黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区三种植被蒸散特征

利用称重式蒸渗仪结合Penman-Monteith公式研究了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区苜蓿、柠条和茵陈蒿3种植被不同时间尺度的蒸散特征,分析了植被株高、盖度和降水等因子对蒸散的影响并确定了作物系数(KC).结果表明:Logistic三参数模型可以较好拟合3种植被株高、盖度随时间的变化情况并确定了模型的参数.3种植被逐日蒸散变化受降水量的影响波动明显,反映了土壤水分状况控制条件下的蒸散过程.其月蒸散量的季节性差异均不明显,研究时段内总耗水量分别为苜蓿316 8mm、柠条317.7mm、茵陈蒿361.9mm,均高于同期降水量.苜蓿和茵陈蒿初期、中期和后期的KC分别为0.48、0.54、0.42和0.58、0.67、0.62,柠条初期和中期的KC为0 45、0.57,均高于当地典型农作物谷子的KC.     

水蚀风蚀交错区典型植被土壤水分消耗和补充深度对比研究

研究了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟小流域8种植被类型条件下植物消耗土壤水分深度与降水对应的补充深度。结果表明:裸地、农地、撂荒地、人工草(灌)地(苜蓿地、柠条地、沙打旺地)、当地典型草地(荒草地、长芒草地)在平水年及干旱年,土壤水分均表现为负平衡;丰水年部分样地土壤水分得到补充。平水年以及干旱年(2010—2011年)植物耗水深度依次为:柠条地撂荒地沙打旺地苜蓿地≈长芒草地≈荒草地农地裸地,降水补充深度为农地裸地撂荒地荒草地长芒草地沙打旺地苜蓿地柠条地。丰水年(2012年)裸地、苜蓿地、荒草地与沙打旺地土壤水分并未显示出明显负平衡过程,但柠条地耗水深度依然达到260 cm,其它样地依次为撂荒地农地长芒草地;降水入渗深度排序:农地裸地撂荒地=柠条地荒草地=苜蓿地长芒草地沙打旺地。水蚀风蚀交错区土壤蒸发(裸地蒸发)以及降水补充深度一般为0—120 cm范围内,丰水年土壤水分能得到恢复。农地的土壤水分消耗与补充深度略有增加。农地撂荒后耗水深度与撂荒地植被类型有密切联系,随植被盖度与丰度的增加,耗水有进一步加深的趋势,撂荒地土壤水分补充深度小于等于消耗深度。农地退耕还草所种植的深根性植被(苜蓿、沙打旺、柠条等)不仅会迅速消耗当季降水,同时会进一步消耗土壤深层储水,致使120 cm以下观测土层土壤含水量较低,造成土壤水分消耗深度较浅的假象。除撂荒地外,高生物产量的人工草(灌)耗水量高,耗水深度也深,因此在退耕还林(草)过程中,应该充分考虑不同植被类型的年度水分交换深度,采取措施降低消耗深度,增加入渗深度。     

黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错区侵蚀产沙过程及机理

黄土高原风蚀水蚀交错区由于风蚀、水蚀的耦合作用,侵蚀程度剧烈、过程复杂.采用风洞与模拟降雨相结合的方法,研究了风水交错侵蚀条件下坡面产沙变化过程及侵蚀作用机理,定量分析了风蚀对水蚀的影响程度及其与水蚀的关系.结果表明:风蚀与水蚀之间存在明显的正交互效应.风蚀促进了侵蚀形态的发展,改变了降雨产沙随雨强变化的量化关系.雨强60、80 mm·h-1时,未风蚀处理下,坡面产沙量随降雨历时呈下降趋势,并趋于稳定;但风蚀处理后,产沙量降低至一定谷值时,又呈波动增加趋势.60、80、100 mm·h-1雨强下,风蚀处理的坡面产沙量增幅为7.3％～27.9％(风速11m·s-1)、23.2％ ～ 39.0％(风速14 m·s-1);雨强120、150 mm·h-1时,降雨15 min内,各处理的坡面产沙量均呈下降趋势,但随着降雨历时的延长,风蚀处理的坡面产沙量较未风蚀处理呈先低后高的变化趋势.风水交错侵蚀作用机理复杂,在时空分布特征、能量供给、侵蚀力作用方式等方面相互联系、互相促进.     

陕北水蚀风蚀交错区两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响

以黄土高原陕北水蚀风蚀交错区六道沟小流域为例,研究了该区以苔藓为主要成分的沙土和黄土两种生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:(1)两种生物结皮均能显著增加土壤饱和含水量和田间持水量,降低容重和饱和导水率,其中沙土生物结皮还可明显粘化0～25cm土壤质地;(2)两种生物结皮均能不同程度的增加土壤全量养分、速效养分以及有机质含量,降低pH值,但其影响多数集中在表层或结皮层;(3)土壤化学性质中,全氮、速效磷和有机质受生物结皮影响程度较大,而全氮、速效钾和有机质受生物结皮影响土层较深;(4)沙土生物结皮对土壤理化性质的影响程度大于黄土生物结皮。两种类型生物结皮对所研究土壤理化性质的影响总体有利于该区生态环境的改善,且沙土生物结皮较黄土生物结皮具有更为重要的生态功能。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区坡地土壤剖面饱和导水率空间异质性

在黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区坡面(40 m×350 m)尺度上进行网格(10 m×10 m)取样,用经典统计学和地统计学相结合研究了180个土壤剖面(0-200 cm)各土层扰动土饱和导水率(Ks) 的空间异质性及分布格局。结果表明: 0-20 cm土层的Ks值(5.36×10^-3 cm/s)最大,>20-200 cm各土层的Ks值均小于表层,其值介于4.32×10^-3-4.76×10^-3 cm/s之间。各土层Ks的变异程度相近,均属于中等变异。>20-200 cm各土层Ks 的Kriging 插值图分布格局也表现出一致性,因此可用>20-40 cm土层的Ks值来代表深层Ks值对土壤水分运动进行模拟。除了0-20 cm 的Ks的基台值(C +C₀)为0.154,其它各土层基台值介于0.202-0.276之间,说明0-20 cm的Ks空间异质性小于>20-200 cm各土层。从比值C/(C+C₀)来看, 0-20 cm属于中等自相关,>20-200 cm土层属于强的空间自相关性,同样也验证了黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区土壤剖面饱和导水率具有空间变异特征。     

黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区固氮微生物群落多样性在生物结皮中的演变规律

生物土壤结皮在黄土高原的水土保持、养分补给等方面发挥着重要生态功能。固氮微生物是固氮过程的关键功能群,影响着土壤氮素平衡,然而黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区严重的水土流失导致土壤养分大量损失,尤其是氮素。该区域生物结皮广泛发育,它们在干旱半干旱区土壤氮素积累过程中起着重要作用。但是该区域生物结皮不同发育阶段中的固氮潜力、固氮微生物群落多样性及其关键环境控制因子尚不清楚。以黄土高原水蚀风蚀交错区为研究区,三种生物结皮类型和裸地对照为研究对象,采用Illumina HiSeq平台对nifH基因扩增产物进行生物信息学分析,揭示了固氮潜力及微生物群落多样性的分布规律。结果表明,生物结皮演替显著影响固氮酶活性、nifH基因丰度和固氮微生物α-多样性,各值均在苔藓结皮最高,显著高于其它演替阶段,且生物结皮层高于结皮下层土壤。在固氮微生物群落组成上,裸地以变形菌门的红螺菌目、酸硫杆菌目和根瘤菌目为主;而在藻结皮、地衣结皮和藓结皮阶段,均表现为蓝藻门的念珠藻目占绝对优势,是固氮微生物的关键类群,其中Trichormus、念珠藻属是优势固氮物种;与藻结皮、地衣结皮相比,藓结皮中念珠藻目的相对丰度显著降低,而变形菌门的红螺菌目、酸硫杆菌目和根瘤菌目的丰度明显上升。除此之外,蓝杆藻属、鱼腥藻属、斯克尔曼氏菌属、瘤胃梭菌属在藻结皮、地衣结皮、藓结皮也占明显优势。念珠藻目以及Trichormus的丰度与固氮酶活性、nifH基因丰度呈显著正相关关系,而与红螺菌目、酸硫杆菌目、梭菌目、根瘤菌目呈显著负相关;Trichormus相关的物种在黄土高原生物结皮氮输入过程中可能发挥着关键作用。生物结皮演替通过改变土壤pH值、有机质、全氮、含水量等理化特征而影响了微生境,通过环境筛选和物种重排作用对固氮微生物群落进行综合调控,其中pH与土壤全氮(TN)发挥着关键作用。     

水蚀风蚀交错带植被恢复对土壤物理性质的影响

黄土高原北部晋陕蒙接壤区是典型的水蚀风蚀交错带和强烈侵蚀中心,探讨该区植被恢复对土壤性质的影响有助于该区植被恢复模式的合理选择和土壤生态效应的科学评价。以神木六道沟小流域为研究区域,探讨了土壤物理性质变化与植被恢复的关系。结果表明,研究区土壤容重、砂粒含量以及饱和导水率普遍较高,表层(0-20cm)均值依次为1.38gcm-3、44.2%和1.46mmmin-1,而土壤总孔隙度与粘粒含量则较低,表层均值分别为45.6%和2.4%,反映了研究区土壤荒漠化的严峻现状,其中北坡(迎风坡)表现尤为严重。与农田相比,采用自然弃耕、种植紫花苜蓿(Medicagosativa)和柠条(Caragana korshinskii)、恢复次生天然草地等不同的植被恢复模式可以不同程度地降低土壤容重,增加土壤总孔隙度、饱和导水率以及团聚体稳定性,改善土壤的物理性质,而且随着恢复时间(1-30a)的延长,这种效应会进一步增强。通过种植人工草地并使其自然恢复为次生天然草地的植被恢复模式,对土壤结构的改善作用显著优于直接种植柠条灌丛和自然弃耕等模式。但是,短期内(30a)植被恢复对土壤颗粒组成、比重等物理性状无显著影响,意味着土壤一旦出现沙化将很难逆转。从对植被恢复响应的敏感性而言,土壤容重、总孔隙度以及团聚体稳定性可以作为土壤生态效应评价的主要指标。     

黄土区森林植被对坡面径流和侵蚀产沙的影响

根据山西省吉县蔡家川流域198～2003年9个径流小区的降雨产流产沙的定位观测资料,分析了植被对流域坡面尺度降雨产流产沙的影响.结果表明,坡面自然更新的次生林比人工刺槐林具有更好的涵养水源和保持水土功能,场降雨产流量和产沙量分别减少约65%～82%和23%～92%;多元回归分析表明,场降雨产流量和产沙量与降雨量和雨强均呈良好的相关关系,但随着林分郁闭度增大,相关关系减小.不同地类的降雨产流产沙差异显著,虎榛子灌木林和天然次生林最少,而人工刺槐、油松林约是虎榛子灌木林的倍,果农复合经营模式的产流产沙量分别是虎榛子灌木林的17.14倍和3.96倍;果农复合经营模式在高质量、大工程整地后产流产沙明显减少.对坡面产流产沙的影响因子灰色关联分析,林分郁闭度和草本、枯落物生物量对坡面产流产沙影响显著,关联度值均大于0.6.     

黄土地区小流域植被覆盖和降水对侵蚀产沙过程的影响

以1982~2000年吕二沟地区的水文气象观测资料与遥感资料为数据源,进行流域产沙强度与径流指标、降水指标、植被覆盖指标之间的相关与多元回归分析,结果表明,流域产沙强度随径流指标、降雨指标的增加而增大,随植被覆盖指标的增加而减小。为了区分人为因素与自然因素对侵蚀产沙的影响,采用对数据进行标准化处理之后再进行多元回归分析的方法,来确定相对贡献率。结果表明,植被盖度和降水变化对吕二沟流域土壤侵蚀量变化的贡献率分别为45·7%和54·3%,可见土壤侵蚀量受降水的影响要略大于受植被覆盖的影响。     

模拟降雨条件下砾石含量对塿土工程堆积体坡面产流产沙的影响

为探究砾石含量对塿土堆积体坡面产流产沙的影响,采用室内人工模拟降雨试验,以土质坡面为对照,研究5种砾石含量(10%、20%、30%、40%、50%)堆积体坡面在不同降雨强度(1.0、1.5、2.0、2.5 mm·min^-1)下的产流产沙特征。结果表明:不同试验条件下的平均径流率在2.18～13.07 L·min^-1,不同雨强条件下平均径流率均在砾石含量10%(或20%)和50%时分别达到最大值与最小值;平均流速在0.06～0.22 m·s^-1,流速变化复杂,砾石含量越小,流速变幅越大,变异系数也越大,砾石含量10%时平均流速最大。砾石的存在可有效抑制产沙,最大减沙效益可达84.2%,雨强相较于砾石含量对平均产沙率的影响更大。偏相关分析表明,平均径流率、流速、产沙率均与砾石含量呈极显著负相关;平均产沙率与平均径流率、平均流速以及二者交互项均呈极显著线性函数关系,其中,与平均径流率的相关性最强。本研究可为塿土区工程堆积体水土流失治理和侵蚀模型的建立提供参考。     

黄土丘陵区坡面植被盖度及其配置格局的水蚀效应模拟

黄土高原因土壤侵蚀严重被视为生态脆弱地带,探讨植被盖度及其所处坡位对土壤侵蚀的响应,对坡面侵蚀产沙的预测和调控具有重要意义。基于WEPP模型情景模拟,分析了分布广泛、耐旱性强的长芒草和典型恢复灌木植被柠条在不同雨强(0.5、1.0、1.5 mm/min)、不同植被盖度(20%、40%、60%、80%)和不同坡位(坡上、坡中、坡下)条件下的土壤侵蚀变化情况,运用双因素方差分析和相关贡献指数阐明坡面侵蚀产沙特征对坡位和植被盖度交互作用的响应,并提出植被配置的优化模式。结果表明:(1)提高植被有效覆盖度是减小土壤侵蚀的重要举措,且当植被分布在下坡位时坡面土壤侵蚀最少;(2)植被盖度可以有效减少产沙量。小雨强时,柠条和长芒草随盖度增加对泥沙的拦截率分别从38%增加到90%,64%增加到96%;中、大雨强时,植被盖度小于20%或者大于80%时,长芒草坡面产沙量大于柠条坡面。盖度为40%—60%时,长芒草坡面产沙量小于柠条坡面;(3)双因素方差分析表明:坡位和植被盖度对坡面侵蚀产沙量有极显著的影响(P0.001);当植被是长芒草时,坡位和植被盖度交互作用对坡面侵蚀产沙有显著影响(P0.01),植被是柠条时,坡位和植被盖度交互作用对坡面侵蚀产沙作用不显著;(4)通过模拟柠条和长芒草不同配置情景得出:长芒草分布在坡面下部产沙量较小,且当柠条和长芒草配比为1∶2时产沙量最小。     

Effects of vegetation cover and precipitation on the process of sediment produced by erosion in a small watershed of loess region

With growing concerns over changes of the living environment and ecological environment, more and more scholars have focused their researches on understanding how vegetation covers and atmospheric conditions respond to soil erosion in watersheds. Former studies show that both the natural factors such as precipitation, vegetation, slope of terrain, soil properties and human activities are the main factors to affect the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the watershed, and there are special conditions of climate and soil that are unique to loess areas for water and soil conservations. Thus the relationships between soil erosion and vegetation and precipitation are very complicated and interesting. As a loess area, the Lergou watershed with the area of 12.1 km² lies in west of China. The watershed was a key area of high water and soil erosion forty years ago, but the area of vegetation cover has become larger because of highly effective methods of water and soil conservation. In the factors affecting the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the study area, which is more important for soil erosion: vegetation cover or precipitation? The experts, community has discussed this question for a long time. And the Lergou watershed has become the natural and ideal test watershed. Based on water observation data, climate data and NOAA/AVHRR NDVI images collected from 1982 to 2000 in the Lergou watershed of loess areas, analyses of the correlation and multi-variable regression were used to discuss the relationships among the amount of sediment produced by erosion, water indexes, precipitation factors and vegetation cover. The conclusions showed that with the increase of precipitation indexes and the decrease of plant indexes, and the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the study area would become larger. In order to distinguish the influences of erosion due to human activity and natural factors, the paper introduced multi-variable regression method by standardization data to determine the relative contributing ratio to soil erosions in the study area. The conclusions showed that the contributing ratio of vegetation cover and precipitation changes were 45.7% and 54.3%. It was obvious that the influences of precipitation were larger than those of vegetation for the soil erosion in the study area.     

Effects of vegetation cover and precipitation on the process of sediment produced by erosion in a small watershed of loess region

With growing concerns over changes of the living environment and ecological environment, more and more scholars have focused their researches on understanding how vegetation covers and atmospheric conditions respond to soil erosion in watersheds. Former studies show that both the natural factors such as precipitation, vegetation, slope of terrain, soil properties and human activities are the main factors to affect the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the watershed, and there are special conditions of climate and soil that are unique to loess areas for water and soil conservations. Thus the relationships between soil erosion and vegetation and precipitation are very complicated and interesting. As a loess area, the Lüergou watershed with the area of 12.1 km2 lies in west of China. The watershed was a key area of high water and soil erosion forty years ago, but the area of vegetation cover has become larger because of highly effective methods of water and soil conservation. In the factors affecting the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the study area, which is more important for soil erosion: vegetation cover or precipitation? The experts, community has discussed this question for a long time. And the Lüergou watershed has become the natural and ideal test watershed. Based on water observation data, climate data and NOAA/AVHRR NDVI images collected from 1982 to 2000 in the Lüergou watershed of loess areas, analyses of the correlation and multi-variable regression were used to discuss the relationships among the amount of sediment produced by erosion, water indexes, precipitation factors and vegetation cover. The conclusions showed that with the increase of precipitation indexes and the decrease of plant indexes, and the amount of sediment produced by erosion in the study area would become larger. In order to distinguish the influences of erosion due to human activity and natural factors, the paper introduced multi-variable regression method by standardization data to determine the relative contributing ratio to soil erosions in the study area. The conclusions showed that the contributing ratio of vegetation cover and precipitation changes were 45.7% and 54.3%. It was obvious that the influences of precipitation were larger than those of vegetation for the soil erosion in the study area.     

植被格局对侵蚀产沙影响的研究评述

土壤侵蚀是人类可持续发展的重要挑战,植被重建则是防控侵蚀产沙的有效手段。在当前水土资源日益稀缺的新形势下,优化植被布局将成为黄土高原等生态脆弱地区未来阻蚀减沙、改善环境的重要途径,有关植被格局对侵蚀产沙影响的科技需求更加急迫、意义更加重要。为此,从坡面与流域两个尺度,总结评述了侵蚀产沙研究中的植被格局表征、侵蚀产沙对植被格局的变化响应两个议题的研究进展。分析认为,目前主要存在缺乏反映侵蚀产沙过程的植被格局表征指数、较少考虑植被与地形叠置格局对侵蚀产沙的耦合影响、尚未建立侵蚀产沙对植被格局的直观响应关系等问题。为促进有关研究,今后在格局指数和耦合关系的构建中应重视植被和地形对侵蚀产沙过程的耦合影响,并选用具有良好应用精度的分布式物理成因模型,以获得反映植被格局影响的流域侵蚀产沙结果。同时,可通过采用GIS空间分析技术,设计获得更多的典型植被格局及对应情景的侵蚀产沙,以丰富基础资料,减少信息干扰。