滨海电厂温排水对浮游动物分布的影响

为了评估滨海电厂温排水对浮游动物的影响程度,选择了运营多年的浙江嘉兴电厂邻近海域,于2006年5月大、小潮期间进行了浮游动物分布现状调查,并选取东海近海常见浮游动物优势种中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、细巧华哲水蚤(Sinocalanus tenellus)、中华异水蚤(Acartiella sinensis)和近缘大眼剑水蚤(Corycaeus affinis)进行了24h半致死温度的耐热性实验.结果表明:调查海域共鉴定出浮游动物26种,其中大潮期间22种,小潮期间23种,主要为近岸低盐类群,优势种为虫肢歪水蚤(Tortanus vermiculus)、真刺唇角水蚤(Labidorcera euchaeta)等;浮游动物生物量虽呈近岸低、离岸高的分布状态,但密度相对均匀;长额刺糠虾(Acanthomysis longirostris)和仔鱼决定着调查海域生物量的分布特征,虫肢歪水蚤和真刺唇角水蚤则决定着密度的分布特征;实验结果证明,浮游动物有较高的热耐受力,7℃温升范围内4种实验物种均无个体死亡;滨海电厂温排水对排水口附近活动能力强、质量大的浮游动物种类的分布有较大影响,对活动能力弱的中、小型浮游动物种类分布几乎没有影响.     

象山港电厂温排水增温对浮游细菌群落空间分布的影响

沿海电厂产生的温排水已造成了较严重的环境问题,如生物病害和赤潮暴发频率增加。现有研究多关注温排水增温对浮游动、植物多样性的影响,而缺乏在物质能量循环过程起核心纽带作用的微生物对增温的响应和反馈。考虑到生态系统对增温的反馈取决于浮游植物的初级生产力和微生物异养呼吸之间的平衡,利用Illumina测序技术结合水体理化性质研究了象山港电厂温排水增温梯度下浮游细菌的空间分布特征。温排水预期的海水增温显著地增加了水体中硝氮(P=0.041,单因素方差分析)、化学需氧量(P0.001)、油污(P=0.004)和余氯(P=0.003)的浓度;但降低了溶解氧(P=0.034)和叶绿素a(P=0.045)的含量。此外,相似性分析发现温排水增温显著地(r=0.338;P=0.042)改变了浮游细菌群落结构,空间分布遵循空间距离-群落相似性衰减(r=-0.582;P=0.026)模型,周转速率为0.0013。细菌多样性主要受水体溶解氧、化学需要量和叶绿素a的影响,分别控制了34.6%、20.1%和10.0%的多样性变异。冗余分析(RDA)群落变异主要受环境因子(包括温度、油污、溶解氧和叶绿素a)的影响,一共解释了55.6%的群落变异;增温仅解释了4.8%的群落变异。因此,浮游细菌群落结构主要受环境因子的影响,这种各因子对群落变异相对贡献比例的特征与增温主要通过改变水质和浮游植物特征,以间接作用影响细菌群落组成的观念一致。此外,细菌多样性和群落组成受不同环境因子的驱动。相比而言,空间距离只控制了较小比例的群落变异(7.1%)。此外,筛选到11个细菌科,这些科的相对丰度与增温幅度显著相关,变化特征与各科已知的生态功能相吻合,如海洋螺菌科(Oceanospirillaceae)中有些菌株能够降解石油污染物,其相对丰度在高油污浓度站点增加(油污浓度与增温幅度正相关,r=0.558;P=0.030);嗜温的弧菌科相对丰度与增温幅度正相关。综上,研究结果初步明确了浮游细菌群落对电厂温排水增温的响应特征,并筛选到敏感的细菌科来指示和预测增温对生态功能的潜在影响。     

丁草胺在不同类型水中的光化学降解

研究了除草剂丁草胺在氙灯、高压汞灯光照下的光解动态。结果表明,丁草胺在氙灯光照作用下,其光解速率为纯水>河水>塘水>稻田水;丁草胺在氙灯光源下的光解速度比高压汞灯下低;其光解率与浓度(剂量)呈反相关;充N₂脱O₂使丁草胺的光解速度减缓。     

环境因子对国华电厂温排水海域浮游动物群落β多样性的影响

对象山港国华电厂温排水海域10个站位的浮游动物进行了季节性采样.通过合并丰度数据、结合现场环境因子,应用广义非相似性模型(GDM)分析了环境因子对浮游动物β多样性的影响.结果表明： 共检出95种浮游动物,隶属于14个类群.该海域以小型浮游动物为主(丰度比例占62.6%),成体类群中以桡足类为主(丰度占35.3%).按照Whittaker多样性定义和加性分配,该海域α多样性比例占36.3%,β多样性比例为63.7%.在β多样性比例中,由环境因子引起的β多样性占43.8%,采样点间地理距离对β多样性无影响,未能解释比例占19.9%.据GDM拟合,有9个环境变量对浮游动物β多样性有影响,可解释β多样性比例为68.8%.在这些变量中,依贡献从高到低为季节水温、溶解氧、海域增温、电导率、悬浮颗粒物、盐度、透明度、水深和氧化还原电位,其中,季节水温、溶解氧和海域增温是驱动β多样性变化最重要的环境因子,对可解释β多样性比例的绝对贡献分别占23.9%、13.7%和9.7%.在变量梯度响应中,季节水温低于25 ℃、溶解氧高于5 mg·L^-1、海域增温超过1 ℃时,β多样性随变量梯度增加而快速增加.其他各预测变量对β多样性影响较小.     

水生生物粒径谱/生物量谱研究进展

介绍了水生生物粒径谱概念,粒径谱理论的提出背景及其发展历程。综述了浮游生物、底栖生物、微型生物和鱼类粒径谱的研究现状;并以粒径谱理论在鱼类潜在产量估算方面的应用为重点,介绍了粒径谱理论的应用。回顾了国内生物粒径谱研究现状;结合新陈代谢理论、宏生态学与粒径谱理论的联系,新的粒径测量手段的应用,传统分类方法与粒径方法的关系,以及粒径谱模型研究的特点,展望未来粒径谱研究的前景。认为粒径谱研究已经历了半个多世纪的发展和多个领域的应用,给人们以区别于传统物种分类的崭新视角,成为生态学研究,尤其是水生生态学研究的热点。目前水生生物包括浮游生物、底栖生物、微型生物和鱼类粒径谱/生物量谱的分析方法、模型和理论研究已取得了一些进展,但由于各类生物个体形态、结构呈现多样化,数据获取的难度以及其他各种因素影响,使得研究工作发展缓慢,海洋生物粒径谱研究尤其困难。随着海洋生物资源评估、利用与渔业生态系统管理的需要,应重视加强粒径谱/生物量谱的研究,包括不同类型生物的粒径分布曲线、捕食与被捕食之间的关系、新陈代谢特征、时空尺度变异、粒径谱模型的假设条件和新模型的建立,以及先进测量技术应用等,这将是今后粒径谱/生物量谱研究需要引起关注的重点内容。     

土壤动物粒径谱研究进展

群落结构如何响应环境变化是生态学研究长期关注的核心问题之一。粒径谱由个体大小和多度构建而来,与营养级转换速率相关、反映生态系统过程动态以及表征生态系统稳定性,可以将其视为一个综合的功能多样性指标用于预测和表征群落的组成以及生态系统功能如何响应环境压力。粒径谱研究最初始于水生生态系统,近年来被引入到土壤动物群落生态学的研究中。简要回顾粒径谱的概念由来及理论基础,分析比较了当前粒径谱研究中的4种易混淆类型,介绍了常用的两类土壤动物粒径谱构建方法及其生态学意义,梳理了土壤动物粒径谱对环境梯度响应与生态化学计量学相结合的研究进展,并指出了应用粒径谱研究土壤动物群落的难点及限制条件。未来,在基础理论研究方面,土壤动物粒径谱应关注个体大小与营养级位置及能量利用关系;在应用方面,土壤动物粒径谱可结合传统的分类方法广泛应用于指示环境污染、生态恢复、保育生物以及土地利用变化等。     

三门湾浮游动物的季节变动及微型浮游动物摄食影响

2002年8月、11月、2003年2月和5月,在三门湾进行了4个航次生物、化学和水文等专业综合调查。根据采集的浮游动物样品的分析鉴定及海上现场实验结果,对浮游动物的群落组成、生物量、丰度、多样性指数的分布和季节变动及其浮游动物对浮游植物的摄食影响进行研究。结果表明,三门湾浮游动物有67属,89种,16类浮游幼体,主要可划分为4个生态类群：以近岸低盐类群为主,其优势种为中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus、真刺唇角水蚤Labidocera etwhaeta、捷氏歪水蚤Tortanus derjugini、太平洋纺锤水蚤Acartiapacifica、中华假磷虾Pseudeuphausia sinica和百陶箭虫Sagitta bedoti等。半咸水河口类群、暖水性外海类群和广布种相对较少。浮游动物生物量和丰度的平面分布趋势除了夏季有所差异外,其它季节基本一致。2月份和5月份,浮游动物生物量和丰度,从湾顶向湾口呈逐渐增加趋势;8月份,湾口区生物量最高,而丰度高值区出现在湾顶部;11月份,生物量和丰度的平面分布相对均匀。浮游动物种类多样性指数有明显的季节变化,其动态变化与浮游动物种数和丰度的变化一致。微型浮游动物对浮游植物存在摄食压力,且有季节变化,摄食率的变化在0．18．0．68d^-1,微型浮游动物的摄食率低于相同季节的浮游植物生长率。微型浮游动物对浮游植物摄食压力的变化范围为16．1％-49．1％d^-1,对初级生产力摄食压力的变化在58．3％-83．6％d^-1。11月份,微型浮游动物对浮游植物和初级生产力的摄食压力均出现最高值。     

湛江高桥红树林湿地底栖动物粒径谱

在我国,红树林湿地底栖动物粒径谱研究很少。根据2010年1月、4月、7月、10月在湛江高桥红树林湿地获得的大型和小型底栖动物数据,构建了底栖动物生物量粒径谱,以期为湛江高桥红树林湿地的生态保护和持续利用提供科学依据。主要研究结果如下:(1)高桥红树林湿地生物量粒径谱基本为3峰模式。第一峰在-2粒级,主要由线虫构成;第二峰在4—12粒级,主要由寡毛类、多毛类和小个体甲壳类构成;第三峰在13—22粒级,主要由大个体腹足类、双壳类和甲壳类构成。(2)木榄、桐花树和无瓣海桑生境在0—4粒级之间出现一个明显的波谷,这个波谷介于线虫和寡毛类之间,是大型与小型底栖动物粒级交汇区。(3)高桥红树林湿地底栖动物正态化生物量粒径谱的斜率大于-1,截距为16.533—18.150。桐花树(Aegiceras corniculatum)和无瓣海桑(Sonneratia apetala)生境的截距、最小粒级的生物量(BMS)高于木榄(Bruguiera gymnorrhiza)和盐地鼠尾粟(Sporobolus virginicus)生境,说明桐花树和无瓣海桑生境的底栖动物生产力水平较木榄和盐地鼠尾粟生境的高;秋季的截距、BMS较其他季节高,说明秋季的底栖动物生产力水平较其他季节高。     

乐清湾贝类群落组成及其粒径谱结构特征

为了解乐清湾贝类资源情况及群落稳定性特征,基于2016—2017年乐清湾定点调查数据,分析了不同季节乐清湾贝类组成、优势种、资源密度、以及物种多样性,并首次建立乐清湾海域贝类生物量粒径谱与标准化生物量粒径谱。结果显示：1)本次共采集到贝类共计45种,隶属于12目,25科,31属。焦河蓝蛤(Potamocorbula ustulata)为乐清湾绝对优势种;2)资源密度表现为夏季最高,其次为春季,秋季与冬季次之;4个季节的丰富度指数(D)、多样性指数(H′)和均匀度指数(J′)平均为3.26、1.61、0.45,3种多样性指数均处于较低水平;3)ABC曲线显示乐清湾贝类的生物群落处于中度干扰状态;4)乐清湾生物量粒径谱谱型复杂,优势种控制着生物量粒径谱的峰值,且与我国其他海域的结果也存在差异;5)标准化生物量粒径谱的斜率范围为-1.5539—-0.7373,在我国近海海域中属于偏低水平,表明营养循环水平较低。截距范围在16.673—21.597,高于我国其他海域,说明乐清湾贝类生产力水平较高。     

伊乐藻对浮游动物群落结构的影响

浮游动物是淡水生态系统的重要组成部分,一方面浮游动物主要以浮游植物作为食物^[1],同时又能摄食细菌^[2、3]、原生动物^[4、5];另一方面浮游动物又是一些鱼类优良的食物^[6、7]。国内外一些研究发现,有大量沉水植物存在的湖区,浮游动物的种类数、数量、生物量和多样性都比存在少量或没有沉水植物的湖区要高^[8-13]。     

象山港两种网目网采浮游动物群落比较

分别于2010年3月(春)、7月(夏)、9月(秋)、12月(冬),用浮游生物Ⅰ型(网目505 μm)、Ⅱ型(网目160 μm)网同步在象山港进行6站位2重复的浮游动物取样,比较分析了不同时空下两种网目采集的浮游动物群落差异.结果表明：两网间的浮游动物种类数、丰度、生物量、优势种和群落格局都存在极大差异.其中,Ⅰ网的种类数(61种,包括幼虫)、平均丰度(139.0 ind·m^-3)和平均生物量(86.1 mg·m^-3)显著低于Ⅱ网(分别为84种、3780.2 ind·m^-3和191.1 mg·m^-3).在优势种中,除太平洋纺锤水蚤和墨氏胸刺水蚤为两网共有优势种外,其余优势种完全不同.Ⅰ网未检出周年的优势种,而Ⅱ网的周年优势种是针刺拟哲水蚤和桡足类幼体.相似性分析(ANOSIM)和nMDS排序结果显示,两网群落格局不仅在时空上存在显著差异,而且Ⅰ网群落比Ⅱ网更离散.相似性百分比(SIMPER)分析进一步揭示,两网群落格局间平均非相似性高达75%以上,造成两网群落时空非相似性差异的主要判别种是：针刺拟哲水蚤、桡足类幼体、强额拟哲水蚤和短角长腹剑水蚤,而这些种均为Ⅱ网的优势种.表明象山港浮游动物调查时以Ⅱ网更具代表性.     

Long-term study of zooplankton in the estuarine system of Ribeira Bay,near a power plant (Rio de Janeiro,Brazil)

The structure of the zooplankton community in an estuary adjacent to the Admiral álvaro Alberto Nuclear Power Plant at Angra dos Reis, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil was studied from 2001 through 2005. At that time, the power plant had been operating for 20 years. The results were compared with a previous study in 1991–1993. The zooplankton was sampled 4 times a year, in vertical hauls using a 150 μm net, at two fixed points near the plant’s intake and discharge sites. Temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a were measured. The water of Ribeira Bay is warm, with salinities typical of Coastal Water and more saline waters. Zooplankton density at the discharge site (Mean: 245,434 ind m⁻³, SD: 335,358 ind m⁻³) was higher than that at the intake site (Mean: 84,634 ind m⁻³, SD: 101,409 ind m⁻³). A total of 121 mesozooplankton taxa were recorded from 2001 to 2005. Copepoda constituted the most common taxon and comprised more than 57% of the total zooplankton, followed by cladocers and gastropod larvae. A seasonal zooplankton cycle was observed only during 2004; in other years, the plankton varied only between years. Overall mesozooplankton abundance at the discharge site was similar to levels reported from the inner zone of this estuary in 1991–1993. Surface temperature was the important factor structuring the zooplankton community at the discharge site. No effect on the mesozooplankton by passage through the condensers could be discerned, and no permanent negative influence on the plankton populations could be detected. Guest editors: U. M. Azeiteiro, I. Jenkinson & M. J. Pereira Plankton Studies     

象山港国华宁海电厂附近海域小型底栖动物的群落结构

于2008年夏季(6月)和冬季(12月),在象山港国华宁海电厂沿排水口右侧、从近到远相隔500m设立三个断面A、B、C,并对小型底栖动物丰度及其群落结构变化进行调查研究,结果表明:共鉴定出10个小型底栖动物类群,平均丰度达9407.9inds/10cm².从类群上看,自由生活海洋线虫占总丰度的62.3%,介形类占第二位,为19.3%.ANOSIM分析结果显示小型底栖动物季节间的丰度存在明显差异(p<0.05),夏季平均丰度(8055.3±1282.9inds/10cm²)比冬季(2141.1±614.2inds/10cm²)约高出3倍.冬季不同断面间的丰度无显著差异,但夏季断面间差异显著(p<0.05),尤其在排水口附近的A断面丰度最低,为1002.8inds/10cm².SIMPER分析结果显示海洋线虫、介形类、腹足类、涡虫、桡足类是各断面之间非相似的关键类群,这些类群的迁移指示电厂温排水已导致排水口附近海域小型底栖群落结构不稳定,不仅水平分布有差异,垂直分布也明显不同.     

环境因子对唐山湾海域浮游动物群落结构的驱动作用

为研究唐山湾海域浮游动物群落结构与环境因子的关系,于2015年4月(春季)、7月(夏季)、10月(秋季)和12月(冬季)对唐山湾海域浮游动物群落结构、环境因子进行航次调查,并利用多元统计分析和相关分析法分析了浮游动物群落结构的时空变化及其主要环境驱动因子.结果表明: 影响唐山湾海域浮游动物丰度的主要环境因素为无机氮(DIN)、悬浮物(SS)、水温(T)和叶绿素a(Chl a);唐山湾海域浮游动物群落结构的空间差异主要受溶解氧(DO)、T和Chla的驱动;在唐山湾不同海域中,影响浮游动物群落结构的因素存在差异,其中乐亭海域和三岛海域浮游动物群落结构的主要影响因素为物理因素,曹妃甸海域则主要受化学因素的影响.这表明在唐山湾人类活动影响强度大的海域,浮游动物群落结构更多地受化学因素影响(DIN、活性磷酸盐),而人类活动影响小的海域则更多地受物理因素的影响(T、SS).     

Seasonal dynamics of zooplankton and grazing impact of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in Sanmen Bay, China

The species composition, biomass, abundance and species diversity of zooplankton were determined for samples collected from 12 stations in Sanmen Bay, China, in four cruises from August 2002 to May 2003. Growth of phytoplankton and grazing rates of microzooplankton were measured using the dilution technique. The spatial and temporal variation of zooplankton and its relationship with environmental factors were also analyzed. The results showed that a total of 89 species of zooplankton belonging to 67 genera and 16 groups of pelagic larvae were found in Sanmen Bay. The coastal low-saline species was the dominant ecotype in the study area, and the dominant species were Calanus sinicus, Labidocera euchaeta, Tortanus derjugini, Acartia pacifica, Pseudeuphausia sinica and Sagitta bedoti. Maximum biomass was recorded in August, followed by November and May, and the lowest biomass was recorded in February. Similarly, the highest abundance of zooplankton was observed in August, followed by May, November, and February. Grazing pressure of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in Sanmen Bay existed throughout the year, although the grazing rate of microzooplankton on phytoplankton varied with the season. Estimates for growth rate of phytoplankton ranged from 0.25 d⁻¹ to 0.89 d⁻¹, whereas grazing rate of microzooplankton ranged between 0.18 d⁻¹ and 0.68 d⁻¹ in different seasons. The growth rate of phytoplankton exceeded the grazing rate of microzooplankton in all the seasons. Grazing pressure of microzooplankton on phytoplankton ranged from 16.1% d⁻¹ to 49.1% d⁻¹, and the grazing pressure of microzooplankton on primary production of phytoplankton ranged from 58.3% d⁻¹ to 83.6% d⁻¹ in different seasons.     

Seasonal dynamics of zooplankton and grazing impact of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in Sanmen Bay, China

The species composition, biomass, abundance and species diversity of zooplankton were determined for samples collected from 12 stations in Sanmen Bay, China, in four cruises from August 2002 to May 2003. Growth of phytoplankton and grazing rates of microzooplankton were measured using the dilution technique. The spatial and temporal variation of zooplankton and its relationship with environmental factors were also analyzed. The results showed that a total of 89 species of zooplankton belonging to 67 genera and 16 groups of pelagic larvae were found in Sanmen Bay. The coastal low-saline species was the dominant ecotype in the study area, and the dominant species were Calanus sinicus, Labidocera euchaeta, Tortanus derjugini, Acartia pacifica, Pseudeuphausia sinica and Sagitta bedoti. Maximum biomass was recorded in August, followed by November and May, and the lowest biomass was recorded in February. Similarly, the highest abundance of zooplankton was observed in August, followed by May, November, and February. Grazing pressure of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in Sanmen Bay existed throughout the year, although the grazing rate of microzooplankton on phytoplankton varied with the season. Estimates for growth rate of phytoplankton ranged from 0.25 d^?1 to 0.89 d^?1, whereas grazing rate of microzooplankton ranged between 0.18 d^?1 and 0.68 d^?1 in different seasons. The growth rate of phytoplankton exceeded the grazing rate of microzooplankton in all the seasons. Grazing pressure of microzooplankton on phytoplankton ranged from 16.1% d^?1 to 49.1% d^?1, and the grazing pressure of microzooplankton on primary production of phytoplankton ranged from 58.3% d^?1 to 83.6% d^?1 in different seasons.     

Seasonal dynamics and grazing rate of zooplankton in Yueqing Bay, China

The species composition, biomass, abundance, and species diversity of zooplankton were determined for samples collected from August 2002 to May 2003 from 14 stations in Yueqing Bay, China. Phytoplankton growth rate and microzooplankton grazing rate were obtained by using the dilution method developed by Landry and Hassett. The spatial and temporal variations of zooplankton and its relationship with environmental factors were also analyzed. The results showed that the zooplankton in the Yueqing Bay could be divided into four ecotypes, namely coastal low saline species, estuary brackish water species, offshore warm water species, and eurytopic species. A total of 75 species of zooplankton belonging to 56 genera and 17 groups of pelagic larva were identified in the Yueqing Bay. The coastal low saline species was the dominant ecotype in the study area, and the dominant species were Labidocera euchaeta, Acartia pacifica, Acrocalanus gibber, Pseudeuphausia sinica, and Sagitta bedoti among others. There was considerable seasonal variation in zooplankton biomass and abundance in the surveyed areas. The peak biomass appeared in August, descending in November and in May, and the lowest biomass appeared in February. Similarly, the highest abundance of zooplankton was observed in August, with the abundance descending in the following months: May, November, and February. There were similar horizontal distribution patterns for the biomass and the abundance of zooplankton. They both increased from the upper to the lower bay in February and May, but decreased from the upper to the lower bay in August. Biomass and abundance were evenly distributed in the Yueqing Bay in November. Moreover, there was marked seasonal variation in the species diversity of zooplankton, which conformed to the abundance of zooplankton. Results of the dilution experiments indicated that there was grazing pressure of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the Yueqing Bay throughout the year though the rate of microzooplankton grazing on phytoplankton varied seasonally. Phytoplanktons were growing at 0.26–2.07/d and grazed by microzooplankton at a rate of 0.15–0.48/d in different seasons. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(8): 1853–1862 [译自: 生态学报, 2005, 25(8): 1853–1862]