土壤水分对土壤产生气态氮的厌氧微生物过程的影响

气态氮[一氧化氮(NO)、氧化亚氮(N₂O)和氮气(N₂)]的释放是土壤氮损失的一种重要途径。硝化和反硝化作用是土壤气态氮损失的主要微生物过程,但是异养硝化作用、共反硝化作用和厌氧氨氧化过程对土壤气态氮损失的贡献尚不清楚。本研究利用¹⁵N标记和配对法,结合硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD),通过土壤培养试验来量化厌氧条件下各种微生物过程对NO、N₂O和N₂产生的贡献。结果表明: 在厌氧条件下培养24 h后,土壤孔隙含水率为65%时,3种气体总的¹⁵N回收率最高,占加入¹⁵N总量的20.0%。反硝化过程对NO、N₂O和N₂产生的贡献率分别为49.9%～94.1%、29.0%～84.7%和58.2%～85.8%,是产生3种气体的主要过程。异养硝化过程也是产生NO和N₂O的重要过程,特别是在土壤孔隙含水率很低时(10%)对两种气体产生的贡献率分别为50.1%和42.8%。,共反硝化过程对N₂O产生的贡献率为10.6%～30.7%,共反硝化和厌氧氨氧化过程对N₂产生的总贡献率为14.2%～41.8%,表明共反硝化过程在N₂O和N₂产生中的作用不可忽视。¹⁵N标记和配对法是区分气态氮损失的各种微生物过程的有效手段。     

湖泊氮素氧化及脱氮过程研究进展

自然界中氮的生物地球化学循环主要由微生物驱动,由固氮作用、硝化作用、反硝化作用和氨化作用来完成。过去数十年间,随着异养硝化、厌氧氨氧化和古菌氨氧化作用的发现,人们对环境中氮素循环认识逐步深入,提出了多种脱氮途径新假说。对湖泊生态系统中氮素的输入、输出及其在水体、沉积物和水土界面的迁移转化过程进行了概括,对湖泊生态系统中反硝化和厌氧氨氧化脱氮机理及脱氮效率的最新研究进展进行了探讨,并对以后的氮素循环研究进行了展望。     

木麻黄根瘤内生弗兰克氏菌的反硝化作用

为了解非豆科植物共生固氮菌弗兰克氏菌的反硝化作用特点以及作为N₂O源汇的能力，采用切片法分离并纯培养木麻黄根瘤内生弗兰克氏菌，探究NO₃^-添加下弗兰克氏菌的反硝化作用过程。结果表明：在厌氧培养条件下添加NO₃^-后，NO₃^-浓度随时间的增加而降低，26 h后趋于平稳；而NO₂^-和N₂O的浓度随着时间的增加先升高后降低。在培养第26、54和98小时均检测到关键反硝化基因和固氮酶基因。基因之间的丰度差异显著，且随时间的变化不同步。冗余分析表明，以NO₃^-、NO₂^-和N₂O浓度为解释变量，前2个排序轴总共解释了反硝化及固氮酶基因丰度总变异的81.9%。弗兰克氏菌在厌氧条件下具有反硝化作用，检测到系列反硝化基因，包括N₂O还原酶基因(nosZ),表明...     

不同灌溉量对华北平原菜地N2O排放及其来源的影响

以华北平原菜地为研究对象,通过控制灌溉量设置不同的土壤水分对照,利用稳定同位素¹⁵N自然丰度法,结合传统的乙炔抑制试验,对不同土壤水分条件下的N₂O排放、N₂O同位素特征值以及同位素异位体位嗜值(SP值)变化规律进行分析,以阐明不同水分条件下N₂O的排放规律及其来源.结果表明:水分条件显著影响N₂O排放,相比于50%土壤孔隙含水率(WFPS),70%WFPS的水分条件下N₂O的排放较高.N₂O的排放集中在施肥前期,在施肥中后期迅速减弱.50%WFPS条件下,N₂O的排放最初以硝化作用为主,占比约为90%,随后硝化作用迅速下降,反硝化变成主导作用,施肥7 d后即达到80%以上;而70%WFPS条件下初期则以反硝化为主,占比约为70%,随后下降至40%左右,施肥10 d后逐渐升高至80%.整体上,N₂O的排放主要以反硝化作用为主,不同水分处理对土壤硝化、反硝化作用的影响主要体现在施肥前期,后期均以反硝化为主.综上,建议华北地区的菜地生产应适当降低灌溉量,以减少N₂O排放.     

温带草甸草原土壤N2O产生过程研究

以大量的室内模拟培养实验,以内蒙古温带草甸草原土壤为研究对象,利用AIM乙炔抑制法,模拟野外条件对原样土壤样品进行N₂O产生过程进行研究。实验结果表明:内蒙古温带草甸草原土壤N₂O产生过程以硝化作用为主。其中异养硝化作用起主导作用,自养硝化潜势和反硝化潜势在草原植物不同生长季节变化不同,总体上异养硝化潜势>自养硝化潜势>反硝化潜势。由于自养硝化作用在不同季节的发生,使得草甸草原土壤N₂O的产生潜势也高、低起伏变化。从而揭示了内蒙古温带草原土壤以异养硝化作用过程为主产生N₂O和N₂O排放通量较低的微生物学机理。     

黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生过程对氮输入的响应

以黄河口生态恢复前后未恢复区(R₀)、2007年恢复区(R₂₀₀₇)和2002年恢复区(R₂₀₀₂)的芦苇湿地为研究对象,研究了不同形态氮输入对湿地土壤N₂O产生过程的影响与贡献.结果表明: 硝态氮(NO₃^--N)输入对恢复区湿地土壤N₂O总产生量的影响远远大于铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N),但两者均抑制了R₀土壤的N₂O总产生量.尽管NO₃^--N输入对R₂₀₀₂表层土壤N₂O总产生量的影响明显大于R₂₀₀₇,但二者的N₂O产生量均随氮输入量的增加而增加.恢复区湿地土壤的反硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用受NO₃^--N输入的影响明显,而R₀土壤产生N₂O的生物过程受其影响并不显著.尽管NH₄⁺-N输入对湿地土壤N₂O的总产生量影响不大,但其输入整体促进了R₀ 土壤的硝化细菌反硝化作用、R₂₀₀₇土壤的硝化作用和R₂₀₀₂土壤的非生物作用.比较而言,NO₃^--N输入对R₀、R₂₀₀₇和R₂₀₀₂湿地土壤N₂O产生的非生物作用主要表现为抑制,NH₄⁺-N输入则整体提高了R₀和R₂₀₀₂湿地土壤非生物作用的N₂O产生量,这与不同形态氮输入对土壤pH的调节作用密切相关.研究发现,NO₃^--N输入大大增加了湿地土壤的N₂O总产生量,改变了原有湿地土壤生物作用和非生物作用的贡献模式,故生态恢复工程导致的营养盐输入(NO₃^--N)应受到特别关注.     

黄河口不同恢复阶段湿地土壤N2O产生过程对氮输入的响应

以黄河口生态恢复前后未恢复区(R₀)、2007年恢复区(R₂₀₀₇)和2002年恢复区(R₂₀₀₂)的芦苇湿地为研究对象,研究了不同形态氮输入对湿地土壤N₂O产生过程的影响与贡献.结果表明: 硝态氮(NO₃^--N)输入对恢复区湿地土壤N₂O总产生量的影响远远大于铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N),但两者均抑制了R₀土壤的N₂O总产生量.尽管NO₃^--N输入对R₂₀₀₂表层土壤N₂O总产生量的影响明显大于R₂₀₀₇,但二者的N₂O产生量均随氮输入量的增加而增加.恢复区湿地土壤的反硝化作用和硝化细菌反硝化作用受NO₃^--N输入的影响明显,而R₀土壤产生N₂O的生物过程受其影响并不显著.尽管NH₄⁺-N输入对湿地土壤N₂O的总产生量影响不大,但其输入整体促进了R₀ 土壤的硝化细菌反硝化作用、R₂₀₀₇土壤的硝化作用和R₂₀₀₂土壤的非生物作用.比较而言,NO₃^--N输入对R₀、R₂₀₀₇和R₂₀₀₂湿地土壤N₂O产生的非生物作用主要表现为抑制,NH₄⁺-N输入则整体提高了R₀和R₂₀₀₂湿地土壤非生物作用的N₂O产生量,这与不同形态氮输入对土壤pH的调节作用密切相关.研究发现,NO₃^--N输入大大增加了湿地土壤的N₂O总产生量,改变了原有湿地土壤生物作用和非生物作用的贡献模式,故生态恢复工程导致的营养盐输入(NO₃^--N)应受到特别关注.     

不同灌溉量对华北平原菜地N2O排放及其来源的影响

以华北平原菜地为研究对象,通过控制灌溉量设置不同的土壤水分对照,利用稳定同位素¹⁵N自然丰度法,结合传统的乙炔抑制试验,对不同土壤水分条件下的N₂O排放、N₂O同位素特征值以及同位素异位体位嗜值(SP值)变化规律进行分析,以阐明不同水分条件下N₂O的排放规律及其来源.结果表明:水分条件显著影响N₂O排放,相比于50%土壤孔隙含水率(WFPS),70%WFPS的水分条件下N₂O的排放较高.N₂O的排放集中在施肥前期,在施肥中后期迅速减弱.50%WFPS条件下,N₂O的排放最初以硝化作用为主,占比约为90%,随后硝化作用迅速下降,反硝化变成主导作用,施肥7 d后即达到80%以上;而70%WFPS条件下初期则以反硝化为主,占比约为70%,随后下降至40%左右,施肥10 d后逐渐升高至80%.整体上,N₂O的排放主要以反硝化作用为主,不同水分处理对土壤硝化、反硝化作用的影响主要体现在施肥前期,后期均以反硝化为主.综上,建议华北地区的菜地生产应适当降低灌溉量,以减少N₂O排放.     

真菌对土壤N2O释放的贡献及其研究方法

N₂O是一种重要的温室气体,而土壤作为N₂O的重要来源之一,其N₂O主要产生于硝化和反硝化作用的生物过程.研究表明细菌和古菌是这些生物过程的主要参与者,然而在特定土壤生态系统中,真菌在N循环过程中起主要作用.但真菌对土壤N₂O释放贡献的研究报道甚少.本文阐述了土壤真菌N₂O产生机制的研究进展,介绍了自养硝化、异养硝化和反硝化过程的发生机理、关键微生物和功能基因.详细介绍了与真菌有关的N₂O产生过程,真菌的异养硝化作用和反硝化作用,并且比较了真菌和细菌反硝化系统的差异.此外,本文重点总结了研究土壤真菌N₂O产生的主要方法,包括选择抑制剂法、^15N标记、分离和纯培养以及免培养的分子生态学方法,对各种方法的优势和弊端进行了探讨,并对今后的研究工作提出了展望.     

施肥对露地菜地氨挥发和氧化亚氮排放的影响

为探究施氮量和不同肥料调控措施对露地菜地土壤氨(NH₃)挥发和氧化亚氮(N₂O)排放的影响,在华北地区典型露地菜地设置了不同施氮水平和肥料调控措施的田间试验.结果表明: 春播黄瓜生育期内减氮20%和50%分别比常规施氮量降低氨挥发25.7%和48.0%;添加抑制剂(脲酶抑制剂+硝化抑制剂)和生物炭分别比等氮量氮肥处理氨挥发降低10.0%和6.1%;春播黄瓜生育期内减氮20%和50%分别使N₂O排放量比常规施肥处理降低28.8%和61.0%;等氮量条件下添加联合抑制剂使N₂O排放降低58.9%,而添加生物炭处理的N₂O排放增加14.1%;在同样的条施覆土施肥方法下,与纯化学氮肥处理相比,有机肥替代30%氮肥对氨挥发和N₂O减排的作用效果都不显著.对于集约化菜地,合理控制氮肥用量是降低土壤氨挥发及N₂O排放的最有效措施.     

Bacteriohopanepolyols along redox gradients in the Humboldt Current System off northern Chile

Marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) are characterized by the presence of subsurface suboxic or anoxic waters where diverse microbial processes are responsible for the removal of fixed nitrogen. OMZs have expanded over past decades and are expected to continue expanding in response to the changing climate. The implications for marine biogeochemistry, particularly nitrogen cycling, are uncertain. Cell membrane lipids (biomarkers), such as bacterial bacteriohopanepolyols (BHPs) and their degradation products (hopanoids), have distinctive structural attributes that convey information about their biological sources. Since the discovery of fossil hopanoids in ancient sediments, the study of BHPs has been of great biogeochemical interest due to their potential to serve as proxies for bacteria in the geological record. A stereoisomer of bacteriohopanetetrol (BHT), BHT II, has been previously identified in OMZ waters and has as been unequivocally identified in culture enrichments of anammox bacteria, a key group contributing to nitrogen loss in marine OMZs. We tested BHT II as a proxy for suboxia/anoxia and anammox bacteria in suspended organic matter across OMZ waters of the Humboldt Current System off northern Chile, as well as in surface and deeply buried sediments (125–150 ky). The BHT II ratio (BHT II/total BHT) increases as oxygen content decreases through the water column, consistent with previous results from Perú, the Cariaco Basin and the Arabian Sea, and in line with microbiological evidence indicating intense anammox activity in the Chilean OMZ. Notably, BHT II is transported from the water column to surface sediments, and preserved in deeply buried sediments, where the BHT II ratio correlates with changes in δ¹⁵N sediment values during glacial–interglacial transitions. This study suggests that BHT II offers a proxy for past changes in the relative importance of anammox, and fluctuations in nitrogen cycling in response to ocean redox changes through the geological record.     

A microdiversity study of anammox bacteria reveals a novel Candidatus Scalindua phylotype in marine oxygen minimum zones

The anaerobic oxidation of ammonium (anammox) contributes significantly to the global loss of fixed nitrogen and is carried out by a deep branching monophyletic group of bacteria within the phylum Planctomycetes. Various studies have implicated anammox to be the most important process responsible for the nitrogen loss in the marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) with a low diversity of marine anammox bacteria. This comprehensive study investigated the anammox bacteria in the suboxic zone of the Black Sea and in three major OMZs (off Namibia, Peru and in the Arabian Sea). The diversity and population composition of anammox bacteria were investigated by both, the 16S rRNA gene sequences and the 16S-23S rRNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Our results showed that the anammox bacterial sequences of the investigated samples were all closely related to the Candidatus Scalindua genus. However, a greater microdiversity of marine anammox bacteria than previously assumed was observed. Both phylogenetic markers supported the classification of all sequences in two distinct anammox bacterial phylotypes: Candidatus Scalindua clades 1 and 2. Scalindua 1 could be further divided into four distinct clusters, all comprised of sequences from either the Namibian or the Peruvian OMZ. Scalindua 2 consisted of sequences from the Arabian Sea and the Peruvian OMZ and included one previously published 16S rRNA gene sequence from Lake Tanganyika and one from South China Sea sediment (97.9-99.4% sequence identity). This cluster showed only 相似文献   

我国养殖水体N2O排放特征及其影响因素研究进展

养殖水体作为不可忽视的温室气体排放源,已引起社会广泛关注。本文通过文献综述分析了国内养殖水体N₂O溶存浓度、饱和度及排放通量的时空分布特征,并结合N₂O产生机制探讨了养殖水体N2O排放的影响因素。我国养殖水体N₂O介于饱和与过饱和状态,水-气界面排放通量范围为-9.82×10^-3~143.25×10^-3mg·m^-2·h^-1,养殖水体成为N₂O的重要排放源;空间变异特征表现为南方地区的排放通量显著高于北方地区,北方地区养殖水体N2O排放通量整体高于本区自然水体,而南方地区相反;从时间变化特征看,各养殖塘排放通量变化规律较为相似,大致表现为养殖中期排放量最高,养殖末期和养殖初期较低;季节变化上,夏季最高、冬春季较低。养殖水体N₂O的产生机制与其他水生生态系统相似,主要为硝化和反硝化作用,影响养殖水体N₂O在排放的因素除温度、pH、营养盐、盐度、叶绿素a等环境因素外,还与曝气活动、饵料投放、排水活动和养殖种类等人为因素有关。     

三江平原小叶章湿地温室气体排放及其对模拟氮沉降的响应

利用黑龙江省科学院自然与生态研究所三江平原湿地生态定位研究站内的长期模拟氮沉降试验平台,采用静态箱-气相色谱法,设置低氮(40 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)和高氮(80 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)处理,以及对照(0 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1),测定小叶章湿地温室气体排放通量及其相关环境因子,研究三江平原小叶章湿地温室气体排放对氮沉降的响应.结果表明: 低氮和高氮输入均显著增加了温室气体的排放通量,低氮和高氮处理使CO₂排放通量增加47.5%和47.9%,CH₄排放通量增加76.8%和110.1%,N₂O排放通量增加42.4%和10.6%.低氮输入改变了N₂O排放的季节动态,但对CO₂和CH₄排放的季节动态没有显著影响,高氮处理对3种气体排放的季节动态均未造成影响.CO₂排放通量和CH₄排放通量均与土壤温度呈显著正相关,而影响N₂O排放的因素较为复杂,未与土壤温度出现显著的相关关系.     

Niche segregation of ammonia-oxidizing archaea and anammox bacteria in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing (anammox) bacteria have emerged as significant factors in the marine nitrogen cycle and are responsible for the oxidation of ammonium to nitrite and dinitrogen gas, respectively. Potential for an interaction between these groups exists; however, their distributions are rarely determined in tandem. Here we have examined the vertical distribution of AOA and anammox bacteria through the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), one of the most intense and vertically exaggerated OMZs in the global ocean, using a unique combination of intact polar lipid (IPL) and gene-based analyses, at both DNA and RNA levels. To screen for AOA-specific IPLs, we developed a high-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry method targeting hexose-phosphohexose (HPH) crenarchaeol, a common IPL of cultivated AOA. HPH-crenarchaeol showed highest abundances in the upper OMZ transition zone at oxygen concentrations of ca. 5 μ, coincident with peaks in both thaumarchaeotal 16S rDNA and amoA gene abundances and gene expression. In contrast, concentrations of anammox-specific IPLs peaked within the core of the OMZ at 600 m, where oxygen reached the lowest concentrations, and coincided with peak anammox 16S rDNA and the hydrazine oxidoreductase (hzo) gene abundances and their expression. Taken together, the data reveal a unique depth distribution of abundant AOA and anammox bacteria and the segregation of their respective niches by >400 m, suggesting no direct coupling of their metabolisms at the time and site of sampling in the Arabian Sea OMZ.     

Nitrogen fixation in denitrified marine waters

Nitrogen fixation is an essential process that biologically transforms atmospheric dinitrogen gas to ammonia, therefore compensating for nitrogen losses occurring via denitrification and anammox. Currently, inputs and losses of nitrogen to the ocean resulting from these processes are thought to be spatially separated: nitrogen fixation takes place primarily in open ocean environments (mainly through diazotrophic cyanobacteria), whereas nitrogen losses occur in oxygen-depleted intermediate waters and sediments (mostly via denitrifying and anammox bacteria). Here we report on rates of nitrogen fixation obtained during two oceanographic cruises in 2005 and 2007 in the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP), a region characterized by the presence of coastal upwelling and a major permanent oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Our results show significant rates of nitrogen fixation in the water column; however, integrated rates from the surface down to 120 m varied by ～30 fold between cruises (7.5±4.6 versus 190±82.3 μmol m(-2) d(-1)). Moreover, rates were measured down to 400 m depth in 2007, indicating that the contribution to the integrated rates of the subsurface oxygen-deficient layer was ～5 times higher (574±294 μmol m(-2) d(-1)) than the oxic euphotic layer (48±68 μmol m(-2) d(-1)). Concurrent molecular measurements detected the dinitrogenase reductase gene nifH in surface and subsurface waters. Phylogenetic analysis of the nifH sequences showed the presence of a diverse diazotrophic community at the time of the highest measured nitrogen fixation rates. Our results thus demonstrate the occurrence of nitrogen fixation in nutrient-rich coastal upwelling systems and, importantly, within the underlying OMZ. They also suggest that nitrogen fixation is a widespread process that can sporadically provide a supplementary source of fixed nitrogen in these regions.     

Intensive nitrogen loss over the Omani Shelf due to anammox coupled with dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonium

A combination of stable isotopes (¹⁵N) and molecular ecological approaches was used to investigate the vertical distribution and mechanisms of biological N₂ production along a transect from the Omani coast to the central–northeastern (NE) Arabian Sea. The Arabian Sea harbors the thickest oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in the world''s oceans, and is considered to be a major site of oceanic nitrogen (N) loss. Short (<48 h) anoxic incubations with ¹⁵N-labeled substrates and functional gene expression analyses showed that the anammox process was highly active, whereas denitrification was hardly detectable in the OMZ over the Omani shelf at least at the time of our sampling. Anammox was coupled with dissimilatory nitrite reduction to ammonium (DNRA), resulting in the production of double-¹⁵N-labeled N₂ from ¹⁵NO₂⁻, a signal often taken as the lone evidence for denitrification in the past. Although the central–NE Arabian Sea has conventionally been regarded as the primary N-loss region, low potential N-loss rates at sporadic depths were detected at best. N-loss activities in this region likely experience high spatiotemporal variabilities as linked to the availability of organic matter. Our finding of greater N-loss associated with the more productive Omani upwelling region is consistent with results from other major OMZs. The close reliance of anammox on DNRA also highlights the need to take into account the effects of coupling N-transformations on oceanic N-loss and subsequent N-balance estimates.     

氮沉降和施生物质炭对毛竹林土壤N2O通量的影响

本研究于2019年7月—2020年7月在浙江省杭州市典型毛竹林布置野外控制实验,采用静态箱-气相色谱法测定毛竹林土壤N₂O通量,分析生物质炭(10 t·hm^-2)、氮沉降(60 kg N·hm^-2·a^-1)、生物质炭+氮沉降混合处理对土壤N₂O通量的影响,并探讨了土壤N₂O通量与环境因子的关系。结果表明: 与对照相比,氮沉降处理使毛竹林土壤N₂O年累积排放量增加了14.6%,而施用生物质炭及其与氮沉降混合处理则分别降低了20.8%和10.6%。相关分析表明,在所有处理下,毛竹林土壤N₂O排放速率与土壤温度、硝态氮含量、脲酶和蛋白酶活性之间均呈极显著相关,与土壤铵态氮含量均呈显著相关。在氮沉降背景下,施用生物质炭对毛竹林土壤N₂O通量仍具有显著的减排效应。     

增温和隔离降雨对亚热带森林土壤N2O通量的影响

设置对照(CT)、增温5 ℃(W)、隔离50%降雨(P)和增温5 ℃+隔离50%降雨(WP)4种处理,以相关功能基因作为标志物,研究增温和隔离降雨影响亚热带森林生态系统土壤N₂O通量变化的途径.结果表明: 隔离降雨显著降低了土壤铵态氮浓度;增温显著降低了土壤N₂O通量和土壤反硝化势.增温处理(W)和降雨处理(P)的土壤微生物生物量氮(MBN)均显著低于对照(CT),AOA amoA基因丰度与MBN和铵态氮含量之间呈显著负相关,但与土壤硝化势和土壤N₂O通量没有显著相关性.路径分析显示,反硝化势直接显著影响土壤N₂O通量,而微生物生物量磷(MBP)和增温则通过直接影响反硝化势来间接影响土壤N₂O通量.温度可能是影响亚热带森林土壤N₂O通量的主要驱动因素,全球变暖可能会减少亚热带森林土壤的N₂O排放.