抑制乳腺癌转移的两种内源性microRNA

尽管已知肿瘤细胞的转移是造成实体瘤患者死亡的主要原因,但目前人们对其分子和细胞机制仍不甚了解。基于转录水平的研究结果提示一系列基因主要在肿瘤组织中表达,并与肿瘤细胞的迁移密切相关,从而影响患者的预后和生存。这些基因赋予肿瘤细胞更易于转移的表型,增强血管生成和入侵特性,以及更改迁移微环境的能力。这些基因无疑为相应的临床研究提供靶点。     

UHRF1基因在乳腺癌循环肿瘤细胞中的表达研究

外周血液中乳腺循环癌肿瘤细胞的生物表征与转移性乳腺癌的严重程度密切相关,本研究的目的在于结合体外细胞实验探讨UHRF1基因对乳腺癌进展的意义。多重RNA原位分析乳腺癌循环肿瘤细胞(circulating tumor cells,CTCs)中UHRF1的表达;MTT法检测UHRF1基因转染对正常乳腺细胞增殖的影响;蛋白免疫印迹检测UHRF1基因转染对正常乳腺细胞中Bax蛋白和Bcl-2蛋白的影响;Caspase-3检测试剂盒检测正常乳腺细胞中Caspase-3活性;Transwell侵袭实验和划痕愈合实验检测UHRF1基因转染对正常乳腺细胞侵袭和迁移能力的影响。研究发现,UHRF1 RNA水平在乳腺癌循环肿瘤细胞中高表达;UHRF1基因增加正常乳腺细胞增殖率;UHRF1基因降低正常乳腺细胞中Caspase-3活性;UHRF1基因降低正常乳腺细胞中Bax蛋白的表达,增加Bcl-2蛋白的表达;UHRF1基因增强正常乳腺细胞侵袭和迁移能力。本研究初步说明,UHRF1可促进正常乳腺细胞增殖,抑制正常乳腺细胞凋亡,增强正常乳腺细胞侵袭和迁移能力。     

Snail基因修饰对骨髓基质干细胞骨架结构稳定作用及促迁移和对无血清培养诱导细胞凋亡的保护作用研究

转录因子Snail是调控肿瘤细胞迁徙转移的重要调控分子,基于干细胞与肿瘤细胞分子机制的重叠性,提出通过借鉴肿瘤细胞迁移的相关机制以用于提高骨髓基质干细胞向缺氧受损组织迁移能力的假设和研究思路,探讨Snail基因在人骨髓基质干细胞(MSCs)中的转染和表达情况,及转染后对基质干细胞促迁移作用、骨架结构的稳定作用及对无血清培养诱导细胞凋亡的保护作用。密度梯度离心法及细胞体外培养分离纯化人骨髓MSCs,脂质体法将重组表达载体pCAGGSneo-Snail-HA转染MSCs,G418筛选稳定表达,流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面抗原,采用免疫荧光染色技术检测转染后MSCs报告基因HA及目的基因Snail表达,Transwell细胞迁移实验和Western-blot评估细胞迁移能力和检测有关细胞信号转导通路分子水平变化,荧光染色分析细胞骨架,Sub-G1凋亡峰流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率并评估细胞抗凋亡能力。经流式细胞仪选择检测分离纯化扩增MSCs表面分子特点为CD34(-)/CD29( ),Snail及报告基因在转染后MSCs呈阳性表达,Snail质粒转染MSCs(MSCs-Sna)较对照空质粒转染MSCs(MSCs-neo)细胞迁移率增加(P<0.05),PI-3K信号通路特异性抑制剂Wortmannin能显著抑制此迁移率的增加,无血清培养72h后,MSCs-Sna凋亡率较MSCs-neo低(P<0.05)。经Snail基因转染,MSCs迁移能力、骨架结构的稳定性及在无血清培养环境中抗凋亡能力增加。     

DDX20基因对胃癌细胞迁移能力的调控作用

基于细胞划痕实验研究了DDX20基因对胃癌细胞迁移能力的调控作用。首先采用实时定量PCR检测人胃粘膜细胞GES、胃癌细胞MGC803、SGC7901和MKN74中DDX20基因的表达水平,确定DDX20基因高表达和低表达细胞株;进而针对DDX20基因设计、包被过表达并干扰慢病毒,基于实时定量PCR和Western Blot筛选稳定转染细胞株;基于稳定转染细胞株进行细胞划痕实验并采集图片。结果显示,与正常的胃粘膜细胞GES相比,DDX20基因在MGC803胃癌细胞中表达水平最高、MKN74胃癌细胞中表达水平次之、SGC7901胃癌细胞中表达水平最低。转染DDX20过表达慢病毒后,DDX20基因及蛋白表达水平显著增加;转染DDX20干扰慢病毒后,DDX20基因及蛋白表达水平显著降低,特别是转染干扰组2干扰慢病毒。过表达DDX20基因能显著促进胃癌细胞的迁移,抑制DDX20基因的表达可显著降低胃癌细胞的迁移。结果表明,DDX20基因是一个肿瘤转移相关基因,通过抑制该基因的表达能有效降低肿瘤细胞的迁移,为胃癌的临床治疗提供了一个潜在靶点,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Snail基因修饰对骨髓基质干细胞骨架结构稳定作用及促迁移和对无血清培养诱导细胞凋亡的保护作用研究

转录因子Snail是调控肿瘤细胞迁徙转移的重要调控分子,基于干细胞与肿瘤细胞分子机制的重叠性,提出通过借鉴肿瘤细胞迁移的相关机制以用于提高骨髓基质干细胞向缺氧受损组织迁移能力的假设和研究思路,探讨Snail基因在人骨髓基质干细胞（MSCs）中的转染和表达情况,及转染后对基质干细胞促迁移作用、骨架结构的稳定作用及对无血清培养诱导细胞凋亡的保护作用。密度梯度离心法及细胞体外培养分离纯化人骨髓MSCs,脂质体法将重组表达载体pCAGGSneo-Snail-HA转染MSCs,G418筛选稳定表达,流式细胞仪检测MSCs表面抗原,采用免疫荧光染色技术检测转染后MSCs报告基因HA及目的基因Snail表达,Transwell细胞迁移实验和Western-blot评估细胞迁移能力和检测有关细胞信号转导通路分子水平变化,荧光染色分析细胞骨架,Sub-G₁凋亡峰流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡率并评估细胞抗凋亡能力。经流式细胞仪选择检测分离纯化扩增MSCs表面分子特点为CD34(-)/CD29(+),Snail及报告基因在转染后MSCs呈阳性表达,Snail质粒转染MSCs(MSCs-Sna)较对照空质粒转染MSCs(MSCs-neo)细胞迁移率增加(P<0.05),PI-3K信号通路特异性抑制剂Wortmannin能显著抑制此迁移率的增加,无血清培养72h后,MSCs-Sna凋亡率较MSCs-neo低(P<0.05)。经Snail基因转染,MSCs迁移能力、骨架结构的稳定性及在无血清培养环境中抗凋亡能力增加。     

MicroRNAs-126（miR-126）的生物学功能

MicroRNAs(MiRNAs)负向调控基因的表达,在细胞分化和细胞功能调节中起着重要作用,且涉及血管新生。应用克隆和测序方法,检测出miR-126在人内皮细胞高度表达。MiR-126与许多肿瘤关系密切,miR-126通过信号传导通路负向调控肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭,并且抑制肿瘤生长延长患者存活率;相反的,在某些肿瘤中miR-126也可通过促进肿瘤细胞血管生长加速肿瘤进展,可能是未来作为相关肿瘤治疗的手段之一。本文就miR-126在生理进程和病理进程的表达及其作用进行综述。     

NF-κB信号转导途径与肿瘤抗凋亡关系的研究进展

细胞核因子κB(NF—κB)家族及其介导的细胞信号转导通路广泛调控着人类免疫和炎症反应中一系列基因的表达,同时也发现它对肿瘤的发生发展有着重要作用,特别是它可以调控一些细胞凋亡相关基因如TRAF家族、IAPs家族、Bcl-2家族及FLIP基因、p53基因、COX-2基因的转录表达,从而大大提高肿瘤细胞的抗凋亡能力。本文就近年来对NF—κB通路与肿瘤抗凋亡关系的研究进展作一综述。     

白藜芦醇抑制上皮肿瘤细胞侵袭和迁移的机制

白藜芦醇是一种多酚类的植物抗毒素,具有多种生物学活性,其中,抗肿瘤作用受到人们越来越多的关注。大量实验表明,白藜芦醇具有靶向抑制癌细胞侵袭和迁移的能力。EMT过程使上皮细胞获得间充质表型,从而促进癌细胞的侵袭和迁移。Micro RNAs可靶向EMT的转录因子以及上皮和间充质标志物来调节EMT过程。MMP-2和MMP-9是细胞外基质的两个重要成分,均参与肿瘤细胞的转移。白藜芦醇通过影响EMT过程、调控micro RNAs家族的表达以及抑制MMPs的蛋白表达和酶活性来影响上皮肿瘤细胞的侵袭和迁移。现对白藜芦醇抑制上皮肿瘤细胞侵袭、迁移的机制进行综述。     

B-Myb稳定过表达H1299细胞株的构建与分析

B—Myb是Myb家族的成员之一,在细胞周期和癌变过程中具有重要作用。但其在肺癌中的作用及其分子机制仍不清楚。为了研究B—Myb在肺癌中的作用,构建了B-Myb稳定过表达的H1299肺癌细胞株。流式细胞术和MTT检测的结果表明,B—Myb稳定过表达导致G1期细胞减少,S期细胞增加进而促进细胞增殖：克隆形成实验及Transwell的结果表明,B—Myb稳定过表达显著增强H1299细胞的克隆形成、侵袭及迁移能力。定量RT-PCR检测结果表明,B—Myb稳定过表达显著提高了细胞周期基因CCNA1的表达水平;对CD97和MTSS1等细胞运动相关下游基因的表达则无明显影响。该研究成功构建了B-Myb稳定过表达细胞株,发现了B-Myb过表达可促进肺癌细胞的增殖、侵袭迁移及克隆形成能力,为进一步研究奠定了基础。     

转录抑制因子GCF2促进肝癌细胞BEL-7404迁移相关靶基因的初步鉴定

GCF2是转录抑制因子,为了研究GCF2蛋白在肝癌细胞BEL-7404迁移中的作用,并根据芯片结果验证GCF2调控参与迁移的靶基因,我们采用siR NA沉默GCF2蛋白表达,然后通过transwell实验检测GCF2沉默前后BEL-7404细胞迁移的变化,最后荧光定量RT-PCR和Western blot验证芯片结果中与迁移相关基因的表达。研究结果显示siR NA干扰GCF2成功后进行迁移实验,si RNA-GCF2组,FAM-siR NA-NC组,脂质体组,和未处理野生型BEL-7404组24 h后细胞穿过8滋m微孔滤膜的数目(x±s)分别为41.66±1.52、41.66±1.15、41.33±1.5、18.66±0.577,差异均有统计学意义(p约0.01)。QRT-PCR验证9个候选基因中,MyD 88在si RNA-GCF2组内表达显著高于其余三组(p约0.05)。Western blot检测siR NA干扰GCF2后肝癌细胞BEL-7404的MyD 88的蛋白表达显著高于其余三组(p约0.05)。结果表明si RNA沉默转录因子GCF2蛋白表达可抑制肿瘤细胞BEL-7404迁移,推测GCF2作为转录因子可能通过抑制靶基因MyD 88的表达参与细胞的迁移。     

Taurine prevented cell cycle arrest and restored neurotrophic gene expression in arsenite-treated SH-SY5Y cells

The study investigated the effect of taurine on cell viability and neurotrophic gene expression in arsenite-treated human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Arsenite-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and interrupted cell cycle in SH-SY5Y cells. In addition, arsenite reduced mitochondria membrane potential (MMP) and decreased neurotrophic gene expressions such as n-myc downstream-regulated gene 4 (NDRG-4), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and sirtuin-1 (SIRT-1) in SH-SY5Y cells. In parallel, taurine prevented cell cycle, restored MMP and reduced the intracellular ROS level, and taurine recovered NDRG-4, BDNF and SIRT-1 gene expressions in arsenite-treated SH-SY5Y cells while taurine alone has no effect on these parameters.     

MiR-218 Inhibits Invasion and Metastasis of Gastric Cancer by Targeting the Robo1 Receptor

MicroRNAs play key roles in tumor metastasis. Here, we describe the regulation and function of miR-218 in gastric cancer (GC) metastasis. miR-218 expression is decreased along with the expression of one of its host genes, Slit3 in metastatic GC. However, Robo1, one of several Slit receptors, is negatively regulated by miR-218, thus establishing a negative feedback loop. Decreased miR-218 levels eliminate Robo1 repression, which activates the Slit-Robo1 pathway through the interaction between Robo1 and Slit2, thus triggering tumor metastasis. The restoration of miR-218 suppresses Robo1 expression and inhibits tumor cell invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results describe a Slit-miR-218-Robo1 regulatory circuit whose disruption may contribute to GC metastasis. Targeting miR-218 may provide a strategy for blocking tumor metastasis.     

ICAM3 mediates tumor metastasis via a LFA-1-ICAM3-ERM dependent manner

ICAM3 was reported to promote metastasis in tumors. However, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we disclosed that the expression of ICAM3 was closely correlated with the TNM stage of human breast and lung cancer, as well as the dominant overexpression in high aggressive tumor cell lines (231 and A549 cells). Moreover, the knockdown of ICAM3 inhibited tumor metastasis whereas the ectopic expression of ICAM3 promoted tumor metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, exploration of the underlying mechanism demonstrated that ICAM3 not only binds to LFA-1 with its extracellular domain and structure protein ERM but also to lamellipodia with its intracellular domain which causes a tension that pulls cells apart (metastasis). Furthermore, ICAM3 extracellular or intracellular mutants alternatively abolished ICAM3 mediated tumor metastasis in vitro and in vivo. As a therapy strategy, LFA-1 antibody or Lifitegrast restrained tumor metastasis via targeting ICAM3-LFA-1 interaction. In summary, the aforementioned findings suggest a model of ICAM3 in mediating tumor metastasis. This may provide a promising target or strategy for the prevention of tumor metastasis.     

The Cardioprotective Protein Apolipoprotein A1 Promotes Potent Anti-tumorigenic Effects

Here, we show that apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL), through both innate and adaptive immune processes, potently suppresses tumor growth and metastasis in multiple animal tumor models, including the aggressive B16F10L murine malignant melanoma model. Mice expressing the human apoA1 transgene (A1Tg) exhibited increased infiltration of CD11b⁺ F4/80⁺ macrophages with M1, anti-tumor phenotype, reduced tumor burden and metastasis, and enhanced survival. In contrast, apoA1-deficient (A1KO) mice showed markedly heightened tumor growth and reduced survival. Injection of human apoA1 into A1KO mice inoculated with tumor cells remarkably reduced both tumor growth and metastasis, enhanced survival, and promoted regression of both tumor and metastasis burden when administered following palpable tumor formation and metastasis development. Studies with apolipoprotein A2 revealed the anti-cancer therapeutic effect was specific to apoA1. In vitro studies ruled out substantial direct suppressive effects by apoA1 or HDL on tumor cells. Animal models defective in different aspects of immunity revealed both innate and adaptive arms of immunity contribute to complete apoA1 anti-tumor activity. This study reveals a potent immunomodulatory role for apoA1 in the tumor microenvironment, altering tumor-associated macrophages from a pro-tumor M2 to an anti-tumor M1 phenotype. Use of apoA1 to redirect in vivo elicited tumor-infiltrating macrophages toward tumor rejection may hold benefit as a potential cancer therapeutic.     

Recent advances in breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1

Metastasis is a complex process divided into a number of steps including detachment of tumor cells from the primary tumor, invasion, migration, intravasation, survival in the vasculature, extravasation, and colonization of the secondary site. Proteins that block metastasis without inhibiting primary tumor formation are known as metastasis suppressors; examples are NM23, Maspin, KAI1, KISS1, and MKK4. Breast cancer metastasis suppressor 1 (BRMS1) was identified as a suppressor of breast cancer metastasis in the late 1990s. In vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that BRMS1 is a potent metastasis suppressor not limited to breast cancer. However, conflicting clinical observations regarding its role as a metastasis suppressor and its validity as a diagnostic biomarker warrant more in-depth clinical study. In this review, the authors provide an overview of its biology, function, action mechanism and pathological significance.     

Perforin is a major contributor to NK cell control of tumor metastasis.

We provide the first demonstration, using experimental and spontaneous models of metastasis in C57BL/6 (B6) (RM-1 prostate carcinoma) and BALB/c (DA3 mammary carcinoma) mice, that tumor metastasis is primarily controlled by perforin-dependent cytotoxicity mediated by NK1.1+ cells. MHC class Ilow RM-1 and DA3 tumor cells were sensitive in vitro to Fas-mediated lysis or spleen NK cells in a perforin-dependent fashion. Perforin-deficient NK cells did not lyse these tumors, and perforin-deficient mice were 10-100-fold less proficient than wild-type mice in rejecting the metastasis of tumor cells to the lung. Fas ligand mutant gld mice displayed uncompromised protection against tumor metastasis. Depletion of NK subsets resulted in greater numbers of metastases than observed in perforin-deficient mice, suggesting that perforin-independent effector functions of NK cells may also contribute to protection from tumor metastasis.     

Systems Analysis of a Mouse Xenograft Model Reveals Annexin A1 as a Regulator of Gene Expression in Tumor Stroma

Annexin A1 is a multi functional molecule which is involved in inflammation, innate and adaptive immune systems, tumor progression and metastasis. We have previously showed the impaired tumor growth, metastasis, angiogenesis and wound healing in annexin A1 knockout mice. While tumor is a piece of heterogeneous mass including not only malignant tumor cells but also the stroma, the importance of the tumor stroma for tumor progression and metastasis is becoming increasingly clear. The tumor stroma is comprised by various components including extracellular matrix and non-malignant cells in the tumor, such as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, immune cells, inflammatory cells. Based on our previous finding of pro-angiogenic functions for annexin A1 in vascular endothelial cell sprouting, wound healing, tumor growth and metastasis, and the previously known properties for annexin A1 in immune cells and inflammation, this study hypothesized that annexin A1 is a key functional player in tumor development, linking the various components in tumor stroma by its actions in endothelial cells and immune cells. Using systems analysis programs commercially available, this paper further compared the gene expression between tumors from annexin A1 wild type mice and annexin A1 knockout mice and found a list of genes that significantly changed in the tumor stroma that lacked annexin A1. This revealed annexin A1 to be an effective regulator in tumor stroma and suggested a mechanism that annexin A1 affects tumor development and metastasis through interaction with the various components in the microenvironment surrounding the tumor cells.     

乳腺癌转移抑制因子BRMS1研究进展

癌转移是导致癌症患者死亡的主要原因, 因此, 研究癌转移的分子机制能为癌症的预后和治疗提供新的方法。癌转移抑制基因是一类只抑制癌细胞的转移而不影响肿瘤的发生与生长的基因。BRMS1是2000年在乳腺癌细胞中发现的癌转移抑制基因。它所编码的蛋白还可以抑制黑素瘤细胞和小鼠乳腺癌细胞的转移。BRMS1定位于核内, 与mSin3-HDAC复合体相互作用, 并且可以改变乳腺癌细胞的connexin表达特征, 从而恢复间隙连接介导的细胞间连接通讯。文章就BRMS1的研究进展做一综述, 对其相关的基因也给予简单的介绍, 并对它可能的作用机制进行了预测。     

The carboxyl-terminal half region of ADAMTS-1 suppresses both tumorigenicity and experimental tumor metastatic potential

ADAMTS-1 is an ECM-anchored metalloproteinase with proteoglycan-degrading activity as well as an angiogenesis inhibiting activity. Here, we examined the effects of ADAMTS-1 overexpression on in vivo tumor growth and tumor metastasis. Overexpression of only the C-terminal half region of ADAMTS-1, consisting of TSP type I motifs and the spacer region, suppressed Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) tumor growth in mice. In addition, a significant reduction in tumor metastatic potential was observed in ADAMTS-1-transfected CHO cells in an experimental metastasis assay. Furthermore, deletional analyses revealed that the C-terminal half region of ADAMTS-1 is responsible for its experimental metastasis-inhibitory activity. Our data suggest that the C-terminal half region of ADAMTS-1 has therapeutic potential as an inhibitor of tumor growth and metastasis.