山东潍坊地下水硝酸盐污染现状及δ15N溯源

采用均匀布点选取了山东潍坊居民区、粮田和蔬菜种植区等区域地下水为研究对象,分析了地下水硝态氮含量及污染来源,结果表明:潍坊地区地下水硝态氮平均含量为28.1 mg/L ,按照国家地下水质量标准(GB/T 14848-93)属于Ⅲ类水;饮用水井硝态氮平均含量为23.3 mg/L, 最高值达到了150 mg/L,对国家饮用水标准(10 mg/L)超标率高达73.5%,严重超标率达50%;不同土地利用方式下地下水硝态氮含量不同,设施蔬菜种植区最高,其次是露地蔬菜种植区, 小麦-玉米种植区地下水硝态氮含量较低,但都超过了WHO饮用水中硝酸盐的最大允许含量50 mg/L的规定(折合为硝态氮11.3 mg/L);硝酸盐与水质离子之间的相关性以及水质分析相关的派珀图分析显示地下水硝酸盐污染与氮肥施用有关;根据硝酸盐δ¹⁵N的稳定同位素溯源分析,潍坊地区地下水硝酸盐41.5%来自于化肥,14.6%来自于生活污水,其他是来自化肥、生活污水和家畜粪尿的混合污染。综上,潍坊市地下水硝酸盐污染非常严重,已经对当地居民的身体健康造成了潜在的威胁;因此,亟需从源头控制做起,减少肥料的过量投入和生活污水的随意排放,以控制硝酸盐的继续污染及改善当地水环境。     

广州市各水源的粪大肠杆菌污染情况调查

采用浊度,pH 和粪大肠杆菌数三个指标,对流经广州地区的珠江河段,市内各小河涌、井水,自来水等水源的污染情况的调查结果表明,珠江河段,各小河及地下水都受到不同段度的污染,作为饮用水的水源,珠江水的大肠杆菌数已大大超过国家规定的饮用水水源的标准.     

地下水微生物功能群及生物地球化学循环

地下水系统是地球关键带的重要组成部分,为微生物提供了特殊的栖息环境和复杂的生存条件,进而演化出复杂的生物地球化学过程。随着多技术、多学科的交叉融合及发展,近几十年地下水微生物功能群及生物地球化学循环研究取得了引人瞩目的重要进展。本文从地下水中的微生物群功能分区、微生物介导的地球化学元素循环、污染与修复中的生物地球化学过程,以及生物地球化学过程数值模拟等方面对国内外相关研究进展进行了综述,并对地下水系统中微生物"暗物质、暗过程"、微生物修复、地下水医学地质学,以及地下水多学科交叉融合等研究方向和前景进行了展望。     

松嫩平原西南部生态环境中的氟

松嫩平原西南部属东北平原的一部分,为一自然环境高氟区和地方性氟病高发区。 本文在研究该区土壤、粮食、蔬菜和居民饮用水等环境要素中氟的含量水平的基础上,指出以往作为饮用水源的浅层地下水含氟量高,是导致当地居民氟病发病率高的主导因素,取深层地下水替代浅层水作为饮用,是防治地方性氟病的有效途径。     

再生水回灌对地下水水质影响研究进展

再生水回灌地下水是一种缓解水资源危机的有效方式.由于再生水中含有硝酸盐、重金属、新型污染物等污染物质,因此在再生水地下水回灌利用时存在一定的环境风险.为推动我国再生水人工回灌地下水的发展,促进我国再生水的安全利用,本文分析了国内外相关文献及实践经验,总结了不同回灌方式下再生水回灌对地下水水质的影响.地表回灌方式下,地下水中盐分、硝态氮都有增加趋势,重金属污染风险较小,新型污染物是目前的研究热点,且其风险存在很多的不确定性,病原微生物对地下水的污染风险较小但不能排除一些活性较强的病毒等污染地下水;井灌方式下,对沉积含水层中As的释放应给予重点关注.最后,提出了相关建议以减小我国再生水回灌风险.     

吉林省西部草原区地下水水质研究

人类的日常生活中,水是不可缺少的物质.作为一种极好的溶媒,除可溶解的物质外,不溶解的悬浮物质、胶体物质和生物均可能混入水中.根据天然水的物理、化学成分决定该水适合那种用途,在选择水源时,还应按其质量指标,加以分析判断.吉林省长岭县东南厩村境内既无河流,也无湖泊,村民平日的所有用水都来源于地下水,即村民直接饮用水.因此,对东南厩村的地下水水质调查、评价就显得十分重要.     

应用DRASTIC模型评价西湖流域地下水污染风险

以地理信息系统（Blackland GRASS软件）为基础平台,建立了西湖流域基础和专题数据库;结合地下水污染风险评价专业模型（DRASTIC模型）。计算出流域内地下水污染风险图,对照流域的土地利用现状,提出流域内的污染优先控制区,研究表明,地下水污染高风险区中,居民区占了14.7%,在流域地下水污染防治中,建议首先对优先污染控制区内的居民区进行生活污水截污。     

矿泉水和山泉水中粪链球菌污染调查及主要污染菌株的ERIC-PCR分型研究

[目的]通过调查广东省矿泉水和山泉水生产企业水源水、碳后水和成品水中的粪链球菌(Enterococcus faecalis)污染情况,为生产企业微生物控制提供相应的依据.[方法]粪链球菌的检测方法采用稍作修改的GB/T8538-2008/4.53,并运用ERIC-PCR技术对主要污染菌株进行分型.[结果]206份水样中有35份水样检出粪链球菌,其中水源水20份、碳后水13份和成品水2份,水源水、碳后水和成品水的污染率分别为26.3％、20％和3.1％,总污染率为17％.矿泉水和山泉水的总污染率分别为3.8％和25.2％,山泉水、地下水和地表水的水源污染率分别为33.3％和63.6％.ERIC-PCR指纹图谱聚类分析显示35株菌分为3簇,主要污染菌基因型在B簇.[结论]广东省山泉水的粪链球菌污染率明显高于矿泉水的污染率,同时山泉水的水源水污染率中,地表水高于地下水.     

土壤氟形态与氟污染土壤修复

我国土壤氟污染问题严峻,给部分地区人体健康和生态安全造成严重威胁,但土壤氟污染与防治问题仍没有受到人们的广泛关注.本文概述了土壤中氟的存在形态以及发生的主要化学反应,综述了近年来国内外有关氟污染土壤修复的研究进展,提出了今后氟污染土壤修复的研究方向,以期为氟污染土壤的修复提供借鉴和参考.土壤中氟主要分为5种形态,其中90%以上以残渣态存在,土壤溶液中的氟主要发生沉淀-溶解、络合-解离和吸附-解吸等反应来维持水-土系统中的氟平衡.目前,氟污染土壤修复技术研究主要集中在化学固定修复技术、化学淋洗技术、电动修复技术以及植物修复技术.今后需要重点研究氟在土壤中的赋存形态及其影响因子,筛选功能微生物和植物,开发联合修复技术以修复氟污染土壤.     

氟的环境地球化学行为及其对生态环境的影响

近几十年来,氟的区域性环境地球化学异常和人为环境污染所导致的植物和人体氟暴露现象引起了广泛关注,世界各国学者对不同环境介质中氟的地球化学行为进行了较为深入的研究,但仍然存在诸多争议和不确定性.本文回顾了近些年来有关氟在大气、水、土壤中的来源、数量、存在形态、迁移转化和控制因素等方面的研究成果,以及氟的地球化学行为与植物和人体氟暴露的关联性,并提出了未来有关氟的环境地球化学行为研究应优先考虑的几个方向.     

Reversal of fluoride induced cell injury through elimination of fluoride and consumption of diet rich in essential nutrients and antioxidants

The objective of the present communication is to address the issues concerning reversal of fluoride induced cell injury and disease (i.e. fluorosis) through the elimination of fluoride and consumption of a diet containing essential nutrients and antioxidants. Humans afflicted with fluorosis, as a result of consuming fluoride contaminated water or food, have been investigated. Hospital based diagnostic procedure for early detection of fluorosis, through retrieval of history, clinical complaints, testing of blood, urine and drinking water for fluoride using ion selective electrode technology, along with X-ray of the forearm have been carried out. Confirmed cases of fluorosis were introduced to an intervention protocol consisting of (1) provision of safe drinking water with fluoride levels less than 1 mg/L and (2) counselling on nutritional supplementation with focus on adequate intake of calcium, vitamins C, E and antioxidants. The patients were monitored at frequent intervals up to one year and the results are reported. With a standardized early diagnosis, elimination of fluoride intake and supplementation of a diet rich in essential nutrients and antioxidants, we have shown that the fluorosis can be reversed.     

Reversal of fluoride induced cell injury through elimination of fluoride and consumption of diet rich in essential nutrients and antioxidants

The objective of the present communication is to address the issues concerning reversal of fluoride induced cell injury and disease (i.e. fluorosis) through the elimination of fluoride and consumption of a diet containing essential nutrients and antioxidants. Humans afflicted with fluorosis, as a result of consuming fluoride contaminated water or food, have been investigated. Hospital based diagnostic procedure for early detection of fluorosis, through retrieval of history, clinical complaints, testing of blood, urine and drinking water for fluoride using ion selective electrode technology, along with X-ray of the forearm have been carried out. Confirmed cases of fluorosis were introduced to an intervention protocol consisting of (1) provision of safe drinking water with fluoride levels less than 1 mg/L and (2) counselling on nutritional supplementation with focus on adequate intake of calcium, vitamins C, E and antioxidants. The patients were monitored at frequent intervals up to one year and the results are reported. With a standardized early diagnosis, elimination of fluoride intake and supplementation of a diet rich in essential nutrients and antioxidants, we have shown that the fluorosis can be reversed.     

Epidemiological,Clinical, and Biochemical Study of Endemic Dental and Skeletal Fluorosis in Punjab

The incidence of dental fluorosis in 46,000 children in the Punjab was assessed and compared with the fluoride content of their water supplies. Ten villages were selected for more detailed studies of skeletal as well as dental fluorosis.Factors other than the fluoride contect of the drinking water which were found to influence the incidence and the severity of fluorosis were the chemical composition of the water and in particular its calcium content; the duration of exposure; sex and occupation; nutritional status; and climatic and geological variations. The role of fluoride-containing foodstuffs has yet to be assessed.     

Household water sources and their contribution towards fluoride consumption in Njoro Division,Nakuru District,Kenya

Fluoride is regarded as an essential element for the formation of healthy bones and teeth. However, high fluoride levels in drinking water have been associated with high incidences of dental fluorosis. A 1996–1997 study in Njoro Division, Nakuru District, established that the groundwater used for cooking and drinking, obtained from boreholes and wells, had fluoride levels much higher than the World Health Organisation recommended level of 0.7ppm.     

燃煤污染型氟中毒患者氟暴露、骨相损伤程度与骨形成标志物的关系

慢性氟暴露是世界范围内的公共卫生问题之一.为研究燃煤污染型氟中毒患者中氟暴露、骨相损伤程度与骨形成标志物血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨钙素(BGP)之间的相关关系,以贵州省织金县荷花村(燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病区)和安顺市张官村(非氟暴露村)为调查点,采集环境样品,采用氟离子选择电极法测定环境介质及食物中的氟含量.在知情同意的原则下,对295例氟暴露和85例非氟暴露调查对象进行氟斑牙、氟骨症诊断;收集其尿液及外周血,测定尿氟(UF)浓度、ALP活性和BGP含量.结果表明: 病区环境中大米、辣椒、玉米、饮水、黏土、菜土、煤以及室内外空气氟含量均明显高于对照区,但较以往报道数据降低;随着尿氟浓度的升高,ALP活性、BGP含量显著升高,氟骨症病情差异有统计学意义,氟斑牙病情差异无统计学意义;氟骨症病情与ALP活性、BGP含量呈正相关.表明燃煤污染型低氟暴露可引起人群的骨相损害,且ALP、BGP可用于评估氟骨症患者骨转换情况,在氟骨症的辅助诊断、疗效评估中有着一定的应用价值.     

Investigation and mapping of fluoride-endemic areas and associated health risk—A case study of Agra,Uttar Pradesh,India

The present study aimed at identifying the fluoride-endemic areas in five different blocks in Agra district, Uttar Pradesh, India. A total of 365 groundwater samples from 73 villages were analyzed for establishing the concentration range of fluoride in drinking water. The fluoride level in the study area varied from 0.14 to 4.88 mg/L. Out of 73, the fluoride levels in 45 villages did not meet the permissible Word Health Organization standards. The Baroli Ahir block was found the highly fluoride-endemic area followed by Saiyan, Bichpuri, Achnera and Etmadpur. Chronic daily intake of fluoride in adults was 1.25 and 1.5 times higher than those in children and infants, respectively. The probability of dental fluorosis in infants was higher (42%) while adults were more prone to bone and skeletal fluorosis (60%). The hazard quotient analysis revealed that children were found to be at maximum risk followed by infants and adults. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the fluoride concentration is the major influencing parameter responsible for different types of fluorosis in various age groups.     

Fluoride and environmental health: a review

The relationship between environmental fluoride and human health has been studied for over 100 years by researchers from a wide variety of disciplines. Most scientists believe that small amounts of fluoride in the diet can help prevent dental caries and strengthen bones, but there are a number of adverse affects that chronic ingestion at high doses can have on human health, including dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, increased rates of bone fractures, decreased birth rates, increased rates of urolithiasis (kidney stones), impaired thyroid function, and lower intelligence in children. Chronic occupational exposure to fluoride dust and gas is associated with higher rates of bladder cancer and variety of respiratory ailments. Acute fluoride toxicity and even death from the ingestion of sodium fluoride pesticides and dental products have also been reported. The distribution of fluoride in the natural environment is very uneven, largely a result of the geochemical behavior of this element. Fluorine is preferentially enriched in highly evolved magmas and hydrothermal solutions, which explains why high concentrations are often found in syenites, granitoid plutonic rocks, alkaline volcanic, and hydrothermal deposits. Fluoride can also occur in sedimentary formations that contain fluoride-bearing minerals derived from the parent rock, fluoride-rich clays, or fluorapatite. Dissolved fluoride levels are usually controlled by the solubility of fluorite (CaF₂); thus, high concentrations are often associated with soft, alkaline, and calcium-deficient waters. Although much is known about the occurrence and health effects of fluoride, problems persist in Third World countries, where populations have little choice in the source of their drinking water and food. However, even in developed nations, fluoride ingestion can exceed the recommended dose when sources other than drinking water are ignored.     

氟化钠对小鼠睾丸组织的损伤及细胞凋亡的影响

目的研究氟中毒对小鼠睾丸组织的影响。方法给小鼠饮用含0 mg/L、10 mg/L、25 mg/L、50 mg/L氟化钠水,HE染色观察睾丸组织形态病理学变化,用TUNEL法检测小鼠睾丸组织细胞凋亡。结果氟中毒能诱导小鼠睾丸TUNEL阳性细胞,且凋亡细胞率较对照组明显增高。结论氟中毒可诱导小鼠睾丸组织细胞凋亡明显,凋亡发生部位与病理改变明显的部位相吻合,氟中毒小鼠睾丸组织细胞凋亡机制参与睾丸损害过程。     

Fluoride induces endoplasmic reticulum stress in ameloblasts responsible for dental enamel formation

The mechanism of how fluoride causes fluorosis remains unknown. Exposure to fluoride can inhibit protein synthesis, and this may also occur by agents that cause endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. When translated proteins fail to fold properly or become misfolded, ER stress response genes are induced that together comprise the unfolded protein response. Because ameloblasts are responsible for dental enamel formation, we used an ameloblast-derived cell line (LS8) to characterize specific responses to fluoride treatment. LS8 cells were growth-inhibited by as little as 1.9-3.8 ppm fluoride, whereas higher doses induced ER stress and caspase-mediated DNA fragmentation. Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible proteins (GADD153/CHOP, GADD45alpha), binding protein (BiP/glucose-responsive protein 78 (GRP78), the non-secreted form of carbonic anhydrase VI (CA-VI), and active X-box-binding protein-1 (Xbp-1) were all induced significantly after exposure to 38 ppm fluoride. Unexpectedly, DNA fragmentation increased when GADD153 expression was inhibited by short interfering RNA treatment but remained unaffected by transient GADD153 overexpression. Analysis of control and GADD153(-/-) embryonic fibroblasts demonstrated that caspase-3 mediated the increased DNA fragmentation observed in the GADD153 null cells. We also demonstrate that mouse incisor ameloblasts are sensitive to the toxic effects of high dose fluoride in drinking water. Activated Ire1 initiates an ER stress response pathway, and mouse ameloblasts were shown to express activated Ire1. Ire1 levels appeared induced by fluoride treatment, indicating that ER stress may play a role in dental fluorosis. Low dose fluoride, such as that present in fluoridated drinking water, did not induce ER stress.     

Appropriate uses of fluorides for children: guidelines from the Canadian Workshop on the Evaluation of Current Recommendations Concerning Fluorides.

OBJECTIVE: To prevent fluorosis caused by excessive fluoride ingestion by revising recommendations for fluoride intake by children. OPTIONS: Limiting fluoride ingestion from fluoridated water, fluoride supplements and fluoride dentifrices. OUTCOMES: Reduction in the prevalence of dental fluorosis and continued prevention of dental caries. EVIDENCE: Before the workshop, experts prepared comprehensive literature reviews of fluoride therapies, fluoride ingestion and the prevalence and causes of dental fluorosis. The papers, which were peer-reviewed, revised and circulated to the workshop participants, formed the basis of the workshop discussions. VALUES: Recommendations to limit fluoride intake were vigorously debated before being adopted as the consensus opinion of the workshop group. BENEFITS, HARMS AND COSTS: Decrease in the prevalence of dental fluorosis with continuing preventive effects of fluoride use. The only significant cost would be in preparing new, low-concentration fluoride products for distribution. RECOMMENDATIONS: Fluoride supplementation should be limited to children 3 years of age and older in areas where there is less than 0.3 ppm of fluoride in the water supply. Children in all areas should use only a "pea-sized" amount of fluoride dentifrice no more than twice daily under the supervision of an adult. VALIDATION: These recommendations are almost identical to changes to recommendations for the use of fluoride supplements recently proposed by a group of European countries. SPONSORS: The workshop was organized by Dr. D. Christopher Clark, of the University of British Columbia, and Drs. Hardy Limeback and Ralph C. Burgess, of the University of Toronto, and funded by Proctor and Gamble Inc., Toronto, the Medical Research Council of Canada and Health Canada (formerly the Department of National Health and Welfare). The recommendations were formally adopted by the Canadian Dental Association in April 1993.