扬州市绿地生态网络构建与优化

快速城市化使得绿地生境斑块日益破碎,连接性不断降低,如何科学合理地构建绿地生态网络,连接破碎生境,对保护生物多样性和区域生态安全具有重要意义。在RS及GIS技术支撑下,通过分析连通性指数确定绿地斑块节点,采用最小耗费距离模型进行潜在廊道模拟,构建扬州市绿地生态网络体系,并基于重力模型和廊道曲度指数对生态网络结构进行定量分析,针对性地提出扬州市生态网络优化建议。结果表明:扬州市域范围内,阈值200 m下的可能连通性指数(PC)最适合作为绿地斑块节点的选择指标;绿地和农业用地为该范围内组成生态网络的优势景观类型;不同绿地斑块间的相互作用差异较大,相互作用较弱的廊道景观阻力大,生境适宜性低,需进一步改善;曲度较大的廊道景观阻力较大,生物流动效能较低,需进一步优化。研究结果可为扬州市绿地系统规划提供科学参考。     

基于MSPA与最小路径方法的巴中西部新城生态网络构建

目前快速城市化导致了生境斑块的日益破碎化,景观之间的连通性不断降低。构建生态网络可以连接破碎的生境斑块,增加绿地景观的连通性,对生物多样性保护具有重要意义。以高度景观破碎化的四川省巴中西部新城为研究区,采用形态学空间格局分析(MSPA)方法,提取出对研究区生态网络构建具有重要生态意义的核心区和桥接区两类景观要素,并选用整体连通性(IIC)、可能连通性(PC)和斑块重要性(d I)等景观指数,分别对核心区和桥接区进行景观连接度评价,遴选出对维持景观连通性贡献最大的10个核心区生境斑块作为生态网络的源地,并根据斑块对维持景观连通的重要性程度将其他核心区和桥接区进行类型划分,以此作为景观阻力的赋值依据,融入消费面模型中,最后采用最小路径方法构建了研究区潜在的生态网络,并基于重力模型对重要生态廊道进行了识别与提取,在此基础上有针对性地提出了生态网络优化的对策。研究结果表明,MSPA方法能够科学的辨识出研究区内对生态保护具有重要意义的结构性要素,例如作为物种栖息地的核心区和物种迁移通道的桥接区,这些要素是生态网络的重要组成部分;景观连通性的计算,明确了研究区景观要素的保护重点,为最小路径方法中的景观阻力赋值提供了重要的参考信息;基于MSPA与最小路径方法的生态网络分析框架综合了现有景观结构性要素识别、连通性分析以及物种潜在迁移路径分析等方法,将景观中潜在的生态源地和结构性廊道的连通性作为构建生态网络的重要基础和主要依据,从而使得生态网络的构建更科学。研究结果可为高度破碎化地区生态网络的构建提供重要的参考与依据,对其他地区生态网络的构建也具有一定的借鉴意义。     

鄱阳湖生态经济区生态网络构建与评价

大型生态斑块是区域生物多样性保护的重要基础.然而,随着我国城镇化的快速推进,人类活动对环境的干扰越来越强烈,不仅大型生态斑块数量不断减少、质量不断下降,而且斑块之间连接出现弱化, “孤岛化”现象严重,严重影响区域生物多样性保护.本文以鄱阳湖生态经济区为例,通过GIS技术手段,充分考虑景观类型、坡度和人类活动干扰的影响,采用最小费用模型构建了该区域的潜在生态廊道.基于重力模型定量分析了生态斑块间的相互作用强度,并以此将潜在生态廊道分成2级以便区别保护,识别了研究区重要生态节点和生态断裂点,分析了该潜在生态网络结构的连通性.结果表明: 森林和农田是构成研究区生态廊道的主要景观类型;生态斑块之间的相互作用强度差异显著;区域生态网络结构较复杂,网络连接度和闭合度较高.研究结果可为鄱阳湖生态经济区生物多样性保护和生态网络优化提供科学依据.     

江苏省自然遗产地生态网络的构建与优化

自然遗产地是生物的重要栖息场所,而生态网络是连接自然遗产地的有效途径,如何有效和合理地构建自然遗产地之间的生态廊道,连接破碎生境,对保护自然遗产地生物多样性和区域生态安全具有重要意义。在Arc GIS 9.3的技术支持下,通过合理估算阻力阈值,采用最小耗费距离模型分析方法,构建江苏省省域范围内的自然遗产地生态网络保护体系,并在网络连通性指数分析方法的基础上对生态网络的连通性和有效性进行评价,针对性地提出自然遗产地生态网络的优化措施。研究结果表明:78.28%的林地、88.70%的滩涂滩地、94.37%的草地是自然遗产地生态网络的主要景观组成结构;自然遗产斑块本身对生态网络的构建有较大影响,其中面积较大、长条型的斑块对维持景观连通性的重要性程度贡献较大;研究区现状整体生态连通性指数仅0.001—0.003,连通性水平较差,通过构建生态网络,整体连通性水平可提高到0.044—0.046,可能连通性水平可达到0.074,表明自然遗产廊道的构建可提高景观的连通性水平;在现有生态网络结构的基础上,增加破碎斑块间的生态连接是优化生态网络体系的可行性策略。     

东江源区陆域生态网络构建与评价

构建生态网络,加强破碎生境间的连接是生物多样性保护的重要措施之一。本研究以江西东江源区为研究区,利用最小累积阻力模型构建生态网络,并利用整体连通性指数、可能连通性指数以及形态学空间格局分析方法对生态网络的连通性和景观功能进行评价。结果表明:东江源区生态网络由15个生态源地、14条重要生态廊道和9个踏脚石组成;本研究所构建的生态网络能够提升东江源区生态源地间的连接度,提高绿色景观的完整性。研究结果可为东江源区生态网络的构建提供指导。     

黄河口湿地生态网络构建与评价

构建生态网络能够有效连接破碎的生境,对保护物种多样性具有重要意义。以黄河口为研究区域,利用最小耗费距离模型和重力模型构建黄河口湿地“三横两竖”的生态网络框架,并基于景观连通性指数法、廊道土地利用类型分析法和网络结构分析法对黄河口湿地生态网络进行了评价。研究结果表明:(1)通过构建生态网络,生境源地的的IIC和PC分别提高到之前的4.5倍和8.6倍,各生境源地的斑块重要性较为均衡。(2)不同生境源地之间相互关系密切程度随着距离和面积的变化存在差异。(3)黄河口湿地生态网络的α指数为0.4396,β指数为1.8125,γ指数为0.6304,具有较大优化提升空间。(4)草本沼泽和灌丛湿地是生境源地主要景观组成,盐沼湿地、草本沼泽和灌丛湿地是构成生态廊道的优势景观,分别占生态网络景观组成的31.23%、23.86%和17.30%。黄河口湿地生态网络的构建对黄河口湿地生态保护和保护区规划有重要的参考价值。     

基于生态网络的山水林田湖草生物多样性保护研究——以广西左右江为例

“山水林田湖草是生命共同体”的理念强调生态系统的整体性,反映了自然界各生态系统之间的联系,表明对生态环境的治理要建立在系统论的思想方法上,怎样将“山水林田湖草”的理论思想落实到具体的地区已成为生态保护与修复的关注热点。生态网络的构建不仅可以连接破碎生境,而且能够综合考虑生态系统的各个要素,因此,以广西左右江流域为例,选取保护区作为生态源地,结合最小累积阻力模型（MCR,minimum cumulative resistance）和整体连通性指数（IIC,integral index of connectivity）,分析潜在生态廊道的结构组成以及源地重要性,探讨研究区潜在生态网络“山水林田湖草”空间分布。研究结果表明：通过构建生态网络识别出69条潜在生态廊道,但在研究区中部没有可利用的廊道,导致明显的南北阻隔;在51个源地斑块中,仅有3个斑块的重要性指数大于0.2,景观整体连通性较低;通过廊道景观构成的分析发现,耕地占廊道面积比例达20.28%,仅次于自然林地（74.16%）,说明耕地对生态网络的构建有重要影响。最后通过廊道与道路的叠加选取9个关键生态节点和23个断裂点,并提出相应的修复和优化对策。研究结果可为广西左右江流域生物多样性保护提供方法和建议,同时作为对“山水林田湖草”生态保护与修复的探索,能够为今后类似研究提供参考。     

湖南省城市群生态网络构建与优化

大型生境斑块为区域生物多样性保护提供了重要的空间保障。然而,快速城市化使得大型生境斑块变得日益破碎化、岛屿化,连接性不断下降,且日益受到周边土地利用变化的强烈影响,已严重威胁着区域生物多样性的保护。通过生态廊道建立或修复破碎生境斑块之间的连接,将非常有利于生态网络生态服务功能的有效发挥。基于景观生态学和保护生物学的相关原理,以湖南省城市群为例,在RS和GIS技术的支撑下,采用最小费用路径和情景分析方法,定量模拟了研究区的潜在生态廊道,基于重力模型对重要生态廊道进行了识别与提取,并就消费面模型对潜在生态网络结果产生的影响进行了分析,在此基础上有针对性地提出了生态网络优化的对策。研究结果表明,林地和耕地是组成研究区生态网络的优势景观要素类型;不同生境斑块间的相互作用强度差异显著,总体上西高东低,南高北低;消费面模型能够在较大程度上影响到生态网络的分析结果,因而进行情景分析十分重要和必要。研究结果可为研究区生态网络的构建和优化提供科学依据,同时可为其他城市群区域生态网络的构建提供参考和借鉴。     

济南城市绿地生态网络构建

城市绿地为城市生物多样性保护提供了重要的空间保障.改善与提高城市绿地生态网络的连接对保护城市生物多样性具有重要意义.以济南市为例,在GIS技术的支撑下,在考虑不同绿地斑块间的距离与景观阻力的基础上,采用最小路径方法,定量表征与模拟了研究区的潜在生态廊道,并基于重力模型和网络连接度指数,对绿地斑块间相互作用强度与生态网络结构进行了定量分析与评价.研究结果表明,风景林、滨水绿地和公园绿地是组成研究区生态网络的优势景观类型;济南绿地系统规划中的许多斑块在生态网络中起着"踏脚石"的作用,但占规划绿地面积的比例不高;不同绿地斑块间的相互作用强度差异显著,斑块之间相互作用强的绿地廊道在生态网络中的地位突出,对生物物种的丰富度、迁移与扩散等起着重要作用,而斑块之间相互作用弱的廊道景观阻力大,生境适宜性低,必须在未来的绿地系统规划中加以改善;网络结构越复杂,连接度与闭合度水平越高,对物种的迁移与扩散就越有利.因此,增加绿地斑块,优化绿地空间布局,改善绿地斑块间的连接,完善城市绿地网络是新一轮城市绿地系统规划的关键任务.研究结果可为城市建设者与规划者进行城市绿地系统规划提供科学的依据与参考信息.     

佛山市顺德中心城区城市绿地生态网络规划

以佛山市顺德区中心城区为研究样区,基于景观连通性定量评价方法确定绿地系统核心斑块,并采用最小费用路径法构建了绿地系统潜在的生态廊道,同时还对绿地生态网络各组分的景观格局特征进行了分析。结果表明:斑块连通性指数距离阈值设定为500m时能够合理反映各绿地斑块重要性程度,并以连通性指数重要值排序结果确定了20个绿地斑块作为绿地生态网络的核心斑块;通过最小费用路径法构建的研究区31条潜在生态廊道,符合绿地系统分布特征并能够较好地连通各绿地核心斑块;生态网络景观格局分析表明,生态廊道缓冲区内斑块类型较复杂,景观格局破碎化程度较高。     

生态网络视角下武汉市湿地生态格局分析

城市湿地是城市发展的重要生态保障。快速城市化进程导致湿地景观破碎化,威胁湿地生态系统安全。生态网络通过廊道连接重要生境斑块,基于生态网络分析城市湿地生态格局,不仅可了解湿地的空间分布情况,还可反映湿地系统的结构与连通性特征。以武汉市为研究区,利用形态学空间格局分析(Morphological Spatial Pattern Analysis, MSPA)方法识别湿地源地,结合地表景观类型、地形坡度及人类活动强度因素构建综合阻力面,采用最小累积阻力模型(Minimum Cumulative Resistance, MCR)提取生态廊道构建湿地生态网络,最后对网络进行重要性分级。分析网络的结构及区域特征,结果表明:武汉市湿地规模较大,但破碎化严重且空间分布不均;网络空间结构不完备但景观结构良好,重要廊道多位于城市边缘斑块间且集中分布在南部地区;各区域湿地格局特征不同,江夏区及汉南区湿地资源丰富且斑块质量高,廊道分布多且景观结构较好但重要性不高,黄陂区及东西湖区湿地总量少且形态破碎,区内廊道少、重要性低且景观结构有待改善,新洲区湿地规模小,廊道分布较少且景观结构不完善,但湿地及廊道重要性均较...     

Habitat connectivity analysis for conservation implications in an urban area

In urbanized areas, habitat loss and fragmentation resulting from urban growth and human activities may threaten the biological diversity. It is essential to maintain the connectivity in some isolated and fragmented habitat patches. In 2005, the orchard-based conservation with the legal binding was implemented in Shenzhen to mitigate the ecological threats from forest destruction and to protect the ecological diversity. It is critical to evaluate the efficiency of orchard habitat from the species’ perspective for providing the reference for the habitat management. Based on graph-theoretic methods, we compared the habitats with or without orchards and evaluated the contribution of orchards to the whole network connectivity and its three fractions (intra, flux and connector), and then analyzed the species that could benefit the most from the habitat supplement. We identified the important landscape elements for serving the prioritized conservation. The results showed that orchard-based conservation was an efficient way in maintaining the functional connectivity, which mainly contributed to the intrapatch connectivity and species dispersal flux. The value of orchard incorporation was strongly related with the dispersal ability of threatened species. Our findings indicated that the orchard conservation would be more valuable for species with relatively weak dispersal abilities. We showed the key patches and links that most contribute to uphold functional connectivity in the reserve network. We believe that the assessment based on habitat functional connectivity can effectively serve the practical guidelines of habitat conservation and management in urban areas.     

土地利用变化对鸟类栖息地连通性的影响——以鄂州市为例

土地利用变化是造成栖息地破碎、缺失与退化的重要原因。生态网络能保护重要栖息地,促进栖息地之间的物质与能量流动,对区域土地利用规划和生物多样性保护具有重要意义。以鄂州市为研究区,基于CLUE-S模型预测现状延续、生态保护和城市扩张3种土地利用情景,将生境质量作为遴选生境斑块的依据之一,以鸟类最大迁徙距离为阈值构建生态网络,从连通概率指数PC和斑块重要性指数dPC两方面,探讨土地利用变化对鸟类栖息地连通性的影响。结果表明：(1)不同情景的地类数量和空间结构均有差异,与生态保护相比,城市扩张情景的建设用地增加11603.52 hm~2,林地、耕地和水体减少5041.8 hm~2、2540.16 hm~2、3385.8 hm~2,新城区、山地风景区与水体周边是主要变化区域;(2)现状延续和城市扩张情景的生境斑块降至235块和216块,网络出现破碎化,生态保护情景增至367块,网络结构完整但空间位置改变;(3)2004—2024年PC表现为先上升后下降再上升的趋势,生态保护的PC高于现状延续和城市扩张,且利于保护短距离迁徙鸟类;(4)生态保护情景边缘型和关键小型斑块得到保护,第一等级斑块增加,城...     

Landscape connectivity of the grassland biome in Mpumalanga,South Africa

The South African grassland biome is one of the most threatened biomes in South Africa. Approximately 45% of the grassland biome area is transformed, degraded or severely invaded by alien plants and the remaining natural areas are highly fragmented. In this fragmented landscape, the connectivity between habitat patches is very important to maintain viable populations. In this study we aimed to quantify connectivity of the grassland biome in Mpumalanga using graph theory in order to identify conservation priorities and to direct conservation efforts. Graph theory‐based connectivity indices have the ability to combine spatially explicit habitat data with species specific dispersal data and can quantify structural and functional connectivity over large landscapes. We used these indices to quantify the overall connectivity of the study area, to determine the influence of abandoned croplands on overall connectivity, and to identify the habitat patches and vegetation types most in need of maintaining overall connectivity. Natural areas were identified using 2008 land cover data for Mpumalanga. Connectivity within the grassland biome of Mpumalanga was analysed for grassland species with dispersal distances ranging from 50 to 1000 m. The grassland habitat patches were mostly well connected, with 99.6% of the total habitat area connected in a single component at a threshold distance of 1000 m. The inclusion of abandoned croplands resulted in a 33% increase in connectivity at a threshold distance of 500 m. The habitat patches most important for maintaining overall connectivity were the large patches of continuous habitat in the upper and lower centres of the study area and the most important vegetation types were the Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland and the Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands. These results can be used to inform management decisions and reserve design to improve and maintain connectivity in this biome.     

Effects of road network on Asian elephant habitat and connectivity between the nature reserves in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China

Evaluating road effects on the ecological status and landscape connectivity is critical for animal corridor design. Taking the fragmented nature reserves in Xishuangbanna as a case, road impacts on Asian elephant habitats were determined based on a suitability analysis. Potential corridors between different sub-reserves were located using “least-cost” method as a systematic way incorporating remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS). Our results revealed that road networks, especially high-level roads (expressway, national road and city-county city road), had the largest effects on the suitability according to the sensitivity analysis. Suitability ( > 40) area will increase about 40% if there were no high-level roads. In total, seven potential linkages were located and found to be capable of connecting the habitats of the four sub-reserves. We suggested the Menglun reserve could serve as a stepping-stone for elephant migration. Four further conservation priorities were also identified between the Menglun reserve and the Mengla reserve where the road impacts were intensive. Our study provided information for the development of an efficient reserve network for elephant conservation between existing nature reserves in China and neighboring provinces in Lao PDR.     

Quantifying the spatial ecology of wide-ranging marine species in the Gulf of California: implications for marine conservation planning

There is growing interest in systematic establishment of marine protected area (MPA) networks and representative conservation sites. This movement toward networks of no-take zones requires that reserves are deliberately and adequately spaced for connectivity. Here, we test the network functionality of an ecoregional assessment configuration of marine conservation areas by evaluating the habitat protection and connectivity offered to wide-ranging fauna in the Gulf of California (GOC, Mexico). We first use expert opinion to identify representative species of wide-ranging fauna of the GOC. These include leopard grouper, hammerhead sharks, California brown pelicans and green sea turtles. Analyzing habitat models with both structural and functional connectivity indexes, our results indicate that the configuration includes large proportions of biologically important habitat for the four species considered (25-40%), particularly, the best quality habitats (46-57%). Our results also show that connectivity levels offered by the conservation area design for these four species may be similar to connectivity levels offered by the entire Gulf of California, thus indicating that connectivity offered by the areas may resemble natural connectivity. The selected focal species comprise different life histories among marine or marine-related vertebrates and are associated with those habitats holding the most biodiversity values (i.e. coastal habitats); our results thus suggest that the proposed configuration may function as a network for connectivity and may adequately represent the marine megafauna in the GOC, including the potential connectivity among habitat patches. This work highlights the range of approaches that can be used to quantify habitat protection and connectivity for wide-ranging marine species in marine reserve networks.     

Landscape connectivity and the role of small habitat patches as stepping stones: an assessment of the grassland biome in South America

Connectivity losses lead to a reduction of the amount of habitat resources that can be reached and used by species, and hence to a decline in the ranges and abundance of multiple taxa. Despite the recognized important role of small habitat patches for many species inhabiting fragmented landscapes, their potential contribution as stepping stones for maintaining overall landscape connectivity has received less attention. Using connectivity metrics based on a graph-theoretic approach we (i) quantified the connectivity of grassland patches in a sector of the Pampa region in Argentina, using a range of dispersal distances (from 100 to 10,000 m) representative of the scale of dispersal of different species; (ii) identified the most relevant patches for maintaining overall connectivity; and (iii) studied the importance of small patches (defined for different area thresholds of 5, 20, and 50 ha) as connectivity providers in the landscape. Although grassland patches were in general poorly connected at all distances, some of them were critical for overall connectivity and were found to play different crucial roles in the patch network. The location of small patches in the grassland network allowed them to function as stepping stones, yielding significant connectivity gains for species that move large distances (>5000 m) for the three area thresholds considered. Thus, under the spatial pattern of the studied landscape, species that move long distances would benefit from stepping stones, while less mobile organisms would benefit from, and mostly rely on the largest patches. We recommend that future management activities should (i) aim at preserving the grassland patches with the highest potential as stepping stones to promote landscape-level connectivity; and (ii) pay more attention to the conservation of key small patches, particularly given that usually they are those more vulnerable to land clearing for agriculture.