右归丸对鼠膝骨性关节炎的治疗作用及Wnt信号通路相关因子表达的影响

目的：分析右归丸对膝骨性关节炎（KOA）大鼠Wnt信号通路相关因子表达的影响,探讨右归丸对KOA大鼠的保护机制。方法：SPF级SD大鼠60只,按照体重法随机分为假手术组、模型组、硫酸氨基葡萄糖组、右归丸高、中、低剂量组（n=10）。采用改良Hulth法复制膝骨关节炎大鼠模型。右归丸高中低剂量组分别按20、10、5 g/kg灌服相应的药物,硫酸氨基葡萄糖组按0.17 g/kg灌服硫酸氨基葡萄糖,假手术组和模型组灌服等体积的生理盐水,干预8周。末次给药后摘取膝关节,通过膝关节病理切片观察各组大鼠软骨组织病理改变;采用RT-PCR法对各组大鼠软骨组织DKK1、WISP1、Wnt1、β-catenin和LRP5 mRNA的表达水平进行对比分析;通过Western blot法检测各组大鼠软骨组织DKK1、WISP1、Wnt1、LRP5和β-catenin的蛋白质含量的变化。结果：与假手术组比较,模型组大鼠关节软骨受损严重,Mankin评分明显升高（P<0.05）;DKK1 mRNA表达水平和蛋白质表达水平明显降低（P<0.05）;WISP1、Wnt1、β-catenin、LRP5 mRNA表达水平及蛋白质表达水平明显升高（P<0.05）。与模型组比较,右归丸高剂量组和硫酸氨基葡萄糖组关节软骨病变明显减轻;Mankin评分明显减轻（P<0.05）;大鼠软骨组织中DKK1 mRNA表达水平和蛋白表达水平明显升高,WISP1、Wnt1、β-catenin、LRP5 mRNA及蛋白表达水平显著降低（P<0.05）。结论：右归丸通过抑制Wnt信号通路中WISP1、Wnt1、β-catenin、LRP5的表达,促进DKK1细胞因子的表达,发挥对KOA的保护作用。     

葡萄籽原花青素对人骨肉瘤143B细胞的作用及机制研究

该文研究葡萄籽原花青素(grape seed procyanidins,GSP)对人骨肉瘤143B细胞增殖、凋亡的影响及其机制。用不同剂量GSP处理骨肉瘤143B细胞,结晶紫染色和集落形成试验分别用于检测细胞增殖和集落形成能力的变化;流式细胞术检测细胞周期与凋亡,Western blot法检测周期和凋亡相关蛋白;RT-PCR和Western blot法检测Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关分子表达的变化;采用腺病毒Adβ-catenin感染以过表达β-catenin,探讨GSP抑制143B细胞增殖的作用是否与Wnt/β-catenin信号通路相关。结果显示,GSP在20~60μg/m L剂量范围内呈剂量和时间依赖性抑制143B细胞增殖活力和降低细胞克隆形成能力;GSP引起G0/G1周期阻滞和周期相关蛋白cyclin D1下调,还使细胞凋亡率明显增高,并伴有活化的凋亡相关蛋白cleaved PARP(poly ADP-ribose polymerase)和cleaved caspase-8的水平增高;GSP降低143B细胞中β-catenin m RNA水平及核内与总β-catenin蛋白质水平,抑制GSK3β磷酸化并上调GSK3β蛋白质水平;过表达β-catenin可部分减弱GSP对该细胞增殖活性的抑制作用。结果表明,GSP抑制骨肉瘤143B细胞的增殖和促进其凋亡,其机制涉及Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的抑制。     

经典Wnt信号通路与人类肿瘤

近年来,随着对肿瘤的深入研究,Wnt信号的研究也受到了高度的关注．Wnt信号通路是一条在进化上保守的信号途径,在控制胚胎发育,调节细胞生长、迁移、分化,调控正常组织重建等生命活动中发挥重要的作用,其异常活化与众多人类肿瘤的发生、发展密切相关．Wnt信号途径异常的核心是β-catenin在细胞内累积,并通过其下游途径引起特异靶基因的转录．本文着重介绍Wnt/β-catenin信号转导通路的研究进展及其与肿瘤的关系,了解该通路在肿瘤发生过程中的具体分子机制有助于为临床诊断提供依据,为早期干预治疗提供方法．     

EGCG通过抑制wnt/β-catenin信号通路调节猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖和分化

为了阐明Wnt/β-catenin信号通路在猪骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化中的作用,利用Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制剂(-)-表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)处理猪骨骼肌卫星细胞,采用MTT、流式细胞术、免疫荧光和Western印迹等方法检测了细胞增殖和分化情况.结果显示,与对照组相比,EGCG以时间、浓度依赖方式抑制猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖.流式细胞术检测细胞周期结果表明,与对照组相比,经EGCG处理后,猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的G1期细胞比例上升,而G2和S期细胞比例下降,这说明细胞被阻滞在G1期,细胞的增殖受到抑制.免疫荧光检测分化过程中MyHC的表达,与对照组相比,EGCG促进猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的分化,并降低增殖标志基因MyoD以及细胞周期蛋白D的表达量,而提高了分化标志基因MyoG和MyHC的表达量.在猪骨骼肌卫星细胞增殖分化过程中,EGCG降低β-联蛋白的表达量,且核内的β-联蛋白明显减少.结果表明,EGCG通过抑制Wnt/β-catenin信号通路抑制猪骨骼肌卫星细胞的增殖,促进其分化.     

Gli1与β-catenin相互作用促进二者在结肠癌细胞中的协同核输入

Wnt信号通路和Hedgehog（Hh）信号通路在胚胎和干细胞的发育中发挥重要作用.此外,这两条信号途径在结肠癌复发和浸润的过程也至关重要.然而,Wnt信号通路、Hedgehog信号通路二者之间具体的交互作用机制目前仍不清楚.本文发现,这两条途径的关键分子Gli1和β-联蛋白之间存在蛋白质相互作用.Gli1与β-联蛋白之间的分子相互作用有助于二者的核输入.同时发现,在肠癌细胞系中,Gli1与β-联蛋白协同上调表达. LiCl激活细胞Wnt信号通路使Gli1表达水平增加, RNA干扰抑制Wnt信号通路,Gli1的表达水平下降.同时,Gli1的过表达也提高了细胞内β-联蛋白的表达水平,并且用Hedgehog信号通路抑制剂GANT61处理细胞,降低Gli1的表达后细胞内β 联蛋白的表达相应下降.本研究揭示了Gli1 和 β-联蛋白的相互作用及二者协助核输入在Wnt、Hedgehog信号通路交互调节中发挥重要作用,Wnt、Hedgehog信号通路交互作用为大肠癌发生发展研究提供了细胞水平交互调控机制.     

红景天苷通过Wnt/β-catenin信号通路影响小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞向神经元细胞定向分化

目的:以小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞系D1细胞为研究对象,探讨Wnt/β-catenin信号通路介导的红景天苷诱导D1细胞向神经细胞的定向分化。方法:实验分为对照组(D/F12完全培养基)和红景天苷诱导组(100μg/mL+D/F12完全培养基).将细胞分别诱导12、24、48和72 h后,采用细胞免疫荧光化学染色方法检测β-catenin和Gsk-3β的阳性细胞率。利用红景天苷分别诱导MSCs 1,2,8,12,24,48和72 h后,利用实时PCR技术检测Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的关键信号分子wnt3a、Axin2、Lrp6和Gsk-3βmRNA的表达;采用Westernblot方法分析D1细胞诱导12、24、48和72 h后,β-catenin和Gsk-3β蛋白的表达;运用Wnt/β-catenin信号通路特异性阻断剂DKK1阻断Wnt/β-catenin信号通路,Western blot方法分析红景天苷对β-catenin和NSE蛋白表达的影响。结果:红景天苷诱导24 h时β-catenin的阳性率可达55.76%,与其他组和对照组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01),诱导24 h后Gsk-3β的阳性率与其他时间和对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实时PCR检测结果显示,红景天苷诱导MSCs不同时间能促进Wnt/β-catenin信号通路中关键信号分子Wnt3a、Ax-in2、Lrp6和Gsk-3βmRNA的表达,诱导不同时间Wnt3a、Axin2、Lrp6和Gsk-3βmRNA的表达不尽相同。Westernblot结果表明,红景天苷诱导D1细胞12 h和24 h时β-catenin蛋白的表达明显上调,且与其他组比较差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);随着作用时间的延长,Gsk-3β蛋白的表达增加且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),阻断Wnt/β-catenin信号通路后,β-catenin和NSE蛋白的表达水平明显下调。结论:红景天苷能诱导D1细胞定向分化为神经元样细胞,红景天苷通过激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路实现其诱导MSCs向神经细胞定向分化。     

燃煤污染型氟中毒患者氟暴露、骨相损伤程度与骨形成标志物的关系

慢性氟暴露是世界范围内的公共卫生问题之一.为研究燃煤污染型氟中毒患者中氟暴露、骨相损伤程度与骨形成标志物血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、骨钙素(BGP)之间的相关关系,以贵州省织金县荷花村(燃煤污染型地方性氟中毒病区)和安顺市张官村(非氟暴露村)为调查点,采集环境样品,采用氟离子选择电极法测定环境介质及食物中的氟含量.在知情同意的原则下,对295例氟暴露和85例非氟暴露调查对象进行氟斑牙、氟骨症诊断;收集其尿液及外周血,测定尿氟(UF)浓度、ALP活性和BGP含量.结果表明: 病区环境中大米、辣椒、玉米、饮水、黏土、菜土、煤以及室内外空气氟含量均明显高于对照区,但较以往报道数据降低;随着尿氟浓度的升高,ALP活性、BGP含量显著升高,氟骨症病情差异有统计学意义,氟斑牙病情差异无统计学意义;氟骨症病情与ALP活性、BGP含量呈正相关.表明燃煤污染型低氟暴露可引起人群的骨相损害,且ALP、BGP可用于评估氟骨症患者骨转换情况,在氟骨症的辅助诊断、疗效评估中有着一定的应用价值.     

蛋白质修饰对Wnt信号通路的调控

Wnt信号通路与细胞的生长发育和分化等密切相关,是细胞中重要的信号转导途径,在 多种癌症中,都有该通路的异常改变.Wnt信号通路主要是通过一系列蛋白将Wnt信号传导至β连环蛋白（β-catenin,β-cat）,使后者入核并与转录因子T细胞因子/淋巴细胞增 强因子（T cell factor / lymphoid enhancer factor,TCF/LEF）结合,从而促进下游基因的转录,进而调控细胞的多种生理过程.在该通路中,涉及轴蛋白（Axin）、结肠腺瘤样息 肉病蛋白(adenomatous polyposis coli,APC)、糖原合酶激酶3β (glycogen synthase kinase-3β, GSK-3β)、β连环蛋白和酪蛋白激酶I (casein kinase I,CKI)等众多调节因子,这些因子能发生多种化学修饰,如磷酸化、泛素化（ubiquitylation）、苏素化 (small ubiquitin related moditier,SUMO)和乙酰化等,从而影响β连环蛋白、T细胞因子的稳定性、细胞定位以及活性,最终起到调节Wnt信号通路的作用.     

HCV core通过活化Wnt/β-catenin信号通路诱导肝前体细胞向肝癌干细胞分化

丙型病毒性肝炎（hepatitis C virus,HCV）慢性感染及肝前体细胞向肝癌干细胞分化是原发性肝癌(hepatocellular carcinoma,HCC)的重要致病因素。且Wnt信号参与维持肝癌干细胞特性,但HCV能否通过活化Wnt信号诱导肝前体细胞向肝癌干细胞分化尚不清楚。本室研究发现,在HCV core诱导分化的肝前体细胞中,HCV core抑制成熟肝细胞标志物Alb、CK18的表达,糖原储存能力显著下降（P<0.05）,且上调肝癌干细胞标志物EpCAM、CD133、CD44等表达。另外,HCV core增强β-联蛋白活性及表达水平,促使β-联蛋白向核内聚集,上调其下游靶基因EpCAM、细胞周期蛋白D1、C-myc的表达,沉默β-联蛋白后,Wnt/β-catenin通路其下游靶基因表达明显受到抑制,糖原储存能力部分恢复,荧光共聚焦显示HCV core与β-联蛋白在细胞核内存在共定位。因此,HCV core可能与β-联蛋白相互作用,直接活化Wnt/β-catenin通路,上调其下游靶基因EpCAM等表达,诱导肝前体细胞向肝癌干细胞分化。     

Wnt/β-catenin信号途径在高糖诱导肾小管上皮细胞转分化中的作用

目的探讨Wnt/β-catenin信号途径在高糖诱导肾小管上皮细胞转分化中的作用。方法体外培养人近端肾小管上皮细胞（HKC）,分为正常糖组、甘露醇对照组及高糖组。采用免疫细胞化学观察β-连环蛋白（β-catenin）表达情况;Westernblot检测Wnt4、β-catenin、E-钙粘蛋白（E-cadherin）和α-平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）表达水平;逆转录-聚合酶链反应检测Wnt4和β-cateninmRNA表达水平。结果高糖组较正常糖及渗透浓度对照组Wnt4蛋白及mRNA、α-SMA蛋白表达增高,E-cadherin表达降低,β-catenin总蛋白及mRNA水平无明显变化,细胞浆及核内蛋白表达增强。高糖刺激肾小管上皮细胞Wnt4及核β-catenin蛋白表达呈时间依赖性,于高糖刺激后12h增强,24h达到高峰。结论Wnt/β-catenin信号通路可能参与了高糖介导的肾小管上皮细胞转分化过程。     

DKK3调控羊驼黑色素细胞中黑色素生成

Dickkopf-3(DKK3),Wnt/p-catenin信号通路中一个重要的抑制因子,可能参与调控黑色素生成过程.本文研究了DKK3在羊驼黑色素细胞中黑色素生成的作用.在羊驼黑色素细胞中,过表达DKK3显著下调Wntl,Lefl,Myc和黑色素生成相关基因MITF及其下游基因TYR,TYRP1和TYRP2的表达,在...     

ACVR1-knockout promotes osteogenic differentiation by activating the Wnt signaling pathway in mice

Osteogenic differentiation refers to the process of bone formation and remodeling, which is controlled by complex molecular mechanisms. Activin A receptor type I (ACVR1) is reported to be associated with osteogenic differentiation. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive. Therefore, this study evaluates the function of ACVR1 in osteogenic differentiation through the Wnt signaling pathway. The expression of osteocalcin (Oc) and osterix together with osteogenic differentiation and mineralization was examined in ACVR1-knockout (KO) mouse. Furthermore, the Wnt signaling pathway was inhibited in bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) of mice to explore the role of the Wnt signaling pathway in osteogenic differentiation by means of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity detection and evaluation of mineralized nodules and calcium content. Subsequently, the effect of ACVR1 on the Wnt signaling pathway was assessed by determining the expression of ACVR1, β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase 3 β (GSK3β), dickkopf-related protein 1 (DKK1), and frizzled class receptor 1 (FZD1). Both their effects on osteogenic differentiation were further evaluated by determination of Oc, osterix, and Runx2 expression. AVCR1 KO mice exhibited increased Oc and osterix expression and promoted bone resorption and formation. ACVR1-knockout was observed to activate the Wnt signaling pathway with an increase of β-catenin and reductions in GSK3β, DKK1, and FZD1. With the inhibited Wnt signaling pathway expression of Oc, osterix, and Runx2 was decreased, and ALP activity, mineralized nodule, and calcium content in cellular matrix were decreased as well, indicating that inactivation of the Wnt signaling pathway reduced the differentiation of BMSCs into osteoclasts. These findings indicate that ACVR1-knockout promotes osteogenic differentiation by activating the Wnt signaling pathway in mice.     

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) mediate the "glucose sensor" mechanism in metastatic breast cancer-derived cells MDA-MB-231

In this study we investigated the effect of glucose on GSK3β and β-catenin expression and the involvement of the N-linked glycosylation and hexosamine pathways in the Wnt canonical pathway in response to in vitro conditions resembling normoglycemia (5 mmol) and hyperglycemia (20 mmol) in the metastatic breast cancer-derived cell line MDA-MB-231. We also investigated the relationship between this circuitry and the thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) regulation that seems to be related. MDA-MB-231 cells were grown either in 5 or 20 mM glucose chronically prior to plating. For glucose shift (5/20), cells were plated in 5 mM glucose and shifted to 20 mM at time 0. Both protein and mRNA levels for GSK3β but only the protein expression for β-catenin, were increased in response to high glucose. Furthermore, we assessed the response of GSK3β, β-catenin, and TXNIP to inhibition of the N-linked glycosylation, hexosamine, and Wnt pathways. Wnt signaling pathway activation was validated by specific reporter assay. We show that high levels of glucose regulate mRNA and protein expression of GSK3β, and consequently higher levels of activated β-catenin protein, which locates to the nucleus and is associated with increased levels of cyclin D1 expression. This event coincides with increased level of N-terminal Ser 9 phosphorylation of GSK3β protein. The inhibition of both the hexosamine pathway and N-linked glycosylation along with Wnt signaling pathway by sFRP1 and DKK1 is associated with significant decrease of the protein levels of GSK3β, β-catenin, and TXNIP RNA. Our work illuminates a novel and never described before function of this signaling pathway that relates glucose metabolism with redox regulation mechanism.     

Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in severe preeclampsia

This study aims to elucidate the mechanisms of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in the development of preeclampsia (PE). The mRNA levels of Wnt1, β-catenin, c-myc and cyclinD1 were determined by real-time PCR in the placentas. Moreover, the expression levels of Wnt1, β-catenin, Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) proteins were detected by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry was used in placental tissue microarray to localize the expression of Wnt1, β-catenin, DKK1 proteins in the placentas of two groups. Compared with the control placentas, the mRNA levels of Wnt1, β-catenin, c-myc and cyclinD1 were decreased in the severe preeclamptic placentas. The Western blot results showed that the expression levels of Wnt1, β-catenin, and GSK-3β proteins were significantly elevated in the control group, while the expression level of DKK1 was significantly decreased. In addition, the staining intensity of Wnt1, β-catenin were weaker in the placentas of the severe PE group while the staining intensity of DKK1 was significantly stronger in the placentas of the severe PE group. Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway may play a significant role in the pathogenesis of PE by regulating the invasion and proliferation of trophoblast.     

Leptin-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells requires β-catenin activation via Akt/GSK3- and MTA1/Wnt1 protein-dependent pathways

Perturbations in the adipocytokine profile, especially higher levels of leptin, are a major cause of breast tumor progression and metastasis; the underlying mechanisms, however, are not well understood. In particular, it remains elusive whether leptin is involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we provide molecular evidence that leptin induces breast cancer cells to undergo a transition from epithelial to spindle-like mesenchymal morphology. Investigating the downstream mediator(s) that may direct leptin-induced EMT, we found functional interactions between leptin, metastasis-associated protein 1 (MTA1), and Wnt1 signaling components. Leptin increases accumulation and nuclear translocation of β-catenin leading to increased promoter recruitment. Silencing of β-catenin or treatment with the small molecule inhibitor, ICG-001, inhibits leptin-induced EMT, invasion, and tumorsphere formation. Mechanistically, leptin stimulates phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) via Akt activation resulting in a substantial decrease in the formation of the GSK3β-LKB1-Axin complex that leads to increased accumulation of β-catenin. Leptin treatment also increases Wnt1 expression that contributes to GSK3β phosphorylation. Inhibition of Wnt1 abrogates leptin-stimulated GSK3β phosphorylation. We also discovered that leptin increases the expression of an important modifier of Wnt1 signaling, MTA1, which is integral to leptin-mediated regulation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway as silencing of MTA1 inhibits leptin-induced Wnt1 expression, GSK3β phosphorylation, and β-catenin activation. Furthermore, analysis of leptin-treated breast tumors shows increased expression of Wnt1, pGSK3β, and vimentin along with higher nuclear accumulation of β-catenin and reduced E-cadherin expression providing in vivo evidence for a previously unrecognized cross-talk between leptin and MTA1/Wnt signaling in epithelial-mesenchymal transition of breast cancer cells.     

Elevated Levels of Dickkopf-1 Are Associated with β-Catenin Accumulation and Poor Prognosis in Patients with Chondrosarcoma

Background

Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) is an antagonist of Wnt/β-catenin signaling implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the biological role of DKK1 and β-catenin involved in chondrosarcoma has not been sufficiently investigated. This study was designed to investigate the expression profiles of DKK1 and β-catenin, and to clarify their clinical values in chondrosarcoma.

Methods

The mRNA and protein levels of DKK1 and β-catenin in fresh chondrosarcoma and the corresponding non-tumor tissues were analyzed by Real-time PCR and Western blot, respectively. The protein expression patterns of DKK1 and β-catenin were investigated by immunohistochemistry. The associations among DKK1 level, β-catenin accumulation, clinicopathological factors and the overall survival were separately evaluated.

Results

Both DKK1 and β-catenin levels were remarkably elevated in chondrosarcoma compared with the corresponding non-tumor tissues. High DKK1 level and positive β-catenin accumulation in chondrosarcoma specimens were 58.7% and 53.9%, respectively. Elevated DKK1 level significantly correlated with positive β-catenin accumulation, and they were remarkably associated with histological grade and Musculoskeletal Tumor Society stage. Furthermore, DKK1 level and β-catenin accumulation had significant impacts on the prognosis of chondrosarcoma patients. Multivariate analysis revealed that DKK1 level was an independent prognostic factor for overall survival.

Conclusions

Elevated DKK1 levels associated with β-catenin accumulation play a crucial role in chondrosarcoma. DKK1 can serve as a novel predictor of poor prognosis in patients with chondrosarcoma.     

Cantharidin inhibits osteosarcoma proliferation and metastasis by directly targeting miR-214-3p/DKK3 axis to inactivate β-catenin nuclear translocation and LEF1 translation

Background: As the leading primary bone cancer in adolescents and children, osteosarcoma patients with metastasis show a five-year-survival-rate of 20-30%, without improvement over the past 30 years. Wnt/β-catenin is important in promoting osteosarcoma development. DKK3 is a Wnt/β-catenin antagonist and predicted to have the specific binding site in 3′-UTR with miR-214-3p.Methods: miR-214-3p and DKK3 levels were investigated in human osteosarcoma tissues and cells by RT-qPCR; the prognostic importance of DKK3 level in osteosarcoma patients was determined with Log-rank test; direct binding between DKK3 with miR-214-3p was identified with targetscan; anti-osteosarcoma mechanism of cantharidin was investigated by miR-214-3p silence/over-expression with or without cantharidin treatment, and nuclear/cytoplasmic protein assay in osteosarcoma cells.Results: Down-regulated DKK3 indicated poor prognosis of osteosarcoma patients. Up-regulated miR-214-3p promoted proliferation and migration, while suppressed apoptosis of osteosarcoma cells by increasing β-catenin nuclear translocation and LEF1 translation via degradation of DKK3. Cantharidin suppressed viabilities, migration and invasion, while promoted cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in 143B and U-2 OS cells via down-regulating miR-214-3p to up-regulate DKK3, thus inhibited p-GSK-3β expression, β-catenin nuclear translocation and LEF1 translation. Meanwhile, cantharidin inhibited tumor growth in xenograft-bearing mice with 143B cell injection in tibia.Conclusion: miR-214-3p mediated Wnt/β-catenin/LEF1 signaling activation by targeting DKK3 to promote oncogenesis of osteosarcoma; cantharidin inhibited proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells via down-regulating miR-214-3p to up-regulate DKK3 and decrease β-catenin nuclear translocation, indicating that cantharidin may be a prospective candidate for osteosarcoma treatment by targeting miR-214-3p/DKK3/β-catenin signaling.