DRGs付费试点与临床路径实施情况初步观察

疾病诊断相关组付费试点是继临床路径管理试点之后的又一项医药卫生体制改革内容。通过对北京地区某三级甲等医院开展DRGs付费试点工作前后的临床路径相关指标进行统计分析,得到结论为DRGs付费制度对临床路径在医院管理方面的应用起到有效的推动作用,有利于进一步提高医疗效率、保障医疗安全。     

实施临床路径的意义及其应用现状

由于医疗费用急剧上升,使得世界范围内各个国家的社会保障部门都在采取不同措施,以期控制医疗费用的过度增长.临床路径是一种新型的医疗服务模式,它是各相关部门或科室的医务人员共同针对某一病种的检测、治疗、康复和护理等制定的医疗护理服务程序,它与传统医疗护理模式相比,在提高医疗护理质量的同时,使患者本人能参与其中增加了患者知情权,而且提高了整个医疗过程的团队协作精神,并改善医疗、护理的持续活动.临床路径是提高医疗护理质量、改善医疗品质的方法之一,是控制医疗成本和提高服务质量的成功手段,临床路径的应用将成为一种发展趋势.本文就临床路径的概念、起源、在国内外的应用现状及实施步骤等进行描述,阐明应用临床路径的意义,并对其在医疗护理中的应用前景进行综述.     

第三类医疗技术申报及管理的实践与探讨

自卫生部2009年3月印发《医疗技术临床应用管理办法》以来,卫生行政部门规范并加强了对医疗技术临床应用的准入和分级、分类管理。通过对第三类医疗技术的申报和后续管理的实践,对相关法律、法规缺位,从事该技术医疗技术人员动态管理,再评价综合管理模式以及伦理委员会审查等《医疗技术临床应用管理办法》中尚未明确规定的问题,提出探讨与对策。     

基于电子病历的医疗质量控制与安全管理策略

电子病历是临床信息的集成平台,可以提供完整、安全、可交换、可挖掘的临床信息源,同时也可以改变传统的医疗质量监控与安全管理方式,提高质量和安全管理水平。介绍了基于电子病历的医疗质量控制与安全管理的一系列策略,主要包括数字化医疗质量监控管理平台、单病种临床路径管理系统、合理用药监测与处方点评系统、医疗过程控制与任务管理、危急值提醒与医疗安全警示、院内感染管理系统、重症病人监护管理系统、基于电子病历的无线移动技术和物联网技术的应用等。

     

依托六大平台 实施医疗质量与安全精准化监管

运用信息化手段实施精准化的医疗质量与安全监管正在被越来越多的医院管理者所重视和接受。通过建立授权管理平台、环节质控平台、指标监测平台、医疗安全管理平台、电子病历质控平台和信息交互平台,对临床信息进行收集、统计、分析,为医院决策和医疗管理提供数据支撑,并及时反馈应用到临床医疗服务中,形成戴明环（PDCA循环）管理机制,切实打造医疗质量和安全精准化监管系统。     

我院临床路径实施效果的评价与分析

作为首批原卫生部临床路径试点医院,自2009年10月开展临床路径。比较临床路径实施前后,声带息肉或囊肿、结节性甲状腺肿、社区获得性肺炎（非重症）3个病种患者的平均住院日、平均医药费用、医疗质量与安全目标变化情况。结果表明,入径组平均住院日、平均医药费用均下降,医疗安全与质量指标显著上升。     

《医疗质量管理办法》的亮点与局限

医疗质量直接关系到人民群众的健康权益和对医疗服务的切身感受。改进医疗质量,保障医疗安全,是我国卫生事业改革与发展的重要内容和基础。我国《医疗质量管理办法》已于2016年11月1日起正式实施。较先前的相关法规,该办法凸显诸多亮点：突破性建立了国家层面的管理体系,明确了管理责任主体,更加注重环节质量管理,强调了对于风险的防范,确定了监管主体和责任主体的法律责任,对于提升我国医疗质量管理、缓解紧张的医患关系及构建和谐社会有着深远的意义。但是尚存不足之处,应及时补充和完善相关制度,使之能够更好地指导我国医疗质量管理实践。     

临床路径管理实践中若干问题探讨

临床路径是一种质量效益型医疗管理模式,在现代医院管理中广泛应用。通过实施临床路径,可以规范诊疗行为、提高医疗质量、保障医疗安全、促进医疗费用合理化、提高患者满意度。对临床路径管理实践中的常见问题进行了分析,并对相关问题提出了若干针对性的解决措施,包括加强临床路径知识再教育和再培训,强调多学科、多部门共同参与以及通过信息化建设提高变异管理效能等。     

第二类医疗技术准入管理问题与对策研究

医疗技术准入制度越来越受到重视,我国这项工作刚刚起步,大多数研究只探讨了高风险、涉及重大伦理问题的第三类医疗技术的临床应用以及伦理问题,而未对第二类医疗技术准入问题进行探讨。第二类医疗技术准入管理刚起步,并存在评价指标的选择问题、申报数据的可靠性和真实性问题及准入后的后期跟踪管理问题等。卫生行政部门必须在认真做好医疗信息公示的前提下,采用科学的评价指标,分步骤实施医疗技术准入管理,并切实做好准入后的跟踪管理。     

临床路径管理模式对开放腹股沟疝修补术患者医疗成本和效果的影响

目的探讨临床路径管理模式对开放腹股沟疝修补术患者医疗成本和效果的影响。方法对70例行开放腹股沟疝修补手术患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析总结。结果在医疗成本方面,实施临床路径管理模式的观察组开放式腹股沟疝修补术的直接医疗成本均值为(4922.4±230.4)元,间接成本均值为(620.6±100.1)元,均明显低于对照组(P0.05)。在治疗效果方面,观察组患者的不良反应发生率为2.9%明显低于对照组的11.4%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);而且观察组患者的平均住院时间、自主活动时间和术中出血量均明显低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论临床路径管理模式对开放腹股沟疝修补术患者在医疗成本和效果方面具有显著优势。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.