朱鹮幼雏大肠杆菌病的病理组织学观察

对一例大肠杆菌病死亡的5日龄朱鹮进行了系统的病理组织学观察。结果发现：肺内小静脉充血、出血,肺间质有大量的炎性细胞浸润。肝脏血管有“血管套”现象,肝细胞变性、坏死。肾小管上皮细胞变性、坏死,肾内炎性细胞浸润。心肌间隔增宽,肌纤维断裂。脑中有“卫星化”和“嗜神经”现象。小脑蒲肯野氏细胞肿胀。各段消化管上皮均有不同程度的轻微脱落和局部炎性细胞浸润。胰腺、气管无明显变化。     

尾部悬吊对达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌形态及 mATP 酶活性的影响

采用尾部悬吊法建立后肢骨骼肌废用的动物模型,以肌球蛋白ATP酶(mATPase)法测定比目鱼肌的mATPase活性,依据mATPase染色结果进行肌纤维分型,并测量肌纤维横截面积(Cross-section area,CSA),首次观察了尾部悬吊对达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌湿重、CSA和梭外肌、梭内肌纤维mATPase活性的影响,并与尾部悬吊大鼠进行了比较。旨在探讨冬眠动物骨骼肌在废用状态下的变化。结果显示,尾部悬吊14d可使大鼠比目鱼肌湿重体重比下降35.52%(P<0.001),Ⅰ型肌纤维CSA和Ⅱ型肌纤维CSA分别下降18.91%和20.68%(P<0.05);肌纤维平均CSA减少20.45%(P<0.01)。比目鱼肌中Ⅰ型肌纤维的构成比由对照组的80.61%降低为66.83%,Ⅱ型肌纤维的构成比由19.39%增加到33.17%(P<0.001);梭内肌纤维mATPase活性增强,核袋1纤维的mATPase染色由阴性(-)转变为强阳性( ),核袋2纤维和核链纤维由阳性( )转变为强阳性( )。而达乌尔黄鼠在尾部悬吊14d后,比目鱼肌湿重仅比对照组下降0.05%,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维CSA与平均CSA分别比对照组减少0.84%、0.63%和0.37%,均无明显差异(P>0.05);与对照组相比,比目鱼肌中Ⅰ型肌纤维的构成比从82.55%减少到77.30%,Ⅱ型肌纤维的构成比由17.45%增加到22.70%(P<0.05);梭内肌纤维mATPase活性亦明显升高,核袋1纤维的mATPase染色由对照组的阴性(-)转化为强阳性( ),核袋2纤维及核链纤维则由对照组的阳性( )转化为核袋2纤维呈阳性( ),核链纤维则呈弱阳性( )。结果表明:尾部悬吊可致大鼠比目鱼肌明显萎缩;达乌尔黄鼠比目鱼肌则无明显萎缩;两者比目鱼肌梭内、外肌mATPase活性均明显升高。     

皖西白鹅胚胎中、后期肌组织发育变化的观察

分别于17、23、29胚龄各取6枚胚胎发育正常的种蛋,分离鹅胚的心脏、肌胃及大腿骨骼肌,制作石蜡切片,HE染色,显微观察、摄影.观察皖西白鹅胚胎中、后期肌肉组织发育的变化.结果表明,17d时的骨骼肌、平滑肌、心肌的发育程度均较低,没有形成正常的肌纤维形态,之后呈现随龄性增长.骨骼肌和平滑肌在17 d～23 d期间是以肌纤维数量的增加为主,即成肌细胞的分裂增殖,23 d～29 d 期间成肌细胞分化融合形成肌纤维;心脏成纤维细胞增殖速度较快,17 d心脏肌纤维已经排列紧密基本吻合成网状;17 d后主要是心肌纤维的伸长和成熟化的过程.说明胚胎期心肌组织的生长发育要早于骨骼肌与平滑肌.     

大鼠肌卫星细胞移植失神经骨骼肌的形态学观测

目的探讨大鼠肌卫星细胞移植能否延缓失神经骨骼肌萎缩。方法将16只成年Wistar大鼠分为实验组与对照组,两组均切断大鼠右后肢胫神经,建立腓肠肌失神经动物模型。实验组：将体外培养的同种异体肌卫星细胞悬液0．2mL缓慢注射到失神经腓肠肌内、外侧头中;对照组：则缓慢注射等量的生理盐水于相同部位。术后第4周,采用肌湿重、肌纤维横截面积形态学观测的方法,检测失神经骨骼肌的萎缩变化情况。结果成功地对成年大鼠肌卫星细胞进行了分离、纯化、鉴定、培养和移植。发现实验组与对照组相比,失神经腓肠肌湿重残存率（由手术侧与自身健侧的肌湿重测定值之比得出）：实验组为0．48±0．050,对照组为0．33±0．059,二者存在显著性差异（P〈0．01）;腓肠肌纤维横截面积残存率（由手术侧与自身健侧的肌纤维横截面积测定值之比得出）：实验组为0．58±0．011,对照组为0．50±0．018,二者存在显著性差异（P〈0．01）。结论本实验表明将肌卫星细胞异体移植到失神经骨骼肌内可明显延缓骨骼肌的萎缩进程,为再生神经到达靶器官提供较多的时间,进而为解决再生神经延伸到靶器官前,靶器官已发生不可逆性萎缩,严重制约再生神经效果的临床难题提供一个新的研究思路。     

CD133^＋干细胞移植——肌营养不良治疗的重大突破

进行性假肥大性肌营养不良（DMD）是进行性肌营养不良病的一种最常见类型,主要影响男性X性连锁隐性遗传性肌肉疾病,以缓慢进行性加重的对称性肌无力和肌萎缩为主要特征。大多数病例有明确的家族史。其主要的病理改变是慢性骨骼肌细胞变性、坏死,出现肌细胞萎缩与代偿性增大相嵌分布的典型表现。     

中华眼镜蛇心脏毒素和磷脂酶A_2引起小白鼠骨骼肌损伤的超微结构研究

中华眼镜蛇(Naja naja atra)的三个单一组份:心脏毒素Ⅰ、心脏毒素Ⅱ和磷脂酶A_2(称简为CTⅠ,CIⅡ和PhA_2),两个混和组份:CTⅠ-PhA_2和CTⅡ-PhA_2,分别注射到小白鼠后肢小腿胫骨前肌内,观察和研究小白鼠骨骼肌损伤的超微结构变化。这三个毒性组份均能造成小白鼠骨骼肌肌纤维的明显损伤和坏死,肌质膜、核膜和线粒体膜损伤,肌丝溶解而形成各种絮状游离坏死小块;肌小管系统消失;线粒体肿胀并形成含有嵴碎片的空泡;肌质网溶解; 肌纤维内出现有大量囊泡状结构物。整个肌纤维变成一种含有各种细胞器残骸并由破损肌质膜所包围的低电子密度破损细胞。五个组份所形成的超微结构损伤变化并无显著差异,CTⅠ-PhA_2或CTⅡ-PhA_2这两个混合组份比相应的单一组份的损伤似乎更严重些。     

心室肌的大体与显微的层次解剖研究

目的:通过对心室肌的大体解剖与组织学切片显示心室肌纤维的层次走向,比较心肌传统概念与心肌带理论的差异.方法:(1)应用大体解剖、组织切片HE染色、虚拟切片扫描方法显示心室肌的纤维走向及层次构造.(2)将防腐固定后的成人正常心脏顺心肌纤维方向分层解剖心肌,使之展开成带,验证心肌带理论.结果:将防腐固定的成人正常心脏经改良的解剖方法解剖,可解剖出一条完整的心肌带,分为2个环,4个段.心肌带呈螺旋走向.用大体解剖与组织切片HE染色、虚拟切片扫描显示右心室肌起始于纤维三角为一条单层肌肉带,左心室肌分为三层肌纤维起始于纤维三角与纤维环,肌纤维从纤维三角与纤维环持续由外向内转变呈现为一种交错结构,纵行的浅层心肌纤维在心尖以90°的角返回心底方向,构成深层心室肌形成肉柱,部分心肌纤维斜、横行构成中层心室肌.三者在心尖呈现出一种螺旋形结构.应用虚拟切片扫描技术能完整、清楚地显示心室肌某一切面的结构走向.结论:心肌传统理论与心肌带理论并未完全冲突,心肌带理论的降段、左室断、升段与传统理论的浅、中、深三层相对应.     

骨骼肌卫星细胞对肉品质的影响及其分化调控

骨骼肌卫星细胞是一种肌源性干细胞, 在骨骼肌的生长、发育及肌肉损伤修复中有着至关重要的作用。肌卫星细胞通过增殖、分化融合肌纤维形成新的肌核从而导致骨骼肌纤维的肥大以及骨骼肌纤维类型的相互转化, 进而影响肉品质的形成。文章从肌纤维的发育与肉品质形成、卫星细胞分化与肌纤维特征的相关性等方面, 对卫星细胞的Notch等经典遗传信号通路和miRNA等表观遗传调控及其对肉品质的影响进行了综述。     

广西眼镜王蛇毒酸性磷脂酶A2的肌毒性研究

目的 研究广西眼镜王蛇毒一种酸性磷脂酶A2（命名为APLA2－1）的肌毒性。方法 大鼠注射2.6mg/kg的APLA2－1后,分别于6h、24h取心肌和骨骼肌通过光镜和电镜观察它们的病理改变;或于0h、3h、6h、12h、24h取尾一胸脉血测定血清肌酶的动态变化。结果 光镜检查显示,大鼠注射APLA2－1 24h后,骨骼肌发生变性和轻度坏死,心肌无明显改变;电镜结果显示,骨骼肌在6h、24h,心肌在24h,细胞超微结构均受到不同程度的破坏;血清肌酶检测显示,注射APLA2－1后,肌酶升高显著,12h达到最大值。结论 广西眼镜王蛇毒酸性磷脂酶A2具有肌毒性,骨骼肌比心肌对其更为敏感;与别的肌毒性PLA2相比,它的毒力显得较为缓慢温和。     

去负荷小鼠比目鱼肌收缩特性和纤维类型转化

目的:探讨去负荷后小鼠比目鱼肌的收缩特性与骨骼肌纤维类型转化之间的关系。方法:采用离体肌肉灌流技术和电刺激方法,在小鼠后肢去负荷28 d引起骨骼肌萎缩后,观察比目鱼肌单收缩、强直收缩能力和肌疲劳指标等收缩特性的改变,同时利用组织免疫荧光染色和实时定量聚合酶链式反应(real-time PCR)等技术检测去负荷后比目鱼肌快慢肌纤维组成和纤维类型转化的变化。结果:去负荷28 d后,小鼠比目鱼肌单收缩力、强直收缩能力和疲劳指数(fatigue index)均有显著性下降,同时伴有快肌纤维亚型的增加和慢肌纤维亚型的减少。结论:去负荷28 d后小鼠比目鱼肌收缩特性的改变和快慢肌纤维类型的转化有关。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.