壤中蔗糖酶、脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性,分别比对照提高了8.6%、40.5%、81.1%、15.3%、18.7%和49.8%,2.5 g/kg甲壳素处理则降低土壤酶活性或者使土壤酶活性与对照相当。根据T-RFLP的图谱中OUT的数量、种类及丰度,分别计算了不同处理土壤的真菌多样性,发现1.0 g/kg甲壳素处理的连作土具有最高的多样性、均匀度和丰富度指数,分别比对照增加了52.2%、8.0%和87.1%。主成分分析(PCA)结果显示,不同剂量甲壳素处理的连作土壤中真菌被PC2分成了两部分,其中0.5 g/kg和1.0 g/kg的甲壳素添加量分布在PC2的负方向上,而CK和2.5g/kg的甲壳素处理分布在PC2的正方向上,这说明添加不同量的甲壳素对连作土壤真菌群落多样性有显著影响,添加量太多或者太少均会造成土壤真菌多样性下降,只有适量的甲壳素可提高真菌群落结构多样性。实验结果表明1.0 g/kg的甲壳素可提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量,改善连作土壤环境,有效缓解平邑甜茶的连作障碍。     

残次苹果发酵产物对连作土壤环境及‘平邑甜茶’幼苗生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究残次苹果发酵产物对连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响,为减轻苹果连作障碍提供理论依据。试验以连作土壤为对照(CK),设置溴甲烷灭菌连作土壤(T₁)、连作土壤施加苹果发酵产物(T₂)、连作土壤施加灭菌苹果发酵产物(T₃)处理,测定了土壤和平邑甜茶幼苗的相关指标。结果表明: T₁、T₂、T₃能显著促进平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,其中以T₁和T₂的效果较好,其根系呼吸速率、株高、地径、鲜质量、干质量分别比CK提高了107.3%、50.6%、42.4%、171.7%、225.3%和104.4%、50.6%、42.3%、171.8%、225.5%。T₂和T₃提高了连作土壤中养分转化相关酶的活性,过氧化氢酶、脲酶、中性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性分别比CK提高了44.5%、169.5%、23.4%、169.3%和23.7%、72.6%、1.5%、121.5%;T₁处理的过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性与CK无显著差异,脲酶和中性磷酸酶活性分别降低了40.8%和41.6%。T₂土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别较CK提高了18.6%、50.6%、14.0%和36.7%;T₃只提高了速效氮的含量,铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别提高了7.0%和23.6%;T₁与CK相比速效养分含量有所降低。T₁和T₂显著降低了土壤放线菌和真菌数量,增加了细菌数量;T₃处理的细菌、放线菌和真菌数量均较CK显著降低。实时荧光定量PCR分析发现,T₁、T₂和T₃处理的层出镰孢菌、串珠镰孢菌、腐皮镰孢菌和尖孢镰孢菌基因拷贝数均较CK有不同程度的降低。表明苹果发酵产物处理能抑制连作土壤病原菌,改善土壤环境,促进平邑甜茶幼苗生长,可作为一种减轻苹果连作障碍的方法。     

有机物料发酵流体和堆肥对苹果连作土壤环境及平邑甜茶幼苗生物量的影响

为探讨不同有机物料的发酵流体(厌氧发酵产物)和堆肥(有氧发酵产物)对苹果连作土壤环境的影响,以盆栽平邑甜茶幼苗为试验材料,分别设置猪粪+秸秆、鸡粪+秸秆、羊粪+秸秆、猪粪+鸡粪+羊粪+秸秆4个不同有机物料组合并进行厌氧发酵和有氧发酵,并将发酵产物分别施入连作土中,研究其对平邑甜茶幼苗生物量、连作土壤中微生物、土壤酶活性、土壤酚酸等的影响。结果表明:与有机物料堆肥相比,各有机物料发酵流体处理的平邑甜茶幼苗干重、鲜重较高,其中猪粪发酵流体处理显著提高了幼苗干、鲜重,7月份为对照的1.57、1.26倍,9月份为CK的1.55、1.86倍;两类发酵产物均增加了土壤微生物的数量,且发酵流体处理显著增加了土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量,其中羊粪发酵流体效果最明显,分别为CK的2.95倍和2.37倍,在堆肥处理中,真菌数量显著增高;两类发酵产物也影响了土壤中酚酸总量,表现为猪粪、鸡粪发酵流体和猪粪堆肥处理含量下降,至9月份分别下降到CK的0.45、0.39倍和0.36倍。     

连作苹果土壤酚酸对平邑甜茶幼苗的影响

为探讨连作(重茬)苹果土壤中酚酸类物质的积累与苹果连作障碍的关系,在砂培条件下,取连作果园土壤中实际浓度的酚酸类物质处理平邑甜茶幼苗,探讨了连作2a的果园土壤中实测浓度的根皮苷、间苯三酚、根皮素、对羟基苯甲酸和肉桂酸对平邑甜茶幼苗根系线粒体指标、抗氧化酶活性、膜过氧化程度及活性氧(ROS)含量的影响。结果表明:连作土壤中实际浓度的5种酚酸类物质均使平邑甜茶幼苗生长受到抑制,根系受影响程度高于地上部分,表现为根冠比降低;线粒体膜通透性转换孔(MPTP)开放程度增大,线粒体膜电位降低,细胞色素Cyt c/a比值下降;降低了幼苗根系中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性,增加了过氧化氢(H2O2)、超氧阴离子自由基(O·-2)以及丙二醛(MDA)的含量。土壤浓度的5种酚酸类物质中,以根皮苷处理抑制效果最显著,间苯三酚处理抑制力最小。因此,根皮苷是引起苹果连作障碍的主要酚酸,实践中应重点考虑对根皮苷的降解以缓解苹果连作障碍。     

小麦赤霉病拮抗菌JB7的拮抗活性及鉴定

由禾谷镰刀菌(Fusarium graminearum, Fg)引起的赤霉病是限制小麦生产的主要病害之一。生物防治是一种高效且可持续的防治方法。【目的】从小麦种子内筛选具有抑制禾谷镰刀菌的菌株并对其生防潜力进行评估,为小麦赤霉病生防制剂的开发与利用提供菌种资源及理论支撑。【方法】采用平板对峙、孢子萌发法和无菌上清液抑菌试验筛选小麦种子内对禾谷镰刀菌具有拮抗活性的内生菌株;利用扫描电镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)和共聚焦扫描电镜(confocal laser scanning microscope, CLSM)观察并分析无菌上清液对Fg的分生孢子形态、膜完整性以及胞内活性氧的影响;通过盆栽试验验证内生菌对小麦赤霉病的生防效果;应用二代Illumina HiSeq测序平台进行全基因组测序。【结果】从小麦种子中分离出一株高效抑制Fg生长的内生菌株JB7,其衰亡期无菌上清液对Fg孢子萌发抑制率高达85.23%。菌株JB7的无菌上清液使Fg孢子表面凹陷,破坏其细胞膜,造成核酸和蛋白质的渗漏,诱导Fg菌丝活性氧的累积,引起Fg菌丝可溶性蛋白和丙二醛含量的显著升高。该菌株具有分泌蛋白酶、纤维素酶、葡聚糖酶和产铁载体的能力。盆栽试验表明菌株JB7能显著降低小麦赤霉病的病情指数(P<0.05)。经全基因组学鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌(Bacillus methylotrophicus) JB7,该菌株基因组中含有12个抑菌功能的次级代谢产物合成基因簇。【结论】菌株JB7能抑制禾谷镰刀菌的生长,对小麦赤霉病有较强的防效,可作为生物防治小麦赤霉病的候选菌株。     

生防细菌在植物病害防治中的应用

生防细菌资源极为丰富,因其具有对环境友好的优点使之成为植物病害防控技术研究的热点。本文阐述了植物内生细菌和根际细菌的筛选、鉴定和活性测定技术,介绍了芽孢杆菌、假单胞菌和其它生防细菌的应用概况和作用机理,论述了生防细菌制剂商业化生产与大田应用可能遇到的问题,提出生防细菌的基因改造和制剂复配可能成为今后技术研发的关键。     

棉隆对苹果连作土壤微生物及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响

以生产上常用苹果砧木——平邑甜茶为试材,盆栽条件下研究了棉隆微粒剂对苹果连作土壤微生物及平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:与重茬(对照CK)相比,棉隆处理极显著(P0.01)降低了连作土壤中真菌数量,降幅达58.8%,细菌和放线菌数量分别显著(P0.05)降低15.3%、8.5%,细菌/真菌增加108.8%,放线菌/真菌增加124.2%;棉隆使连作条件下平邑甜茶单株幼苗根系长度、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高421.4%、426.5%、171.7%、48.8%。平邑甜茶植株叶面积以及叶片中叶绿素a、b含量、净光合速率均极显著提高,分别增加162.6%、14.9%、15.0%、24.0%,叶片同化能力增强;植株长势增强,株高和地径均极显著提高,植株地上干鲜重和地下干鲜重也得到了极显著性增加,最高增加幅度达2.2倍。综上,棉隆处理后苹果连作土壤中微生物数量降低,而细菌与真菌比值、放线菌与真菌比值增加,平邑甜茶幼苗植株长势增强,棉隆可有效减轻苹果连作障碍发生。     

施加角担子菌B6对连作西瓜土壤微环境和西瓜生长的影响

在盆栽条件下,研究了施加角担子菌B6的菌丝对连作西瓜的土壤微生物区系以及产量的影响,以探索西瓜连作障碍的生物防治措施。施加B6的活菌丝(C)显著减少土壤中真菌的数量、增加细菌/放线菌的比例,在西瓜成熟期,与对照(A)和施加灭活的B6菌丝(B)相比,土壤中尖孢镰刀菌(FO)的数量分别减少了29.9%和63.3%。相比对照(A),在成熟期,C处理中土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶的活力分别提高了19.0%、159.0%和31.3%;西瓜超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性分别增加32.7%和4.6%,西瓜根系活力(TTC法)增强46.2%,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少51.4%。与对照(A)和施加灭活B6菌(B)相比,施加B6菌(C)后,西瓜单果重分别增加44.8%和40.9%,总产量分别增加103.8%和64.9%,可溶性糖含量分别增加35.1%和10.0%。施加B6的活菌丝能够通过改善土壤微环境,提高西瓜植株的抵抗力,进而增加产量。     

蔬菜根结线虫生防芽胞杆菌的筛选及作用机理研究

芽胞杆菌是一类重要的植物病害生防因子.为挖掘防治蔬菜根结线虫的芽胞杆菌优良菌株,从根结线虫病抑制性土壤中分离到62株芽胞杆菌,测定不同菌株发酵滤液对二龄幼虫的致死作用和卵孵化的抑制作用初筛生防菌,然后利用室内盆栽试验测定生防菌株的防治效果,结果发现NB-04菌液灌根处理根结指数最低,防治效果达61.6％.进一步通过形态...     

棉隆熏蒸处理对平邑甜茶幼苗生长和生物学特性及土壤环境的影响

本试验以苹果砧木平邑甜茶幼苗为试材,通过温室与露地盆栽两种方式,研究不同浓度(0、0.1、0.2、0.4 g·kg^-1)棉隆熏蒸对连作土壤微生物环境和平邑甜茶幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:不同浓度的棉隆熏蒸均能促进连作土壤中平邑甜茶幼苗的生长,其中以0.2 g·kg^-1处理的效果最显著。0.2 g·kg^-1棉隆熏蒸下,平邑甜茶幼苗在温室和露地条件下的株高、地径、地上部干质量、地下部干质量分别比连作对照提高了192.9%和91.8%、72.8%和60.1%、196.8%和195.0%、138.5%和130.7%;幼苗根系相关指标(根长、根面积、根体积、根系呼吸速率)也明显优于其他处理;幼苗根系的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性分别比连作对照提高了114.6%和118.5%、123.5%和107.6%、164.6%和175.6%;幼苗根系的丙二醛含量也显著低于其他处理。随着棉隆施用浓度的增加,土壤细菌含量、真菌含量、尖孢镰孢菌基因拷贝数、土壤酶活性均显著降低,连作土壤真菌群落结构也发生了不同程度的改变。综上,0.2 g·kg^-1棉隆熏蒸可以提高连作平邑甜茶幼苗生物量,改善土壤环境,有效缓解平邑甜茶的连作障碍。在苹果老果园重茬建园时,可以优先考虑0.2 g·kg^-1的棉隆熏蒸处理。     

芽孢杆菌菌肥和菌剂对连作条件下桃幼树生长和土壤环境的影响

研究向桃树连作土壤中添加芽孢杆菌菌肥和菌剂对再植幼树生长、土壤养分、酶活性和真菌群落的影响,可为缓解桃树连作障碍提供理论依据.在盆栽条件下,以一年生普通桃'圆梦'和连作10年的桃园土壤为试材,设置8个处理,即连作土常规处理(RS)、客土常规处理(NS)、连作土常规处理基础上分别添加1％、4％、8％的芽孢杆菌菌肥(BF1...     

Biological control of winter wheat pathogens with the use of antagonistic Sphingomonas bacteria under greenhouse conditions

This paper describes, for the first time, the effect of bacteria of the genus Sphingomonas on healthiness of winter wheat. The effect of the application of Sphingomonas cell suspension on development of disease symptoms of powdery mildew and Fusarium head blight (FHB) of winter wheat cv. Bogatka was studied under greenhouse conditions. The abundance of populations of yeast and fungi producing mycelium as well as bacteria of the genus Azotobacter and pseudomonads was determined on wheat kernels. The biocontrol agent reduced the population size of Fusarium poae, and it contributed to better grain filling. The tested Sphingomonas isolate reduced the severity of flag leaf infection caused by pathogenic biotroph Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici.     

Effects of nematodes,fungi and bacteria on the growth of young apple trees grown in apple replant disease soil

Growth, dry root weight of seedlings and root score of apple seedlings cv. McIntosh were reduced when soils were inoculated with Pratylenchus penetrans, Penicillium janthinellum, Constantinella terrestris, Trichoderma sp., and 4 strains of Bacillus subtilis. Trichoderma sp., and B-1 and B-26 strains of B. subtilis alone reduced plant growth but the combination of Trichoderma sp. + B. subtilis (B-1) and Trichoderma sp. + B. subtilis (B-26) increased plant height. Plant height, root weight and root score were significantly reduced when P. penetrans plus B. subtilis or P. penetrans plus fungi plus bacteria were present in the soil. It is suggested that fungi, bacteria, nematodes alone or their combinations such as nematodes plus bacteria or nematodes plus fungi plus bacteria may contribute towards the occurrence of apple replant disease.Contribution number 700.Contribution number 700.     

Characterisation of antagonistic soil microbes against Rhizoctonia spp. and Sclerotium hydrophilum

Rhizoctonia solani, R. oryzae-sativae and Sclerotium hydrophilum are responsible for sheath diseases of rice. Soil treatment measures with antagonist microbes have produced good results against various soil-borne fungi. The objective of this study included to find out the potential antagonist microbes from the paddy field soil. Ten different soil samples were collected from the disease-prone area of paddy field soil. Antagonist microbes were identified by 16S rRNA sequence analysis. Subsequent screening of antagonist microbes yield B. subtilis B37 and P. aeruginosa B258 as the potential antagonist microbes to control sheath diseases of rice in Myanmar. Bacillus subtilis strains induced the competition between antagonist and the tested fungi at the margin of the bacterial growth itself. However, P. aeruginosa induced the competition at a long range formed by the antibiotic of antagonist microbe. Bacillus subtilis B37 and P. aeruginosa B258 could be applicable in the control strategy of causal agents of rice sheath diseases in Myanmar.     

Selection of antagonistic bacteria isolated from the Physalis peruviana rhizosphere against Fusarium oxysporum

Aims: Cape gooseberries (Physalis peruviana) have become increasingly important in Colombia for both domestic consumption and the international export market. Vascular wilting caused by Fusarium oxysporum is the most damaging disease to P. peruviana crops in Colombia. The control of this pathogen is mainly carried out by chemical and cultural practices, increasing production costs and generating resistance. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to test rhizobacteria isolates from P. peruviana rhizosphere against F. oxysporum under in vitro and in vivo conditions. Methods and Results: Over 120 strains were isolated, and five were selected for their high inhibition of F. oxysporum growth and conidia production under in vitro conditions. These strains inhibited growth by 41–58% and reduced three‐ to fivefold conidia production. In the in vivo assays, all the tested isolates significantly reduced fungal pathogenicity in terms of virulence. Isolate B‐3·4 was the most efficient in delaying the onset of the first symptoms. All isolates were identified as belonging to the genus Pseudomonas except for A‐19 (Bacillus sp.). Conclusions: Our results confirmed that there are prospective rhizobacteria strains that can be used as biological control agents; some of them being able to inhibit in vitro F. oxysporum growth and sporulation. Significance and Impact of the Study: Incorporating these bacteria into biological control strategies for the disease that causes high economical losses in the second most exported fruit from Colombia would result in a reduced impact on environment and economy.     

土传真菌病害拮抗菌的筛选及其生防效果研究

为了获得对主要粮食作物水稻、小麦和经济作物大豆常见土传病害具有防治效果的生防菌,本研究从土壤中筛选到一株对所选6种病原真菌均有较好拮抗效果的菌株。基于形态学、生理生化特性及16S rDNA序列分析进行菌种鉴定,利用菌丝生长速率法对其无菌滤液和挥发性气体的抑菌效果进行验证,同时研究了其无菌滤液的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性和对蛋白酶K的稳定性。结果表明:本研究筛选到一株贝莱斯芽孢杆菌Bacillus velezensis CX-2,其无菌滤液对6种病原真菌的抑菌率在71%～95%之间,对小麦纹枯病菌、小麦全蚀病菌的抑菌率分别高达90. 13%、94. 34%;挥发性气体对6种病原菌的抑菌率在45%～80%之间;无菌滤液中的抗菌活性物质具有较强的热稳定性和对蛋白酶K的稳定性;无菌滤液pH在5～9之间时具有稳定的抑菌活性。该菌株可作为作物土传真菌病害生防菌剂较为理想的功能菌株。     

一株西瓜枯萎病生防菌的鉴定与田间防效

[背景]西瓜枯萎病是由尖孢镰孢菌西瓜专化型(Fusarium oxysproum f.sp.niveum)引起的土传病害,是西瓜最为严重的病害之一.利用拮抗微生物抑制病原菌繁殖,降低其危害程度,已成为西瓜枯萎病防控领域的研究热点.[目的]筛选对西瓜枯萎病病原菌具有拮抗作用的菌株,并探究其抑菌作用,为有效防控西瓜枯萎病提...