水分逆境对吊兰叶片膜质组成的影响

测定了吊兰(Chlorophytum comosum)在干旱、正常浇水和渍水三种供水条件下叶片的磷脂组成、膜脂和总磷脂的脂肪酸组成,以及磷脂中4种主要组分PG、PE、PC和PI的脂肪酸组成,观察到干旱使磷脂中PE的相对含量增加,PE脂肪酸中16:0明显减少,而膜脂,总磷脂和PC、PI中饱和脂肪酸增加,但PG脂肪酸组成变化很小。     

逆境对真菌膜脂肪酸成分的影响

利用气相色谱对真菌膜脂肪酸在逆境下的变化进行研究,发现低温胁迫时膜上的不饱和脂肪酸较多,低碳源浓度、低氧浓度和高盐浓度胁迫时,膜上不饱和脂肪酸的含量反而出现降低。表明不同逆境胁迫时,真菌中膜的脂肪酸含量不一样。     

灌浆期高温和水分逆境对冬小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响

灌浆期高温和水分逆境是影响小麦籽粒产量和品质的关键气候因子。以扬麦9号、徐州26和豫麦34三个小麦品种为材料,利用人工气候室模拟灌浆期高温和水分胁迫环境,研究了花后高温及温度和水分互作对小麦籽粒蛋白质和淀粉形成的影响。结果表明,高温显著提高了小麦籽粒蛋白质含量及清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白含量,但降低了谷蛋白含量,导致麦谷蛋白／醇溶蛋白比值降低。高温显著降低了籽粒总淀粉和支链淀粉含量及支／直比。籽粒蛋白质和淀粉及其组分形成所需的适宜昼夜温差随小麦品质类型而异,但温度水平对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉的影响较温差大。在高温和水分逆境下,温度对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响较水分逆境大,且存在显著的互作效应。小麦籽粒蛋白质含量均表现为干旱〉对照〉渍水,以高温干旱最高,适温渍水最低;淀粉含量为对照〉干旱〉渍水,以适温对照最高,而高温渍水最低。高温和水分逆境显著提高了籽粒醇溶蛋白含量而降低了谷蛋白含量及支链淀粉含量,使蛋白质谷／醇比和淀粉支／直比降低,以高温渍水对籽粒蛋白质和淀粉组分的影响最为显著。不同品种之间,高蛋白小麦籽粒蛋白质和组分的形成受高温和水分逆境的影响更大,而低蛋白品种籽粒淀粉形成显著受温度和水分逆境的调节。分析表明,在高温和水分逆境下籽粒蛋白质含量与清蛋白和醇溶蛋白显著正相关,籽粒淀粉含量与谷蛋白、支链淀粉含量及支／直比显著正相关。     

水分胁迫对黄檗幼苗保护酶活性及脂质过氧化作用的影响

以轻度干旱、重度干旱和水涝处理黄檗幼苗,测定丙二醛(MDA)和游离脯氨酸含量及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性的动态变化.结果表明,处理40 d以后,轻度干旱、重度干旱和水涝处理的叶片MDA含量始终显著高于对照,最高分别达对照的2.9、2.37和4.12倍,三者之间在处理80 d以后MDA含量差异不显著.水涝处理和对照的游离脯氨酸含量在处理期间没有明显变化,干旱处理的游离脯氨酸含量从处理后40 d开始增加、80 d后回落,重度干旱处理的增加幅度显著大于轻度干旱处理.SOD、POD和CAT活性的变化趋势缺乏一致性,但重度干旱处理的黄檗幼苗,叶片的SOD、POD和CAT活性在处理期间始终显著高于轻度干旱、水涝处理和对照.     

镉胁迫对吊兰及银边吊兰生长及镉富集特性的影响

选择吊兰和银边吊兰为试验材料,采用水培法研究其在不同Cd2+处理浓度(0、20、80、200 μmol·L-1)下生长及生理特性的变化.结果表明:20 μmol·L-1镉对两种吊兰的影响较小,单叶面积、总叶面积、叶绿素(Chl)a含量、总叶绿素[Chl(a+b)]含量、类胡萝 卜素含量、Chl a/Chl b值、胞间二...     

黑莓对水分、盐分和低温逆境的适应性

在南京盆栽条件下,黑莓（Rubus L.spp.)“Hull”品种1年生扦插苗在土壤相对含水量为70%以上时,地上部分和地下部分均生长良好,正常开花结实;土壤相对含水量下降到50%-60%时,地上部分生长明显减弱,地下部分生长受到一定影响,但植株都能存活;土壤相对含水量下降到45%-50%时,地上部分及地下部分均生长不良,部分植株死亡;土壤相对含水量降到30%-35%时,植株无法生存。黑莓“Hull”品种扦插苗是对盐（NaCl)敏感的植物,中度（0.2%)以上盐浓度对生长有明显的抑制作用,相对于地上部分和根系,根颈部所受的影响较小,表现为地上部无新的枝条萌出,无叶片产生;地下部无新根产生;根颈部萌芽数量减少,长度变小,随着盐浓度的增加,生长减慢甚至死亡。轻度（0.1%)盐处理未见有抑制作用。黑莓不同品种的枝条抗冻性不同,所测定的3个品种中,“HuLL”抗冻性最差,LT50为-25.5℃,“Chester”与“Navoho”的抗冻性相近,LT50均为-29℃。     

野牛草叶片活性氧及其清除系统对水分胁迫的响应

逆境条件下活性氧产生及其清除效率是衡量植物抗性的重要指标,而活性氧对植物组织的氧化伤害和抗氧化酶活性常因材料的遗传或生理差异性而发生变化。以同一基因型的野牛草(Buchloe dactyloides(Nutt.)Engelm'texoka')克隆分株叶片为材料,采用Hoagland营养液培养,研究了10%、20%和30%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫下,野牛草叶片活性氧的产生、脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶活性变化规律。结果表明:随着PEG-6000浓度的增加及胁迫时间的延长,超氧阴离子(O2-.)的产生速率、过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著增加;超氧化物歧化酶(SOD EC1.15.1.1)、愈创木酚过氧化物酶(G-POD EC1.11.1.7)和过氧化氢酶(CATEC1.11.1.6)活性呈先上升后下降的变化趋势;SOD、G-POD与CAT活性达到峰值的时间随PEG-6000浓度的增加而提前。认为水分胁迫下,抗氧化酶可有效清除活性氧自由基,但随胁迫时间的延长,抗氧化酶活性受到抑制。     

昆虫功能性脂质与油脂的开发

昆虫脂质无论在量上还是在质上都有其可资研究和利用的特点,昆虫功能性脂质和油脂的开发具有广阔的前景。     

植物脂质应答逆境胁迫生理功能的研究进展

脂质是生命有机体中一类重要的化合物,可以参与并调节多种生命活动,并且在植物应答非生物胁迫(盐胁迫、干旱胁迫和温度胁迫等)过程中发挥着重要生理功能.但长期以来,对于脂质的研究多集中于动物细胞和医学领域,却疏于关注植物研究领域.借助于"组"学思想和生物技术的快速发展,脂质组学由于可以深层次、全面地揭示脂质的组分与功能,近年...     

吊兰染色体核型分析

对吊兰体细胞染色体计数,并进行核型分析。结果表明,吊兰染色体数目为2n=28;核型公式为2n=2x=28=4m+14sm+10st;染色体相对长度组成为2n=28=4L+14M2+10M1,属于3B型;全组染色体总长73.84μm,长臂总长为53.59μm;核型不对称系数为72.58%;染色体总体积为101.94μm³。     

Lipid Composition and Temperature Adaptation of the Nervous System of the Leech Hirudo medicinalis L.

The lipid composition of the nervous system of the leech Hirudo medicinalis was investigated following acclimatization of animals at 25 degrees C and 5 degrees C. Choline, ethanolamine, and serine plus inositol phosphoglycerides are the major phospholipid classes of the leech ganglionic chain; minor amounts of lysophosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, and sphingomyelin are also present. Neither the phospholipid pattern nor the cholesterol to total phospholipid molar ratio was dependent on the acclimatization temperature, whereas the fatty acid patterns of choline and serine plus inositol phosphoglycerides were significantly affected. Both for choline and serine plus inositol phosphoglycerides, a significant increase of the unsaturation index and a decrease of saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ratio was observed in animals acclimatized at 5 degrees C in comparison with those acclimatized at 25 degrees C. These observations, which point to increased lipid fluidity of the nervous system of cold-adapted leeches, are strengthened by results obtained by the fluorescence polarization method using 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene as a probe: a decrease of the fluorescence polarization value was observed throughout the temperature range selected (5-40 degrees C).     

宽叶吊兰叶绿素生物合成的昼夜节律变化

在被子植物中,从谷氨酰-tRNA到叶绿素的生物合成是由许多酶催化的级联反应,其中间代谢产物具有较强的光反应活性和细胞毒性,因此这一过程在细胞内受到严格的调控。本研究通过检测宽叶吊兰叶片叶绿素生物合成途径的14种中间产物含量随昼夜节律的变化,探讨昼夜节律对宽叶吊兰叶绿素生物合成的影响。结果表明,中间产物ALA(δ-氨基乙酰丙酸)、PBG(胆色素原)、ProtoⅨ(原卟啉Ⅸ)、Heme(血红素)、Mg-ProtoⅨ(镁原卟啉Ⅸ)、Chlide a(叶绿素酸酯a)、Chlide b(叶绿素酸酯b)、Chl a(叶绿素a)、Chl b(叶绿素b)受光诱导,而UrogenⅢ(尿卟啉Ⅲ)、CoprogenⅢ(粪卟啉Ⅲ)和Pchlide(原叶绿素酸脂)受黑暗诱导,尤其是Pchlide在黑暗中的积累量显著增加;Mpe(镁原卟啉Ⅸ单甲酯)和Mpde(镁原卟啉Ⅸ二酯)具有2个积累峰值,分别出现在中午12∶00和夜间24∶00。说明叶绿素生物合成受昼夜节律的调控,但其中间代谢产物含量的变化规律与昼夜节律并不完全一致。     

细胞分裂素对吊兰根生长和负向光性的影响

为了研究细胞分裂素对吊兰根生长和负向光性的影响,采用水培法将吊兰培养在透明玻璃缸内,并向水培液中添加6-BA和对水培吊兰根系进行单侧照光的方法,研究结果表明:(1)6-BA对吊兰不定根和侧根的生长以及负向光性都有抑制作用,抑制程度随着浓度的增加而加剧;(2)10mg·L^-16-BA处理7d后和100mg·L^-16-BA5天后不定根停止生长;(3)10-100mg·L^-16-BA处理的吊兰侧根均不能伸长,只能够在不定根表明形成凸起的结构,但凸起的数量随着6-BA浓度的增加而增加;(4)吊兰根系在无6-BA处理时在单侧光下弯曲度可达到接近90°,100mg·L^-16-BA可使其弯曲度下降至15°左右.探讨了6-BA抑制吊兰根生长和负向光性的可能机理.     

Thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography for the assay of fatty acid compositions of individual phospholipids in platelets from non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients: effect of eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester administration

Eight major phospholipids were separated by a TLC method with a one-dimensional developing system without any pretreatment of the plate and the fatty acids incorporated into each phospholipid class were analysed by an improved HPLC method with a simple elution system, which has advantages with respect to resolution and analysis time. The fatty acid compositions of individual phospholipids in platelets were investigated following administration of ethyl cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoate for more than 13 weeks to patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The cis-5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid compositions of all phospholipid classes were significantly increased with decreasing platelet aggregation rates after the administration. These results suggested that the present method provides the complete separation of individual phospholipids in sufficient amounts to allow fatty acid analysis on the isolated phospholipid moieties.     

美洲鲥产后雌雄亲本肌肉营养成分比较

为全面分析评估美洲鲥(Alosasapidissima)产后雌雄亲本肌肉营养价值及差异,运用生化分析方法对产后雌雄亲本肌肉的一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸进行营养成分测定和对比分析。结果显示,雌鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量显著低于雄鱼肌肉粗蛋白含量(P <0.05);雌鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量显著高于雄鱼肌肉粗脂肪含量(P <0.05);肌肉中水分和粗灰分在雌雄鱼之间均无显著性差异(P> 0.05)。美洲鲥产后亲本背部肌肉检测出18种氨基酸,除甘氨酸和胱氨酸含量外,雌鱼肌肉各种氨基酸含量显著低于雄鱼中含量(P <0.05)。根据氨基酸评分(AAS),产后雌鱼第一和第二限制性氨基酸分别为缬氨酸和色氨酸,产后雄鱼第一和第二限制性氨基酸分别为色氨酸和缬氨酸。根据化学评分(CS),产后雌雄亲本第一限制性氨基酸为色氨酸、第二限制性氨基酸为蛋氨酸与胱氨酸组合。雌性亲本和雄性亲本必需氨基酸指数分别为81.60和82.64。在检出的11种脂肪酸中,硬脂酸(C18:0)、花生酸(C20:0)、棕榈亚酸(C16:1)和亚麻酸甲酯(C18:3n)在雌雄亲本肌肉中含量均有显著性差异(P <0.05)。...     

Alterations of the composition and metabolism of pulmonary surfactant phospholipids induced by experimental peritonitis in rats

Pulmonary complications often accompany the development of acute peritonitis. In this study, we analyzed the alterations of alveolar surfactant phospholipids in rats with experimentally induced peritonitis. The results showed a reduction of almost all phospholipid fractions in pulmonary surfactant of experimental animals. The most abundant alveolar phospholipids-phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylglycerol were reduced significantly in surfactant of rats with experimental peritonitis. In addition, analysis of the fatty acid composition of these two phospholipids revealed marked differences between experimental and control animals. The activity of phospholipase A2, which is localized in the hydrophyllic phase of alveolar surfactant, was higher in rats with experimental peritonitis compared to sham-operated ones. Also, a weak acyl-CoA:lysophospholipid acyltransferase activity was detected in alveolar surfactant of rats with experimental peritonitis, whereas in control animals this activity was not detectable. The lipid-transfer activity was quite similar in pulmonary surfactant of control and experimental rats. The total number of cells and the percentage of neutrophils were strongly increased in broncho-alveolar lavage fluid from rats with peritonitis. Thus, our results showed that the development of peritonitis was accompanied by pulmonary pathophysiological processes that involved alterations of the phospholipid and fatty acid composition of alveolar surfactant. We suggest that the increased populations of inflammatory cells, which basically participate in internalization and secretion of surfactant components, contributed to the observed alterations of alveolar phospholipids. These studies would be useful for clarification of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the occurrence of pulmonary disorders that accompany acute inflammatory conditions, such as peritonitis and sepsis.     

不同品种吊兰根初生木质部原型的观察与比较

以3个品种吊兰(金边吊兰、银心吊兰、银边吊兰)为材料,采用徒手切片的方法研究了吊兰根初生木质部原型与品种、生境及根直径的t关系。结果表明,不同品种的吊兰根初生木质部原型存在着差异;在水培条件下,吊兰根初生木质部原型与土培条件下的不同,水培条件下的根初生木质部束远少于土培条件;在水培条件下,吊兰根初生木质部原型与根的直径存在正相关关系,但是在土培条件下银心吊兰和银边吊兰根初生木质部原型则和根的直径没有关系。