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1.
生态系统服务供给和需求研究评述及框架体系构建 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
生态系统服务供给和需求联系着自然生态系统与社会经济系统,对生态系统服务供给和需求的研究有助于加强生态系统管理和实现资源优化配置,从而保障区域生态安全与社会经济可持续发展。本文在系统梳理国内外相关研究的基础上,对生态系统服务供给和需求的概念内涵、评估方法和实践应用等方面进行全面综述。从理论发展的角度看,虽然目前已取得较为丰富的研究成果,但是现有研究仍较为分散,缺乏统一的生态系统服务供需研究框架体系。鉴于此,本文在对生态系统服务供给和需求的研究范畴进行拓展的基础上,按照“理论-方法-实践”相统一的研究脉络,构建了“定性-定位-定量-定策”的生态系统服务供给和需求研究框架体系,最后提出未来研究应围绕“重点关注生态系统服务供给和需求的空间转移规律、加强生态系统服务供给和需求的定量方法研究、深化生态系统服务供给和需求应用管理实践和建立生态系统服务供给和需求应用评价机制”等方面展开,以期促进生态系统服务供给和需求的理论与实践研究。 相似文献
2.
生态系统服务流研究进展 总被引:10,自引:3,他引:7
随着社会经济的发展,人类对生态系统的干扰导致多种生态服务退化或消失.生态系统服务流对生态系统服务的输送、转化和维持有重要作用,并成为相关研究的新兴方向之一.本文在对生态系统服务流进行分类的基础上,分析了生态系统服务传递的载体,初步探讨生态系统服务流的形成机制,包括服务流的形成、属性、尺度特征、定量化及其制图等.同时,对生态系统服务流的成本效应,如输送成本、转化成本、使用成本和成本相对性等进行尝试性分析,旨在分析生态系统服务流传递过程中的成本耗散.生态系统服务流研究一定程度上解决了生态系统服务价值评估的“双重核算”问题,使人类准确识别生态系统服务供给和消费热点区域,有利于生态系统服务在传递过程中达到效益最大化,对提出科学合理的生态补偿有重要意义. 相似文献
3.
生态系统服务功能分类与价值评估探讨 总被引:30,自引:2,他引:28
生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究是当前生态学研究的热点,对于促进生态系统可持续管理具有重要作用。目前,在生态系统服务功能分类及价值评估方面,还没有形成比较系统的理论;在服务价值的评估方面,国内相关研究多数套用现有的一般化计算公式对生态服务功能进行计算,缺少针对性和探索性。总结近年来笔者在这方面的研究得失,并综合前人的研究,将生态系统服务功能进行新的分类,提出“核心”服务功能、“理论”服务价值与“现实”服务价值的概念,并以温州三湿地生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究作为实例,论证所提出的新概念。生态系统服务功能及价值评估研究的最终目的是为生态系统管理决策者提供信息,因此服务价值评估的意义不在于对每一项服务功能价值的精确估算,甚至不需要计算一个生态系统所有的服务功能价值,而应抓住一个或几个有计算依据的核心服务功能。提出理论服务价值概念的主要目的在于同现实服务价值的比较,量化某服务功能的退化程度,明确后续生态恢复和重建的主要目标,并可在一定程度上作为生态恢复的重要指标。 相似文献
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5.
生态系统服务精确评估和水土资源匹配状态,对统筹流域山水林田湖草一体化保护和修复,以及构建流域国土空间开发保护新格局具有深远影响。以生态系统服务与水土资源的响应关系为出发点,系统梳理了流域生态系统服务评估及水土资源匹配研究现状。主要贡献包括:(1)筛选大尺度生态系统服务评估精确性方法及其优势阐述;(2)提出将信息熵理论与多目标优化相结合的水土资源匹配模型算法;(3)指出基于系统耦合协调理论进行流域生态系统服务与水土资源响应机理研究的必要性。研究以期阐明流域生态系统服务与水土资源的关联性及其响应机制,为最终实现流域“土地利用经济-生态效益最大、缺水总量最小”的过程目标导向和“生态系统服务效益最大”的结果目标导向,提供理论支撑和技术指导。 相似文献
6.
湖泊湿地生态系统服务研究进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
湖泊湿地生态系统服务可持续供给对维持区域、国家乃至全球生态安全格局具有重要意义。近20年,国内外学者在生态系统服务内涵、评估模型、影响机制、权衡与优化等领域的研究不断深入,但与管理决策和政策设计的结合仍面临多方面严峻挑战。系统分析湖泊湿地生态系统服务研究进展与存在的不足,对于今后一段时间内湖泊湿地生态系统服务研究的全方位拓展具有重要指导意义。以湖泊湿地生态系统服务概念与内涵为切入点,对湖泊湿地生态系统服务评估内容与方法、影响机理、生态系统服务权衡与优化等几个重要方面的研究进展进行了梳理,并结合管理决策和政策设计的需求,评述其研究中存在的不足。本研究以生态系统服务监测、模型不确定性、风险评估、优化与调控等四个重点研究方向为切入点,对湖泊湿地生态系统服务的研究方向进行了展望,以期深化湖泊湿地生态系统服务研究的理论与方法,并实现其与管理决策和政策设计的高度结合。 相似文献
7.
随着生态文明理念的不断落实和土地多功能管理的转型,土地整治的生态化发展开始进入全面创新与实践探索的关键时期.系统梳理土地整治的生态环境效应理论研究与实践探索的发展过程,明确“新时代”下学科研究的服务方向和实施路径,对于实施“生态化”土地整治战略非常重要.本文以2000年以来国内外有关土地整治生态环境效应的文献为分析对象,采用Citespace 1.0软件的文献计量分析及文献归纳方法,对土地整治的生态环境效应研究热点进行识别,并从生态环境要素、生态景观、生态系统服务3个方面总结并提炼了土地整治生态环境影响的作用机制.在此基础上,从区域生态系统服务水平测度及障碍因子诊断、土地整治对区域生态系统服务的影响效应及其机制、基于生态系统服务提升的生态化土地整治模式构建等方面提出未来“生态化”土地整治的应用路径,旨在为我国“山水林田湖草”生命共同体的修复与建设提供科学依据. 相似文献
8.
生态恢复中生态系统服务的演变:趋势、过程与评估 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
经过10余年的发展,生态系统服务已经成为生态恢复研究关注的前沿和热点。生态恢复改变了生态系统格局与过程,对生态系统服务的产生和提供具有重要影响。但是目前对于生态系统服务在生态恢复过程中的演化仍缺少系统性研究。对国内外相关研究的最新成果进行综述,总结了生态系统服务评估中框架的构建和方法的选择(参数转移法、系统模型法和定量指标法),介绍了生态恢复对生态系统服务的促进作用、生态系统服务的演变过程以及不同生态系统服务间的协同与权衡关系,分析了社会经济因素对生态恢复和生态系统服务维持的影响。最后结合我国生态恢复实践,提出未来生态恢复和生态系统服务研究可以从深化作用机制研究、推动服务评估创新、增强研究成果应用3方面深化和拓展。 相似文献
9.
生态系统服务流研究进展 总被引:15,自引:6,他引:9
生态系统服务流是实现生态系统服务供给与人类需求耦合的重要桥梁,是当前生态系统服务研究的热点与前沿。科学理解生态系统服务从产生、传递到使用的全过程,明确区域生态系统服务供给与需求的平衡状况,对于实现区域可持续发展与提高人类福祉具有重要意义。在综合分析国内外相关研究的基础上,阐述了生态系统服务流的概念内涵,归纳总结了生态系统服务流的定量研究方法,并系统梳理了国内外生态系统服务流研究在理论探索与应用案例方面的研究进展;探讨了当前生态系统服务流研究中存在的问题和不足,包括:生态系统服务从供给区传递至需求区的空间转移规律尚不明晰、定量评估生态系统服务流的方法不成熟、面向应用的生态系统服务流的研究较为缺乏,以及人与自然耦合系统中生态系统服务流研究框架有待进一步完善。未来的研究需要重点关注复杂系统中生态系统服务流跨尺度、跨区域的传递过程,加强生态系统服务的空间流动过程与传递路径的定量分析与模拟,重视生态系统服务流的应用性研究,尤其是在生态恢复、生态补偿、城市规划等方面的应用,并完善人与自然耦合系统中生态系统服务流的研究框架,以期促进生态系统服务流研究的发展。 相似文献
10.
生态系统服务是生态学研究的热点问题。该文首先从概念、分类、价值评估理论、评估案例等方面总结了目前国内外生态系统服务的研究现状。然后评述了目前生态系统服务研究存在的局限性,包括:评估结果的准确性问题、生态资产与生态系统服务的混淆、物理量评估方法的不确定性、价值量评估的不确定性以及生态系统功能与服务的复杂性。针对这些研究的局限,文章提出了生态系统服务研究的基本范式,包括:严格区分生态资产和生态系统服务、生态系统服务评估必须基于生态观测或生态模型以及区域生态系统服务评估应区分不同样元。最后,文章展望了今后生态系统服务研究的课题:生态系统服务与生态系统结构及生态过程的关联性和复杂关系的研究,人类干扰下生态系统服务的响应与反馈研究,生态系统服务变化对人类福利的影响研究,政策机制对生态系统服务的影响研究以及不同生态系统类型的各种生态服务价值研究等方面。 相似文献
11.
Clare Duncan Julian R. Thompson Nathalie Pettorelli 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1817)
Ecosystem services (ES) approaches to biodiversity conservation are currently high on the ecological research and policy agendas. However, despite a wealth of studies into biodiversity''s role in maintaining ES (B–ES relationships) across landscapes, we still lack generalities in the nature and strengths of these linkages. Reasons for this are manifold, but can largely be attributed to (i) a lack of adherence to definitions and thus a confusion between final ES and the ecosystem functions (EFs) underpinning them, (ii) a focus on uninformative biodiversity indices and singular hypotheses and (iii) top-down analyses across large spatial scales and overlooking of context-dependency. The biodiversity–ecosystem functioning (B–EF) field provides an alternate context for examining biodiversity''s mechanistic role in shaping ES, focusing on species'' characteristics that may drive EFs via multiple mechanisms across contexts. Despite acknowledgements of a need for B–ES research to look towards underlying B–EF linkages, the connections between these areas of research remains weak. With this review, we pull together recent B–EF findings to identify key areas for future developments in B–ES research. We highlight a means by which B–ES research may begin to identify how and when multiple underlying B–EF relationships may scale to final ES delivery and trade-offs. 相似文献
12.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells are isolated from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, and are used for the generation of gene-modified animals. In mice, the transplantation of gene-modified ES cells into recipient blastocysts leads to the creation of gene-targeted mice such as knock-in and knock-out mice; these gene-targeted mice contribute greatly to scientific development. Although the rat is considered a useful laboratory animal alongside the mouse, fewer gene-modified rats have been produced due to the lack of robust establishment methods for rat ES cells. A new method for establishing rat ES cells using signaling inhibitors was reported in 2008. By considering the characteristics of rat ES cells, recent research has made progress in improving conditions for the stable culture of rat ES cells in order to generate gene-modified rats efficiently. In this review, we summarize several advanced methods to maintain rat ES cells and generate gene-targeted rats. 相似文献
13.
Regina Lindborg Tibor Hartel Aveliina Helm Elisabeth Prangel Ttriin Reitalu Raimon Ripoll-Bosch 《应用植被学》2023,26(2):e12729
Question
Semi-natural grasslands (SNG) are important for maintaining biodiversity and ecological processes in farmland. Current pasture-based livestock production mainly occurs on intensified grasslands (IG) that have been agronomically improved. Although it is documented that SNG and IG differ in terms of plant diversity, their ability to provide ecosystem services (ES) in farmland is less explored. Here, we review the role of SNG and IG in delivering ES, illustrate their trade-offs and synergies, and examine how ES can be assessed by using plant traits and functional richness.Results
We found that SNG generate a wider range of ES than IG. Trade-offs exist between ES that appear more pronounced in IG between high biomass production and other ES. SNG are good in providing habitat for biodiversity, supporting pollination and cultural services. SNG also have a significantly wider range of plant functional traits and a higher functional richness, suggesting that the potential to supply ES in SNG is partly driven by higher number of species and their functional diversity.Conclusion
Clearer trade-offs were found in IG compared with SNG, supported both by the literature and the functional richness. This suggests that functional knowledge could be a good complement to understand the mechanisms behind ES generation and could help with tailoring grassland management to sustain biodiversity, ecological functions and ES. Although both IG and SNG are likely needed for the long-term sustainability of food production, both could aim for a more balanced generation of ES, increasing biodiversity and functional redundancy at the landscape scale. 相似文献14.
15.
Typically, embryonic stem (ES) cells derived from 129 mouse substrains are used to generate genetically altered mouse models.
Resulting chimeric mice were then usually converted to a C57BL/6 background, which takes at least a year, even in the case
of speed congenics. In recent years, embryonic stem cells have been derived from various mouse strains. However, 129 ES cells
are still widely used partially due to poor germline transmission of ES cells derived from other strains. Availability of
highly germline-competent C57BL/6 ES cells would enormously facilitate generation of genetically altered mice in a pure C57BL/6
genetic background by eliminating backcrossing time, and thus significantly reducing associated costs and efforts. Here, we
describe establishment of a C57BL/6 ES cell line (LK1) and compare its efficacy to a widely used 129SvJ ES cell line (GSI-1)
in generating germline chimeras. In contrast to earlier studies, our data shows that highly germline-competent C57BL/6 ES
cell lines can be derived using a simple approach, and thus support broader use of C57BL/6 ES cell lines for genetically engineered
mouse models.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
16.
陆地生态系统服务与生物多样性研究进展 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
在生物多样性迅速消失的压力下,人类面临生态系统服务质量严重下降的威胁。为了使生态系统的重要功能更直观的展现在人们面前,许多学者把生态系统服务对人类的惠益进行整理分类,最有影响力的是千年生态系统评估(MA,Millennium Ecosystem Assessment)把生态系统服务分为供给、调节、文化和支持服务四类,服务的核心是生态系统的产品、过程和格局。生态系统服务的识别与分类是生态系统功能的对象化过程,也是以人类需求来审视生态系统的过程。生态系统通过结构-过程-功能这一途径来实现生态系统服务,各种服务的直接动力来源于自然界生物地球化学循环,生物多样性通过生态系统属性和过程来影响生态系统服务形成和维持。生物多样性越高,生态系统功能性状的范围越广,生态系统服务质量就越高、越稳定。全球变化中的土地利用和土地覆盖变化是生物多样性快速下降的主要原因,也是目前影响生态系统服务最广泛、最剧烈的驱动力,而这正是人类活动造成的,人类需求和生态系统有限的服务能力之间在不同尺度表现出严重冲突。要提高生态系统服务质量,要在不同区域进行重点不同的布局,尽可能的扩大生态系统规模和提高生态系统功能,核心是提高生物多样性水平。 相似文献
17.
Sunil K. Mallanna 《Developmental biology》2010,344(1):16-25
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators of gene expression. These small, non-coding RNAs are believed to regulate more than a third of all protein coding genes, and they have been implicated in the control of virtually all biological processes, including the biology of stem cells. The essential roles of miRNAs in the control of pluripotent stem cells were clearly established by the finding that embryonic stem (ES) cells lacking proteins required for miRNA biogenesis exhibit defects in proliferation and differentiation. Subsequently, the function of numerous miRNAs has been shown to control the fate of ES cells and to directly influence critical gene regulatory networks controlled by pluripotency factors Sox2, Oct4, and Nanog. Moreover, a growing list of tissue-specific miRNAs, which are silenced or not processed fully in ES cells, has been found to promote differentiation upon their expression and proper processing. The importance of miRNAs for ES cells is further indicated by the exciting discovery that specific miRNA mimics or miRNA inhibitors promote the reprogramming of somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Although some progress has been made during the past two years in our understanding of the contribution of specific miRNAs during reprogramming, further progress is needed since it is highly likely that miRNAs play even wider roles in the generation of iPS cells than currently appreciated. This review examines recent developments related to the roles of miRNAs in the biology of pluripotent stem cells. In addition, we posit that more than a dozen additional miRNAs are excellent candidates for influencing the generation of iPS cells as well as for providing new insights into the process of reprogramming. 相似文献
18.
基于LUCC的生态系统服务空间化研究——以张掖市甘州区为例 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
生态系统服务(ES)评价为减缓或阻止人类活动导致的各种复杂生态问题提供了一种可能的方法,同时也有助于解决日益增加的各种土地利用冲突.以张掖市甘州区为例,运用一种新的空间化方法开展生态系统服务研究,并注重实现与土地利用研究的集成分析.首先根据研究区不同的群落生境和土地利用类型划分生态系统服务类型,然后检验不同土地利用类型和方式对各类生态系统服务供给的影响,最后分析该方法和数据的不确定性.结果表明:1)在灌区和甘州区两个尺度上,4类ES生产能力值均表现为:文化服务>支持服务>调节服务>供给服务;2)2000-2009年,4类ES供给都呈递减趋势,同时,城镇用地、路网建设等人类活动驱动的土地利用方式迅速增加,整个绿洲农业区处于过度开发状态;3)该方法可操作性强,多学科的数据和知识分析是ES研究的难点. 相似文献
19.
城市湖泊退化过程中水生态系统服务功能价值演变评估——以肇庆仙女湖为例 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
运用市场价值法、碳税法、造林成本法和工业制氧影子价格法、影子工程法以及价格替代等方法,以肇庆仙女湖为例,对城市湖泊水生态系统自然资产价值部分的演变进行了评估。结果得出,仙女湖水生态系统退化过程中,导致水生态系统有些服务功能的大幅度降低,如大气调节功能价值由1999年的460124元降低到2004年的8元、水质净化功能价值由1999年的11480元降到2004年的904元等;但并非各项生态系统服务功能价值都降低,有些项目的生态系统服务功能可保持不变,如水资源调节功能价值;甚至升高,如物质生产价值由1999年的152400元增加到2004年的241200元。该研究给退化生态系统的修复带来很大启示,即在退化生态系统的修复过程中要针对性的就退化生态系统的结构和功能进行修复,提高生态系统的总体服务功能价值,而并非退化生态系统的各项服务均需提高,有些项目的生态系统服务价值可以保持不变,甚至降低。 相似文献
20.
Improved generation of C57BL/6J mouse embryonic stem cells in a defined serum-free media 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Cheng J Dutra A Takesono A Garrett-Beal L Schwartzberg PL 《Genesis (New York, N.Y. : 2000)》2004,39(2):100-104
C57BL/6 is a well-characterized mouse strain that is used extensively for immunological and neurological research. The establishment of C57BL/6 ES cell lines has facilitated the study of gene-altered mice in a pure genetic background-however, relatively few such lines exist. Using a defined media supplement, knockout serum replacement (KSR) with knockout DMEM (KSR-KDMEM), we find that we can readily establish ES cell lines from blastocysts of C57BL/6J mice. Six lines were established, all of which were karyotypically normal and could be maintained in the undifferentiated state on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders. One line was further tested and found to be karyotypically stable and germline competent, both prior to manipulation and after gene targeting. For this cell line, efficiencies of cell cloning and chimera generation were greater when maintained in KSR-KDMEM. Our work suggests that the use of defined serum-free media may facilitate the generation of ES cells from inbred mouse strains. 相似文献