外源NO介导Cu胁迫下番茄GSH-PCs合成途径

一氧化氮(NO)作为生物活性分子,广泛参与各种生物和非生物胁迫.采用营养液培养,研究了Cu胁迫下外源NO介导的番茄还原型谷胱甘肽 植物螯合肽(GSH PCs)合成途径中相关酶活性及代谢产物的变化.结果表明: 与对照(CK)相比,Cu胁迫可以显著激活番茄体内γ-谷氨酰半胱氨酸合成酶(γ-ECS)、谷胱甘肽合成酶(GS)活性,根系GSH、PCs含量急剧升高,且随着处理时间的延长,γ-ECS、GS活性和GSH、PCs含量呈持续上升趋势;添加外源硝普钠(SNP, NO供体)可以进一步提高Cu胁迫下番茄根系γ-ECS、GS活性,促进GSH、PCs的合成,增强清除过氧化物的能力,并螯合过多的Cu²⁺,降低其生物毒性.叶片中的GSH-PCs代谢变化在一定程度上滞后于根系.外源丁硫氨酸-亚砜亚胺(BSO,GSH合成抑制剂)显著抑制根系γ-ECS活性,添加SNP可以显著逆转根系中BSO对GSH和PCs合成的抑制,对叶片中PCs合成的影响较小.Cu胁迫下,外源NO可能启动了某些信号机制,并通过激活或增强GSH-PCs合成途径中的酶促和非酶促系统,降低过多的Cu²⁺的生物毒性和氧化伤害.     

外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系抗坏血酸谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环中抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果表明：外施适量NO(硝普钠)可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA(氧化型抗坏血酸)、GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽),降低DHA和GSSG含量.添加100 μmol·L^-1 BSO(谷胱甘肽合成酶抑制剂)处理下,外源NO可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA含量、AsA/DHA及抗坏血酸酶(AAO)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)比活性,降低DHA、GSH、GSSG含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)比活性;添加250 μmol·L^-1 BSO处理下,外源NO提高了铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA、GSH、GSSG含量、AsA/DHA及APX和GR比活性,降低了DHA含量及AAO、DHAR和MDHAR比活性.说明外源NO影响了铜胁迫下番茄根系的AsA-GSH代谢循环,并通过调节AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG的变化来减轻氧化胁迫,从而缓解铜胁迫对番茄根系的伤害.     

外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽循环的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO对铜胁迫下番茄(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.)幼苗根系抗坏血酸(AsA)-谷胱甘肽(GSH)循环中抗氧化物质和抗氧化酶系的影响.结果表明:外施适量NO(硝普钠)可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系AsA、GSH含量和AsA/DHA(氧化型抗坏血酸)、GSH/GSSG(氧化型谷胱甘肽),降低DHA和GSSG含量.添加100 μmol·L-1 BSO(谷胱甘肽合成酶抑制剂)处理下,外源NO可提高铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA含量、AsA/DHA及抗坏血酸酶(AAO)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)比活性,降低DHA、GSH、GSSG含量及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)比活性;添加250 μmol·L-1 BSO处理下,外源NO提高了铜胁迫下番茄幼苗根系的AsA、GSH、GSSG含量、AsA/DHA及APX和GR比活性,降低了DHA含量及AAO、DHAR和MDHAR比活性.说明外源NO影响了铜胁迫下番茄根系的AsA-GSH代谢循环,并通过调节AsA/DHA、GSH/GSSG的变化来减轻氧化胁迫,从而缓解铜胁迫对番茄根系的伤害.     

外源NO对Cu胁迫下番茄Cu的亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响

采用营养液培养方法,研究外源NO供体硝普钠(SNP)处理对50 μmol·L^-1Cu²⁺胁迫下番茄幼苗Cu的亚细胞分布和化学形态的影响.结果表明： Cu胁迫下,番茄幼苗的生物量和株高显著降低33.7%和23.1%,外源NO能够显著缓解这种抑制作用,但各器官中Cu的含量和累积量仍显著升高.Cu胁迫下,番茄幼苗各器官的Cu含量和累积量大小依次为根系>叶片>茎>叶柄,幼苗根系吸收的Cu向地上部的转运大幅降低,外源NO只能缓解而不能消除这种作用.外源NO可以使Cu胁迫下幼苗各器官的液泡和细胞壁中Cu含量显著上升,细胞器中Cu含量降低,从而减轻过多Cu对胞质生理生化代谢的伤害,增强组织细胞对Cu的耐性.外源NO可以提高番茄幼苗根系中醋酸提取态铜（F_HAc）、茎中氯化钠提取态铜（F_NaCl）、叶柄中F_HAc、叶片中乙醇提取态铜（F_E）和F_NaCl的含量,降低水溶态铜（F_W）的含量与比例,以降低过多铜的生物毒性.     

外源AsA、GSH对Cd胁迫下石竹幼苗生长的影响

采用温室盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度(0、20、40、60、80、100 mg·L^-1)的外源抗坏血酸(AsA)与谷胱甘肽(GSH)对50 mg·kg^-1镉(Cd)胁迫下石竹幼苗生长的影响.结果表明: 50 mg·kg^-1 Cd显著抑制了石竹幼苗的生长,适宜浓度的外源AsA能够缓解Cd对石竹幼苗生长的胁迫,显著提高其生物量、株高、分蘖数、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)等抗氧化酶活性,以及AsA和GSH含量,但随着外源AsA浓度的增加,缓解效应下降,甚至产生促氧化效应;外源GSH可以及时补充Cd胁迫下石竹幼苗体内的非酶抗氧化剂,但抗氧化酶活性变化相对较小,其缓解Cd毒害的主要机制可能是促进根系中金属螯合肽(PCs)的合成,增加其与Cd的螯合,从而降低石竹幼苗体内Cd含量.研究表明,35～45 mg·L^-1的外源AsA和55～65 mg·L^-1的外源GSH都能很好地缓解石竹幼苗Cd毒害,且前者效果优于后者.     

外源NO对NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗生长和根系谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶系统的影响

以津春2号黄瓜为材料,采用营养液水培的方法,研究了外源一氧化氮(NO)对黄瓜幼苗生长和根系谷胱甘肽抗氧化酶系统的影响.结果表明,(1)正常生长条件下添加NO能促进黄瓜幼苗生长,而添加亚甲基蓝(MB-1)显著抑制黄瓜幼苗的生长;(2)添加NO显著缓解了NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的抑制,提高根系还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)和谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性,而氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)含量略有下降,同时缓解了NaCl胁迫下抗坏血酸(ASA)含量的下降幅度;(3)NaCl胁迫下添加NO的同时添加MB-1可部分解除NO的作用,与NaCl胁迫下单独添加NO处理比较,GR活性、GSH和ASA含量均降低,GSSG含量提高,APX先升高后下降.研究发现,外源NO可能通过鸟苷酸环化酶(cGC)介导来调节NaCl胁迫下黄瓜幼苗根系GR活性和GSH、GSSG、ASA含量,提高抗氧化酶活性和非酶抗氧化物质含量,增强植株对活性氧的清除能力,减少膜脂过氧化,缓解NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗造成的伤害.     

外源谷胱甘肽对石竹幼苗镉毒害的缓解效应

为了探讨外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对地被植物镉(Cd)毒害的缓解效应, 采用温室盆栽土培的方法, 研究了不同浓度(0、20、40、60、80、100 mg·L ^-1)的外源GSH处理对50 mg·kg ^-1 Cd胁迫下石竹(Dianthus chinensis)幼苗生长的影响。结果发现, 50 mg·kg ^-1 Cd显著抑制了石竹幼苗的生长。喷施外源GSH后, 一定浓度范围内(≤60 mg·L ^-1)的外源GSH可显著缓解石竹幼苗的Cd胁迫, 过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDAR)、脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)的活性, 抗坏血酸(AsA)和GSH含量以及生物量、株高、分蘖数都显著高于无外源GSH处理的石竹幼苗, 而丙二醛(MDA)含量、细胞膜透性、Cd含量、O₂· ^-的产生速率以及H₂O₂的积累量则显著低于无外源GSH处理的石竹幼苗, 但随着外源GSH喷施浓度的增加, 缓解效应有下降的趋势。试验表明55-65 mg·L ^-1的外源GSH缓解效果最佳。     

外源GSH对盐胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及抗逆生理指标的影响

采用营养液栽培法,研究外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗生长、根系活力、电解质渗透率和丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)、可溶性糖含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的影响,为利用外源物质减轻盐胁迫伤害提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)NaCl胁迫显著抑制了番茄幼苗的生长、根系活力和SOD、POD、CAT活性,提高了电解质渗透率及MDA、Pro、可溶性糖含量;(2)外源喷施GSH能够诱导NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗叶片抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性上调,电解质渗透率及MDA含量下降,Pro和可溶性糖含量恢复至对照水平;(3)外源喷施还原型谷胱甘肽抑制剂(BSO)使NaCl胁迫下番茄幼苗的根系活力以及抗氧化酶SOD、POD、CAT活性下降,脯氨酸含量提高;(4)喷施GSH可诱导BSO和NaCl共处理番茄植株的根系活力、SOD、POD、CAT活性提高,MDA和Pro含量降低。研究表明,外源GSH可通过提高促进盐胁迫下番茄幼苗植株渗透调节能力及清除活性氧的酶促系统的防御能力、降低细胞膜脂过氧化程度、保护膜结构的完整性,从而有效缓解NaCl胁迫对番茄幼苗生长的抑制,提高其耐盐性。     

外源NO对镉胁迫下番茄活性氧代谢及光合特性的影响

采用水培方法,研究了外源一氧化氮（NO）对镉（Cd）胁迫下番茄幼苗活性氧代谢及光合特性的影响.结果表明：在Cd胁迫下,外施100 μmol·L^-1 硝普钠（SNP）显著增强了番茄超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）等抗氧化酶活性,提高了叶片、根系中Ca、Fe等元素含量,提高了叶片叶绿素含量、净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）和气孔导度（G_s）,降低了过氧化氢（H₂O₂）、丙二醛（MDA）含量和胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）.但SNP对Cd胁迫下的缓解效应可被牛血红蛋白（Hb,NO的清除剂）消除.在Cd处理液中加入100 μmol·L^-1 NO_x^-（NO的分解产物）或100 μmol·L^-1亚铁氰化钠（SNP的相似物或分解产物）,对Cd胁迫无显著改善.表明外源NO可通过提高活性氧清除能力,维持矿质营养元素平衡,缓解Cd胁迫对番茄幼苗叶片光合机构的破坏,从而维持番茄光合效率.     

复合胁迫下茭白体内镉、铅的亚细胞分布和植物络合素的合成

以茭白（Zizania latifoliaTurcz.）的单季茭品种‘蒋墅茭’和双季茭品种‘葑红早’为试材,进行Cd2＋、Pb2＋的单一及复合胁迫处理,测定了茭白根系和叶片中的非蛋白巯基（NPT）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、植物络合素（PCs）的含量,同时测定了茭白植株各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋的积累量,以探讨茭白对重金属镉、铅胁迫的耐性机理。结果表明：Cd2＋、Pb2＋的单一及其复合胁迫均能促进两茭白品种根系和叶片中NPT、GSH、PCs的含量及茭白各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋积累量的显著增加;复合胁迫时两茭白品种的NPT、GSH、PCs含量及各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋的积累量均高于单一胁迫,茭白的不同部位间,以根系中的NPT、GSH、PCs含量显著高于叶片;茭白各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋的积累量表现为：细胞壁高于原生质体,而可溶性部分高于细胞器。     

Molecular mechanisms underlying the toxicity and detoxification of trace metals and metalloids in plants

Plants take up a wide range of trace metals/metalloids(hereinafter referred to as trace metals)from the soil,some of which are essential but become toxic at high concentrations(e.g.,Cu,Zn,Ni,Co),while others are non-essential and toxic even at relatively low concentrations(e.g.,As,Cd,Cr,Pb,and Hg). Soil contamination of trace metals is an increasing problem worldwide due to intensifying human activities.Trace metal contamination can cause toxicity and growth inhibition in plants,as well as accum...     

Effects of root and foliar applications of exogenous NO on alleviating cadmium toxicity in lettuce seedlings

The effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP, a donor of NO) on cadmium (Cd) toxicity in lettuce seedlings were studied. SNP was added into hydroponic systems or sprayed directly on the leaves of plants grown with and without Cd. Excess supply of Cd (100 μM) caused growth inhibition, dramatically increased Cd accumulation in both leaves and roots, and inhibited the absorption of Ca, Mg, Fe and Cu. Excess Cd also decreased activities of superoxide dismutase peroxidase and catalase in leaves and roots, and increased the accumulation of superoxide anion (O ₂ ^·? ), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Root or foliar applications of exogenous NO alleviated Cd-induced growth suppression, especially root application of 250 μM SNP and foliar addition of 500 μM SNP. Addition of SNP promoted the chlorophyll synthesis suggesting that the photosynthesis was up-regulated. Exogenous NO increased Cd-decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes and markedly diminished Cd-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and MDA accumulation. Moreover, the absorption of Ca, Mg, Fe and Cu was increased, indicating that exogenous NO stimulated H⁺-ATPase activity to promote sequestration or uptake of ions. In addition, exogenous NO also inhibited Cd transfer from roots to shoots, which may indicate that Cd retention in roots induced by NO plays a significant role in Cd tolerance in lettuce seedlings. These data suggest that under Cd stress, exogenous NO improves photosynthesis by increasing chlorophyll synthesis, protects lettuce seedlings against oxidative damage by scavenging ROS, helps to maintain the uptake of nutrient elements, and inhibits Cd transferred to shoots effectively.     

Induction of Abiotic Stress Tolerance by Salicylic Acid Signaling

The role of salicylic acid (SA) as a key molecule in the signal transduction pathway of biotic stress responses has already been well described. Recent studies indicate that it also participates in the signaling of abiotic stresses. The application of exogenous SA could provide protection against several types of stresses such as high or low temperature, heavy metals, and so on. Although SA may also cause oxidative stress to plants, partially through the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, the results published so far show that the preliminary treatment of plants with low concentrations of SA might have an acclimation-like effect, causing enhanced tolerance toward most kinds of abiotic stresses due primarily to enhanced antioxidative capacity. The effect of exogenous SA depends on numerous factors such as the species and developmental stage of the plant, the mode of application, and the concentration of SA and its endogenous level in the given plant. Recent results show that not only does exogenous SA application moderate stress effects, but abiotic stress factors may also alter the endogenous SA levels in the plant cells. This review compares the roles of SA during different abiotic stresses.     

Cadmium and copper uptake and accumulation by Sesbania rostrata seedling, a N-fixing annual plant: implications for the mechanism of heavy metal tolerance

Sesbania rostrata,an annual tropical legume,has been found to be tolerant to heavy metals,with an unknown mechanism.It is a promising candidate species for revegetation at mine tailings.In this study,sequential extractions with five buffers and strong acids were used to extract various chemical forms of cadmium and copper in S.rostrata,with or without Cd or Cu treatments,so that the mechanisms of tolerance and detoxification could be inferred.Both metals had low transition rates from roots to the aboveground of S.rostrata.The transition ratio of Cd (4.00%) was higher than that of Cu (1.46%).The proportion of NaCl extracted Cd (mostly in proteinbinding forms) increased drastically in Cd treated plants from being undetectable in untreated plants.This suggests that Cd induced biochemical processes producing proteinlike phytochelatins that served as a major mechanism for the high Cd tolerance of S.rostrata.The case for Cu was quite different,indicating that the mechanism for metal tolerance in S.rostrata is metal-specific.The proportion of water-insoluble Cu (e.g.oxalate and phosphate) in roots increased significantly with Cu treatment,which partially explains the tolerance of S.rostrata to Cu.However,how S.rostrata copes with the high biotic activity of inorganic salts of Cu,which increased in all parts of the plant under Cu stress,is a question for future studies.Sesbania rostrata is among the very few N-fixing plants tolerant to heavy metals.This study provides evidence for the detoxification mechanism of metals in Sesbania rostrata.     

Nitric Oxide Alleviates Photochemical Damage Induced by Cadmium Stress in Pea Seedlings

Cadmium (Cd), a life threatening hazardous heavy metal is abundant in nature. Cd amounts are greater in leaves than other plant parts, and it shows considerable effects on photosynthesis. Nitric oxide (NO), a free radical present in living organisms, is now known as an important signaling molecule playing various physiological processes in plants. In this study, the possible ameliorative effect of NO on photosynthesis was examined on pea seedlings grown under Cd stress. Results showed that chlorophyll, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, photochemical efficiency of Photosystem II and Photosystem I decreased, and Fo and non-photochemical parameters for PSII and PSI significantly increased due to Cd stress. This suggests that Cd affects the photochemistry efficiency at both the PSII and PSI levels. Nitric oxide supplementation through SNP ameliorated Cd stress by enhancing all the above mentioned parameters but causing a reduction in the Fo, and non-photochemical parameters of PSII and PSI in pea plants. These data indicate that the exogenous application of NO was useful in mitigating Cd-induced damage to photosynthesis in pea seedling.     

镉（Cd）胁迫下蓖麻蛋白质组学筛查及RcBSK7抗性功能研究

为揭示蓖麻(Ricinus communis)植株响应重金属镉(Cd)胁迫相关机制,筛选出蓖麻中参与Cd胁迫的抗性基因。本研究通过观察种子发芽及植株生长状态,最终确定以水处理的蓖麻植株为对照,研究其在3种剂量(300、700、1 000 mg·L^-1)Cd胁迫处理下的反应机制,以期为揭示蓖麻响应Cd胁迫的防御和解毒机制提供新思路。利用差异蛋白质组学分析蓖麻在Cd胁迫下的网络调控机制,即随着Cd胁迫浓度的增加,蓖麻植株分别通过阻隔根系对重金属Cd的吸收、提高自身抗氧化能力、抑制Cd²⁺运转以及诱导细胞程序性死亡等防御解毒过程以抵抗Cd胁迫损伤。根据组学分析结果筛选出差异显著基因RcBSK7,通过在拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中进行功能验证可知,该基因对提高蓖麻对Cd耐受性具有重要的作用。本研究增强了对蓖麻植株在3种Cd胁迫下多样性和复杂性的认识,为耐Cd基因鉴定和土壤中重金属污染修复提供了有价值的理论依据。