植物多酚抗逆生态作用研究进展

植物多酚是一类重要的植物次生代谢物质,具有吸收过多的太阳辐射、过滤UV(ultra-violet)和清除体内自由基等多种生理功能,有利于传播花粉、受精及传播种子,并在植物逆境生理生态上也具有重要的作用.该文对近年来国内外有关植物多酚在逆境生态中抗生物或非生物胁迫中的作用--主要包括作为缓解营养缺乏、抵抗干旱、温度变化、盐害、大气污染、食草动物和病原菌浸染等逆境胁迫时的防御物质,以及作为植物与植物之间以及植物与环境之间信息交流物质等方面的研究进展进行综述,并展望了植物多酚的应用前景.     

植物挥发性气体(VOCs)研究进展

植物挥发性气体(VOCs)在植物一植食性昆虫-天敌三级营养关系、植物间信息传递及适应性改变上都发挥着重要作用.植物释放VOCs具特异性、系统性、时序性与节律性等特点,VOCs主要在寄主选择行为、产卵行为、求偶行为、引来昆虫夭敌干涉等方面影响植食性昆虫.VOCs-介导的植物间信息传递作用包括4个过程:"释放者"植物合成及释放气体、气体在空气中的运输、气体在植物表面的吸附及"接收者"植株对气体信号的感知.收集VOCs的方法主要有吸附-溶剂洗脱法和吸附-热脱附法.     

植物程序性细胞死亡检测技术

程序性细胞死亡(PCD)是细胞死亡的方式之一,在植物发育及逆境响应等方面起着重要作用。主要介绍检测植物PCD的细胞学、生物化学、分子生物学及生理学方法,以及流式细胞仪在植物PCD检测中的应用。 Abstract:Programmed cell death (PCD) is an active way for plant cells marching to death,which plays an important role in plant development and stress responses.Cytological,biochemical,molecular and physiological methods for measuring plant PCD were reviewed.Application of flow cytometer to plant PCD research was also covered.     

植物吸收、转运和积累镉的机理研究进展

重金属镉(Cd)虽然不是植物生长的必需矿质元素,但依然能被植物吸收。且部分植物具有富集镉的特点,从而导致农产品镉含量超标,并通过食物链危害人类健康。研究植物吸收、转运和积累Cd的机理,对于培育低镉作物品种、降低农产品镉含量,以及选育超富集镉植物,修复镉污染土壤具有重要意义。从影响植物吸收Cd的因子,植物吸收、转运和积累Cd的机理以及植物拒Cd和富集Cd的分子机制等方面进行综述,以期为低镉作物的研究以及Cd污染土壤的综合治理提供一些参考。     

论辽东栎(壳斗科)的分类地位及命名

辽东栎(Quercus wutaishanica)是构成中国暖温带落叶阔叶林的主要建群种之一,对维护生态平衡、改善环境起着非常重要的作用.但长期以来,对辽东栎的分类学位置一直存在争议.综合植物形态学、地理分布、细胞和化学分类、DNA分子标记及数量分类等方面的研究证据,深入讨论了辽东栎在栎属(Quercus)中的分类地位及其命名;考虑其名称已在实际生产和科学研究中应用的广泛程度,认为保留辽东栎在栎属中的种级分类地位是比较恰当的,而彻底抹掉辽东栎在栎属中的分类位置不太妥当,辽东栎的名称宜根据《中国植物志》,采用“辽东栎Quercus wutaishanica Mayr”.     

植物数量性状基因定位研究概述

植物重要的性状多为数量性状。长期以来,人类一直寻求解释植物数量性状的遗传规律以便对其进行遗传操纵。现代分子生物技术的发展为植物数量性状基因的定位、分离等研究提供了条件。本文从数量性状基因座(QTL)作图群体类型及其特点,QTL定位方法,植物QTL研究现状,以及QTL精细定位、克隆、利用等方面进行了综述,并对今后植物QTL研究进行了展望。     

植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶研究进展(综述)

本文从酶的作用机制、酶学特征、分子生物学等方面综述植物抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）的研究进展。     

植物脂氧合酶研究进展

脂氧合酶（简称LOX）是广泛分布的含有非血红素离子的双加氧酶,它是植物十八碳酸代谢途径的关键酶．该途径也称LOX途径。因为该酶作用的产物在植物的生长发育过程中以及在植物对环境胁迫反应中起着重要的作用,因此一直是人们研究的热点。目前对于植物脂氧舍酶的研究主要集中在脂氧合酶基因的表达调控、LOX途径的生化研究以及代谢产物的生理功能这几个方面。     

白唇鹿食性与繁殖的初步观察

1986年,中、日合作在青海玉树、果洛和四川甘孜等地区对白唇鹿的食性与繁殖作了初步观察。发现白唇鹿取食62种植物,隶属24科,其中有24种为最喜食植物。白唇鹿每年9—11月发情交配,怀孕期8个月,翌年5—6月产仔。     

植物与病原真菌互作的形态变化及其生理 生化机制和基因调控

本文从生理、生化、酶学及基因调控等方面对植物与病原真菌互作过程中的形态变化进行了综述,以期为植物抗病方面的研究提供参考。     

The Exploitation and Utilization of Lycophyte and Fern Resources in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan

Xishuangbanna lies in the south of Yunnan. The composition and distributive regulation of lycophytes and ferns in Xishuangbanna are studied in this paper. As a result, 363 species of wild lycophytes and ferns which belong to 76 genera and 31 families are found in this area. The six species rich families are Polypodiaceae, Athyriaceae, Thelypteridaceae, Aspleniaceae, Pteridaceae and Selaginellaceae. The geographical distribution of the species shows that this flora mainly consists of Tropical Asia elements. Terrestrial species are the richest of this flora, followed by epiphytic and lithophytic species. The lycophytes and ferns resources of Xishuangbanna are abundant. However, the exploitation and utilization of this group of plants are ignored. This study investigated lycophytes and ferns resources of Xishuangbanna. Medicinal, edible and ornamental ferns in Xishuangbanna have been clearly researched and their utilization and protection have been discussed.     

Reconsidering Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Austronesian Taiwan

ABSTRACT

This paper reviews previous attempts to characterise the nature of social differences among the Austronesian speakers of Taiwan and the theoretical roots of these efforts, including the contrast Marshall Sahlins’s drew between Melanesian Big-Men (achieved status) and Polynesian Chiefs (ascribed status). This contrast was later applied to the diverse social organisations found among the Austronesian speakers of Taiwan. However, linguistic research over the past three decades has suggested that Proto-Austronesians may have already developed chiefdoms and social hierarchies and that Taiwan was one of the key sites for the origin of Austronesian speakers. Some scholars thus concluded that the ‘egalitarian’ type of societies among the Austronesian Taiwan must have been the result of Japanese colonial policies. This paper intends to re-think this dichotomy with ethnographic material from Austronesian Taiwan, especially the Paiwan; to distinguish the ideological and practical dimensions of this historical reconstruction; and to examine the viability of the analytical tools which have been widely adopted in the anthropological literature on other Austronesian societies.     

The economic value of chaff and straw in arid and temperate zones

Chaff and straw is extensively used as a source of fuel, building material and fodder in arid zones, but this by-product of the cereal harvest is generally under-represented in the archaeobotanical record from north-west Europe. While this is partially a result of differential preservation, the evidence from a number of North African sites suggests that dissimilarities between the two regions in the availability of firewood, grazing and building material play an important role too. Differences in the way wheat and barley were used may represent an additional factor. Three types of use are distinguished: casual ‘use’, intentional local use and use as a commercial commodity, and these can be linked to scales of production and organization in the agricultural system.     

Physiological and pathophysiological role of ion channels and transporters in the colorectum and colorectal cancer

The incidence of colorectal cancer has increased annually, and the pathogenesis of this disease requires further investigation. In normal colorectal tissues, ion channels and transporters maintain the water‐electrolyte balance and acid/base homeostasis. However, dysfunction of these ion channels and transporters leads to the development and progression of colorectal cancer. Therefore, this review focuses on the progress in understanding the roles of ion channels and transporters in the colorectum and in colorectal cancer, including aquaporins (AQPs), Cl^? channels, Cl^?/ exchangers, Na⁺/ transporters and Na⁺/H⁺ exchangers. The goal of this review is to promote the identification of new targets for the treatment and prognosis of colorectal cancer.     

DNA克隆和组装技术研究进展

DNA克隆和组装技术是重要的分子生物学工具。近年来,随着合成生物学的飞速发展,对大片段DNA元件的快速有效组装就显得尤为关键。同时,各种DNA克隆和组装技术也竞相发展起来。通过对基于非典型酶切连接、PCR、同源重组、单链退火拼接等原理发展起来的各种DNA克隆和组装技术进行综述,为合成生物学的进一步发展提供有效的操作工具。     

黑石顶自然保护区两栖动物资源和区系特征的研究

报道了黑石顶自然保护区两栖动物资源和区系特征的调查结果．已知有２１种（包括亚种）１１属７科２目．在２１种两栖动物中,它们都属于东洋界物种,其中华中区和华南区的共有物种占６１．８％,而属华中区的物种占１９．１％属华南区的物种也占１９．１％．还分析了黑石顶自然保护区两栖动物群落的水平分布和垂直分布的特征     

微生物细胞中的聚磷酸及研究方法

聚磷酸是一种由多个磷酸基通过高能磷酸键连接而成的线性聚合分子,存在于所有生物体中,具有重要的生理功能。由于缺少特异的研究方法,为聚磷酸代谢和生理功能的研究带来很大的困难。对迄今为止的相关文献进行了综述,主要介绍微生物细胞内的聚磷酸,其中包括参与生物合成和降解过程的几种重要的酶、聚磷酸生物学功能、胁迫作用下调节聚磷酸以及聚磷酸对基因表达的调控模型和工业应用;还从分离技术、定位技术、定量分析技术3个方面重点概述了聚磷酸的研究方法。     

武陵山地区珍稀濒危植物及其保护利用

武陵山地区分布的国家级珍稀濒危植物共47种,隶属于26科42属,其中保护植物属国家一级的2种,二级的17种,三级的28种。对其种类组成、濒危等级现状、区系成分、地理分布及利用价值进行初步分析。结果表明,属濒危的种类3种,易危的20种,依赖保护的13种,需予关注的11种,武陵山地区珍稀濒危植物不仅有古老、原始、孑遗的特性,且亚热带性质明显,中国特有现象极为突出。水平分布可分为南、北两个中心,垂直分布以500~2000m的中山地带为主。武陵山地区的珍稀濒危植物除部分具一定直接经济价值外,多数都有重要的间接经济价值。据此提出武陵山地区珍稀濒危植物的保护利用对策。     

近年广西银杏病虫害发生及防治对策

近年来 ,银杏病虫害在广西各栽培地区普遍发生。主要报导了在广西危害比较严重 ,造成较大经济损失的病虫害及其危害症状、形态特征、发生规律和防治措施。这些病虫害在广西多属首次发现报导。     

Combined GWAS and QTL mapping revealed candidate genes and SNP network controlling recovery and tolerance traits associated with drought tolerance in seedling winter wheat

To date, very little research on drought tolerance has been conducted at the seedling stage in winter wheat. In this study, two types of traits, namely tolerance and recovery traits, associated with drought tolerance were scored in biparental mapping population (BPP) and association mapping population (A-set). The results of this study revealed no or weak significant correlation between the two types of traits. Based on GWAS and QTL mapping analyses, all QTLs associated with recovery traits were completely different from those associated with tolerance traits except one QTL in each population that was found to be associated with one tolerance trait and one recovery trait. The analysis of SNP and gene networks confirmed the results of combined GWAS and QTL mapping. One SNP marker located on the 2B chromosome (S2B_26494801) was found to be associated with recovery traits in both populations. The results of this study provided new information on understanding and improving drought tolerance in winter wheat.