什么是可持续性科学

可持续发展是我们时代的主题,也是人类面临的最大挑战.自20世纪70年代,尤其是近20年来,可持续发展的概念日益频繁地出现在学术文章、政府文件以及公益宣传和商业广告之中.然而,为可持续发展提供理论基础和实践指导的科学——可持续性科学——是在21世纪初才开始形成的.该科学在短短的十几年中迅速开拓、不断发展,正在形成其科学概念框架和研究体系.中国是世界大国,是可持续性科学的哲学思想——“天人合一”——的故乡,有必要承担起时代之重任,在追求“中国梦”的同时促进全球可持续发展,并积极参与进而引领可持续性科学的研究和实践.为了帮助实现这一宏伟而远大目标,本文拟对可持续性科学的基本概念、研究论题和发展前景作一概述.可持续性科学是研究人与环境之间动态关系——特别是耦合系统的脆弱性、抗扰性、弹性和稳定性——的整合型科学.它穿越自然科学和人文与社会科学,以环境、经济和社会的相互关系为核心,将基础性研究和应用研究融为一体.可持续发展的核心内容往往因时、因地、 因人而异.因此,可持续性科学必须注重多尺度研究,同时应特别关注 50到100年的时间尺度和景观以及区域的空间尺度. 景观和区域不但是最可操作的空间尺度,同时也是上通全球、下达局地的枢纽尺度.可持续性科学需要聚焦于生态系统服务和人类福祉的相互关系,进而探讨生物多样性和生态系统过程,以及气候变化、土地利用变化和其他社会经济驱动过程对这一关系的影响.我们认为,景观和可持续性是可持续性科学的核心研究内容,也将是可持续性科学在以后几十年的研究热点.     

什么是可持续性科学?

可持续发展是我们时代的主题,也是人类面临的最大挑战.自20世纪70年代,尤其是近20年来,可持续发展的概念日益频繁地出现在学术文章、政府文件以及公益宣传和商业广告之中.然而,为可持续发展提供理论基础和实践指导的科学——可持续性科学——是在21世纪初才开始形成的.该科学在短短的十几年中迅速开拓、不断发展,正在形成其科学概念框架和研究体系.中国是世界大国,是可持续性科学的哲学思想——"天人合一"——的故乡,有必要承担起时代之重任,在追求"中国梦"的同时促进全球可持续发展,并积极参与进而引领可持续性科学的研究和实践.为了帮助实现这一宏伟而远大目标,本文拟对可持续性科学的基本概念、研究论题和发展前景作一概述.可持续性科学是研究人与环境之间动态关系——特别是耦合系统的脆弱性、抗扰性、弹性和稳定性——的整合型科学.它穿越自然科学和人文与社会科学,以环境、经济和社会的相互关系为核心,将基础性研究和应用研究融为一体.可持续发展的核心内容往往因时、因地、因人而异.因此,可持续性科学必须注重多尺度研究,同时应特别关注50到100年的时间尺度和景观以及区域的空间尺度.景观和区域不但是最可操作的空间尺度,同时也是上通全球、下达局地的枢纽尺度.可持续性科学需要聚焦于生态系统服务和人类福祉的相互关系,进而探讨生物多样性和生态系统过程,以及气候变化、土地利用变化和其他社会经济驱动过程对这一关系的影响.我们认为,景观和可持续性是可持续性科学的核心研究内容,也将是可持续性科学在以后几十年的研究热点.     

再论可持续性科学:新形势与新机遇

近10年来,可持续性科学蓬勃发展,已成为21世纪全球普遍关注的一个重要的新科学领域.然而,在大力提倡可持续发展和生态文明建设的中国,可持续性科学尚未引起科学家和实践者的足够重视.为促进可持续性科学在中国的发展,2014年邬建国等曾撰文介绍什么是可持续性科学.本文进一步探讨了这一问题,并补充阐述了可持续性科学与可持续发展研究的关系、可持续性科学的科学范式及其8个基本论题.基于对可持续性科学发展动态的分析,作者认为,一方面,可持续性科学已进入系统推进的成熟发展期;另一方面,虽然我国可持续发展研究、实践与教育的热情高涨,但在可持续性科学领域起步较晚,落后于主要发达国家和南非.为此,本文在文献综述的基础上,提出促进中国发展可持续性科学的"三位一体"策略:一是"请进来"以服务中国实践;二是"走出去"以贡献中国智慧;三是"中西医结合"以引领学科发展.     

景观可持续性与景观可持续性科学

人类活动已经剧烈地改变了自然环境,全球气候变化、生物多样性丧失、环境污染等种种迹象表明当今世界正处在一个不可持续的运行轨迹上,实现可持续发展成为21世纪人类面临的巨大挑战。景观是理解与塑造人类社会和环境关系最具操作性的尺度,也是提供景观服务,实现人类福祉最重要的场所。景观可持续性研究对于人类具有重要意义。景观可持续性是指特定景观所具有的、能够长期而稳定地提供景观服务、维护和改善本区域人类福祉的综合能力。景观可持续性具有跨学科、多维度特征,强调景观弹性和可再生能力;景观服务是景观可持续性研究中的重要概念,它是连接自然资本与人类福祉的关键桥梁,也是将景观可持续性与景观生态学紧密联系在一起的纽带。格局-过程-设计新范式的产生是景观可持续性研究的新发展。在景观可持续性快速发展的同时,聚焦于景观和区域尺度的景观可持续性科学应运而生。景观可持续性科学以景观格局、景观服务、人类福祉三者之间的动态关系为主要研究内容,充分融合了景观生态学空间显示方法、可持续性指标体系和GISRS等方法技术,其理论框架和研究方法体系正在逐步形成和完善之中。景观可持续性科学是可持续性科学的重要组成部分,虽然处于刚刚起步阶段,它必将成为未来十多年可持续性科学的研究热点。     

远程耦合世界的可持续性框架

远距离之间的相互作用及其影响日益广泛。这种远程相互作用往往会对可持续发展产生深远的影响并会造成意想不到的结果。很多可持续性研究都是针对某个特定地点进行的,很少注重多个地点之间远程相互作用对可持续性所产生的影响。虽然有些研究涉及到远程因素,但通常都把它们看作外在变量,而未把它们看作反馈。为了更好地理解和综合各种远程相互作用,本文提出了一种基于远程耦合的综合框架,它是一个远距离社会经济和环境相互作用的总体概念。人类与自然耦合系统是研究在特定地点发生的相互作用,远程耦合概念是对人类与自然耦合系统研究的自然延伸。远程耦合框架包括五个相关的组成部分,即:人类与自然耦合系统、流、代理、原因、和影响。本文通过农产品贸易和物种入侵两个远程相互作用的例子来解释远程耦合框架,重点阐述远程耦合框架的影响,并讨论促进远程耦合研究发展的研究条件和方法。这个框架有助于分析系统内各组成部分以及它们之间的相互关系,找出研究差距,探索其中的隐含成本以及尚未开发的优势,提供引入反馈及多系统(发送、接收和外溢系统)之间权衡和协同的有效手段,从本地到全球各个层面加深对远程相互作用的认识,并提高社会经济和环境可http://www.ecologica.cn持续发展政策的有效性。     

自然科学与社会科学的交叉融合:国际科学联合会述评

具有全球影响力的国际科学理事会与国际社会科学理事会合并,并宣告成立统一的国际科学联合会,是国际科学发展史的里程碑事件,标志着自然科学与社会科学的综合研究已成为当代科学发展的潮流。国际科学联合会的战略定位是成为全球所有科学的代言人,为解决复杂全球问题的跨学科、跨地域研究服务。我国科研工作者应以此为契机,深化跨学科交流与跨学科人才培养,拓展全球变化与可持续发展等跨学科综合研究,为解决我国重大战略需求、提升我国科研国际影响力做出新的贡献。     

科学、系统与可持续性——第六届工业生态学国际大会述评

综述了第六届工业生态学国际大会情况。大会的中心议题是"科学、系统与可持续性",设立了生命周期方法、产业共生、环境投入产出分析和物质流分析等23个议题。重点评述了社会物质代谢、产业共生与生态工业发展、工业系统复杂性、气候变化/能源及生物质四个领域。简要总结了国际工业生态学的发展趋势并给出了对我国工业生态学发展的启示。     

中国资源环境与区域发展关系演化:脉络、局限与趋势

如何实现资源环境与区域经济社会耦合协调发展已成为当前人类面临的重大挑战之一。对资源环境与区域发展相互关系的研究脉络与研究热点进行了系统梳理,认为相关研究经历了起步、快速发展和持续深化三个阶段,总体上呈现从传统的单一要素基础理论研究向动态化、智能化、模型化的综合性研究转变。同时,指出现有研究中的主要局限与难点在于:如何协调评价指标普适性与特异性,如何平衡关键阈值准确性与弹性,以及如何衔接实验模拟结果与实践应用平台。在此基础上,从资源环境与区域发展综合评估框架改进、多学科融合视角下的智能模拟决策平台构建、中国转型期特殊背景下协调发展模式探索、国家机构和行政体制改革的影响四个方面提出未来的研究展望。研究有助于深化对资源环境与区域发展内在联系的认识,为相关政策制定提供有益借鉴。     

韧性科学的回顾与展望:从生态理论到城市实践

城市韧性的概念在生态与环境领域正在兴起,如何将城市的结构复杂性和功能多样性与自然、经济和社会要科学地耦合尤为重要。实践方面,城市韧性在国际组织、政府机构和私人基金会等计划的支持下得到世界各地城市的日益重视。对此,回顾了韧性在生态系统科学中的概念起源及其在工程技术与社会学科的应用发展;整合了城市系统的科学知识,以进一步阐述城市韧性的概念及理论发展;举例了目前联合国、洛克菲勒基金会和跨国企业所构建的全球合作网络中韧性城市的实践。基于城市韧性理论的回顾和韧性城市实践,结合城市系统在生态、经济和社会维度的差异性,就我国城市以韧性为导向的转型发展过程中存在的机遇、挑战及解决途径提出了参考建议。     

古诗词中“生物与环境”的科学解读

浙教版科学九年级（下）第二章《生物与环境》编排了“种群和生物群落”、“生态系统”和“生态系统的稳定性”三节内容。教材编写是以生物与环境的关系为中心,以种群——群落——生态系统——生物圈的结构层次为线索展开,主要内容有种群和生物群落的概念、生物与环境的相互作用、生态系统的多样性、生态系统的各组成成分的功能地位及相互关系、自然因素和人为因素对生态系统稳定陛的积极和消极影响等。     

可持续性科学研究热点及其知识基础——以Sustainability Science载文数据为例

以Sustainability Science 2006—2015年间刊载的论文为基础数据,应用Cite Space软件,采取文献共被引分析、关键词共现分析、突现词分析等方法对可持续性科学研究现状进行可视化分析。研究发现,Sustainability Science载文质量和国际影响力逐年上升;日、美、德、澳、加5国及东京大学、联合国大学、亚利桑那州立大学、茨城大学、京都大学、大阪大学、中国科学院等研究机构发文量位居前列,具有较强的研究实力。Komiyama H、Lang D J、Miller T R、Talwar S、Clark W S等是期刊载文引用较多的作者,显示了这些学者在可持续性科学领域的权威性。可持续性科学研究主要聚焦"可持续性"、"气候变化"、"概念框架"、"管治"、"脆弱性"、"适应性"、"恢复力"等热点问题。可持续性科学研究的知识基础主要包括"学科发展"、"跨学科研究"、"规划机制"、"灾害管控"、"信息管理"、"海岛环境"、"沿海脆弱性评估"、"土地利用"和"生态景观"等研究领域。     

University of British Columbia Food System Project: Towards Sustainable and Secure Campus Food Systems

In this profile article, we report what we consider to be a rich learning experience which intertwines pedagogy and research: a process of community-based action research which has initiated a transition towards the sustainability of the University of British Columbia’s (UBC) food system. We call this initiative the UBC Food System Project (UBCFSP). The UBCFSP is a jointly initiated project between the Faculty of Land and Food Systems and the UBC Sustainability Office, and includes nine UBC organizational partners and one collaborator. The project emerged out of the recognition that our global, national, regional, and local food systems are increasingly characterized as socially, ecologically, and economically insecure and unsustainable. As a result, these food systems are experiencing an array of vulnerabilities, particularly those that are demonstrated by profound disruptions in our ecosystem and in a worldwide epidemic of malnutrition. The overall objective of the project is to conduct a campus-wide UBC food system sustainability assessment, where barriers that hinder and opportunities to make transitions towards food system sustainability are being collaboratively identified and implemented. This article is part of a series intending to share the experiences gathered so far through the project. The purpose of this profile is to provide a brief overview of the UBC Food System Project, including the context and significance, both the pedagogical approach and research methods, and some accomplishments to date.     

Linking Industrial Ecology and Ecological Economics: A Theoretical and Empirical Foundation for the Circular Economy

The circular economy (CE) is a new model for the production and consumption of goods, which has attracted wide political attention as a strategy toward sustainability. However, the theoretical foundation of CE remains poorly structured and insufficiently explored. Recent studies have shown that the CE model draws on different schools of thought and that its origins are mainly rooted in fields such as industrial ecology (IE) and ecological economics (EE). In this article, we investigate the links between CE, IE, and EE and provide an overview of the similarities and differences between these fields. At the same time, we analyze to what extent the linkages between IE and EE can create a coherent body of knowledge for CE, and be used to identify further research opportunities. This paper shows that, until now, research on CE seems to be mainly rooted in the field of IE and based on concepts and tools that already exist in other fields, rather than inventing new ones. The reconciliation of IE and EE could provide a mechanism to extend beyond such a narrow focus, and increase knowledge of the theoretical and practical framework of CE to benefit sustainability.     

Modeling Sustainability of Arctic Communities: An Interdisciplinary Collaboration of Researchers and Local Knowledge Holders

How will climate change affect the sustainability of Arctic villages over the next 40 years? This question motivated a collaboration of 23 researchers and four Arctic communities (Old Crow, Yukon Territory, Canada; Aklavik, Northwest Territories, Canada; Fort McPherson, Northwest Territories, Canada; and Arctic Village, Alaska, USA) in or near the range of the Porcupine Caribou Herd. We drew on existing research and local knowledge to examine potential effects of climate change, petroleum development, tourism, and government spending cutbacks on the sustainability of four Arctic villages. We used data across eight disciplines to develop an Arctic Community Synthesis Model and a Web-based, interactive Possible Futures Model. Results suggested that climate warming will increase vegetation biomass within the herd’s summer range. However, despite forage increasing, the herd was projected as likely to decline with a warming climate because of increased insect harassment in the summer and potentially greater winter snow depths. There was a strong negative correlation between hypothetical, development-induced displacement of cows and calves from utilized calving grounds and calf survival during June. The results suggested that climate warming coupled with petroleum development would cause a decline in caribou harvest by local communities. Because the Synthesis Model inherits uncertainties associated with each component model, sensitivity analysis is required. Scientists and stakeholders agreed that (1) although simulation models are incomplete abstractions of the real world, they helped bring scientific and community knowledge together, and (2) relationships established across disciplines and between scientists and communities were a valuable outcome of the study. Additional project materials, including the Web-based Possible Futures Model, are available at http://www.taiga.net/sustain.     

基于可持续发展目标的资源型城市可持续发展评价技术及应用——以湖南省郴州市为例

资源型城市作为我国重要战略保障基地,面临较为突出的不可持续问题,定量化开展可持续发展水平监测评估是推动其绿色转型发展、激活再生动力的重要途径。基于联合国可持续发展目标体系(SDGs),结合行星边界理论,从资源型城市可持续发展特征出发,建立了由2个系统、4个支柱、12个领域和48项指标组成的资源型城市可持续发展评价指标体系。借鉴全球SDGs监测评估实践经验,考虑指标属性,综合确定各指标的阈值,并采用改进的离差标准化、障碍度分析及耦合协调度分析等方法建立综合评价技术体系。以拥有“有色金属之乡”称号的郴州市国家可持续发展议程创新示范区为评价对象,对其2005—2019年连续15年的可持续发展水平进行实证分析。结果表明：(1)郴州市可持续发展水平整体上呈现稳步上升趋势,得分由0.398上升到0.610。(2)4个支柱中,自然资源支柱的得分进步幅度最大,高达71.3%,说明郴州市已经逐步提高对资源利用效率的重视,同时意识到挖掘替代资源的重要性,资源保障与利用能力不断提升;而发展动力支柱得分始终处于较弱或中等水平,已成为制约郴州市可持续发展和绿色转型的主要因素,其中科技创新驱动是该支柱发展关键障碍...     

种养系统可持续发展指数的空间格局及其演变趋势——以山东省为例

农业生产专业化、集约化背景下,种养分离越发严重,畜禽粪便排放与环境之间矛盾日益突出,农业可持续发展面临重大挑战.本研究以山东省为例,基于1999-2015年种养系统投入产出资料,利用能值的方法,定量分析了山东省域及市域种养系统可持续发展指数的空间格局及其演变趋势.结果表明:1999-2015年,山东省种养系统的可持续性减弱.可持续发展指数呈极显著下降趋势,2015年较1999年下降了22.0%;净能值产出率和环境负载率均呈极显著增加趋势,单位经济投入获得的利益显著增加,同时种养生产对环境的压力明显加大,这主要与电力、复合肥、农业机械等工业资源投入量的增加密切相关.山东省各地市种养系统可持续发展水平具有差异.大部分地市种养系统的可持续发展指数较高,而沿海地区(威海、烟台)和工业城市(淄博)则较低.同时,各地市种养系统的可持续发展态势也具有差异.鲁中和鲁南地区可持续性逐年减弱,鲁北地区可持续性逐年增强.以2015年为本底数据进行情景分析,发现种养高度结合(100%粪便有机肥替代化肥)情景的可持续发展指数可达8.4,是种养结合现状(30%粪便有机肥替代化肥)的2.6倍.     

水土流失治理新范式:基于流域过程模拟和情景分析的方法

随着土壤侵蚀问题的日益突出,水土流失治理逐渐成为实现区域可持续发展的当务之急.通过在试验小流域实施治理措施并评价其效益是水土流失治理的传统范式,但这种范式存在试验周期长、可重复性差、资金和人工技术投入大、推广性差等局限性,已不能适应当前水土流失治理的需要.近年来兴起的基于流域过程模拟的情景分析方法在定量模拟流域过程对地理变量响应的基础上,通过评价不同治理措施的环境、生态和经济效益,探索能够协调经济发展与环境保护关系的水土流失治理措施.该方法能够在无需大范围工程实施和实地观测的情况下对各种治理措施的效益进行评价,花费少,灵活性强,在水土流失治理措施的决策制定中具有较大优势.本文详细阐述以情景分析方式作为水土流失治理新范式的基本思路,通过实例分析,演示新范式在治理流域水土流失中的应用,并展望新范式在流域治理中的未来发展趋势.     

Strategies of a successful new invader in European fresh waters: fecundity and reproductive potential of the Ponto-Caspian amphipod Dikerogammarus villosus in the Austrian Danube, compared with the indigenous Gammarus fossarum and G. roeseli

1. Fecundity of a Dikerogammarus villosus population at Spitz was studied in the Austrian Danube during the 3‐year period 2002–2004. Ovigerous females were absent in October and November, and extremely scarce in December when the reproductive season started again slowly. From January to September pre‐copulatory pairs and egg‐carrying females were present. The reproductive cycle lasted for 9–10 months. 2. Various pigmentation phenotypes of D. villosus have been described in the literature. However, no significant differences were found between the reproductive variables studied here and several colour morphs. Mating was size‐assortative; mean body length of males was about 1.3 times greater than that of their potential mates, and the wet weight was approximately twice as heavy. 3. The relationship between the number of embryos per clutch and the wet weight of females was described by a 3‐parameter power equation. The population mean was 43 eggs with a range of five to 194 eggs. Eighty‐two specimens from 1359 D. villosus females had more than 100 eggs: the smallest of these females was 12 mm long (30 mg) wet weight, and the largest, which was 18 mm long (91 mg), had 194 eggs in embryonic development stage 4. 4. Numbers of embryos in developmental stages 2 (early egg stage) and 7 (newly hatched neonates) differed significantly with body wet weight of ovigerous females (P < 0.05). For an average female in the range 10–12 mm (20–30 mg) the number of juveniles in the brood pouch was 74% of the number of stage 2 eggs. This value can be interpreted as the survival rate of eggs. 5. The overall mean egg volume (EV, ±95% CL) of stage 2 eggs of D. villosus was 0.05 ± 0.001 mm³, and EV increased significantly at each stage of development. At stage 6, egg volume had increased by a factor of 2.6, and averaged 0.13 ± 0.001 mm³. In comparison, G. fossarum and G. roeseli had significantly larger eggs in all developmental stages. 6. Mean egg size of D. villosus (0.063 mm³) was maximal in January. For D. villosus (and G. roeseli) the minimum mean egg size occurred in September. In contrast to G. fossarum and G. roeseli, a second peak in egg size was not observed for D. villosus, and egg size fell more or less successively from January to September. 7. A simple index of fecundity was calculated from the number of stage 2 eggs divided by the female's wet weight. The highest values were observed in April and May, when females from the overwintering generation grew to their maximum body size. Thus the release of a large number of neonates corresponds with the availability of plentiful food and rising water temperatures for juvenile growth in the spring. The lowest value occurred in December. In June the small females of a summer generation appeared, with a naturally low fecundity. 8. The relationship between brood development time and water temperature was studied in the laboratory at a series of constant temperatures. At 16 °C, mean brood development time was 14 days for D. villosus, compared with about 3 weeks for the indigenous species. At 10 °C, mean brood development time was 24 days in D. villosus, compared with 40 days in G. fossarum and 44 days in G. roeseli. At 4 °C it was 1.8 and 3.5 times longer in G. fossarum and G. roeseli. 9. The number of offspring produced by a single clutch from a large female D. villosus is considerably higher than the total numbers produced by the indigenous freshwater gammarids, such as G. fossarum, G. roeseli and G. pulex, during their life‐spans of 1.5–2 years in seven to nine successive broods. Only one or two large ovigerous D. villosus would probably be enough to start a new population. A potentially high reproductive capacity, comparatively small eggs, optimal timing to release the maximum number of neonates per female in April/May, and a long reproductive cycle, together with rapid development of eggs, rapid growth to sexual maturation, short life span, tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions, and exceptional predatory capabilities, all give the invasive Ponto‐Caspian gammarid an opportunity to become globally distributed in freshwater ecosystems of the temperate climate zone.     

Potentials for win-win alliances among animal agriculture and forest products industries: Application of the principles of industrial ecology and sustainable development

Commercial forests in many parts of the world are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrient-deficient forests often exist in close proximity to large animal feeding operations, meat processing and other food, textile, or other biomass-processing plants, and municipal waste treatment facilities. Many of these facilities produce large surpluses of nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic matter as gaseous ammonia, urea, uric acid, phosphorus compounds, bacterial sludges, and partially treated municipal wastewaters. These co-existing and substantial nutrient deficiencies and surpluses offer ready-made opportunities for discovery, demonstration, and commercial development of science-based, technology-facilitated, environmentally sound, economically viable, and socially acceptable "win-win alliances" among these major industries based on the principles of industrial ecology and sustainable development. The major challenge is to discover practical means to capture the surplus nutrients and put them to work in forest stands from which value-added products can be produced and sold at a profit.