植物减数分裂研究进展

植物减数分裂过程中的基因调控与表达的研究已得到人们的重视,本文综述了植物减数分裂中几个重要方面的研究进展,包括减数分裂前的有丝分裂、前减数分裂、同源染色体的联会、纺锤体的形成等问题。     

植物减数分裂同源染色体重组的分子机理

减数分裂是真核生物有性生殖过程中性母细胞成熟时所进行的特殊细胞分裂方式.在减数分裂过程中,同源染色体间需发生一系列有规律的重要事件,包括同源染色体配对、联会、重组、分离等,这些事件被证明是由许多遗传网络精密调控的.尽管许多调控减数分裂过程的基因已经被克隆,但减数分裂同源重组的分子机理仍不太清楚.植物是进行减数分裂研究的理想材料,近年来随着多种模式植物基因组序列测定的完成,大大加速了植物减数分裂相关基因的鉴定与功能研究.本文以拟南芥和水稻为主要对象,综述了植物减数分裂同源重组分子机理研究取得的一些重要进展,着重分析已鉴定同源重组相关蛋白的生物学功能.     

植物减数分裂中的染色体配对、联会和重组研究进展

减数分裂是有性生殖的关键步骤,而染色体配对、联会和重组又是减数分裂的重要环节,也是减数分裂研究的热点之一。近些年来,借助于先进的分子生物学和细胞学技术,通过大量突变体的筛选,在植物减数分裂中染色体的配对、联会和重组研究取得了长足的进展。文章就目前克隆的植物减数分裂中染色体配对、联会和重组相关的基因及功能研究进行了总结,并进一步对其分子机制进行了探讨。     

植物材料减数分裂染色体标本的快速制作

探索一种简便快速的植物材料减数分裂染色体标本制作技术,获得良好的减数分裂染色体标本以供原位杂交研究、遗传学实验教学等方面研究使用。以植物材料小麦、黑麦花药为材料,卡宝品红染色,冰冻揭片法制得减数分裂染色体标本,结果表明,这些用快速简便的方法获得的标本效果良好,染色体图像清晰,可较好的用于本科生实验教学、染色体分带、原位杂交等方面的研究。     

抑制植物减数分裂重组的分子机理

减数分裂重组不仅保证了真核生物有性生殖过程中染色体数量的稳定,还通过父母亲本间遗传物质的互换在后代中产生遗传变异。因此,减数分裂重组是遗传多样性形成的重要途径,也是生物多样性和物种进化的主要动力。在绝大多数真核生物中,不管染色体数目的多少或基因组的大小,减数分裂重组的形成都受到严格的调控,但抑制减数分裂重组的分子机理目前仍不清楚。近年来,通过正向遗传学筛选鉴定出多个减数分裂重组抑制基因,揭示了抑制基因的功能和调控途径。本文基于拟南芥中减数分裂重组抑制基因的研究现状,综述了植物减数分裂重组抑制基因研究取得的突破性进展,并结合基因功能与其调控网络阐述了抑制植物减数分裂重组的分子机理。     

大葱小孢子母细胞是观察减数分裂的好材料

近年来我们在遗传学实验中,采用大葱(Allium fistulosum)花药压片观察减数分裂,收到较好的效果。它具有取材方便,数量大,操作简单,异步分裂,图象清晰等优点,并可在终变期进行染色体计数和显微照相等工作,因而是观察高等植物细胞减数分裂的好材料。选材一般在中午11点前(济南地区为四月中旬左     

水稻减数分裂过程中染色体重组交换行为

减数分裂在有性生物的生命周期中起着非常重要的作用,其过程高度保守。减数分裂过程中,染色体配对、联会和重组是遗传变异的源泉、有性生物进化的推动力,也是减数分裂研究的热点之一。在植物减数分裂研究中,还不可能直接观察到染色体在减数分裂过程中的交换情况,往往是通过交换后群体的遗传分析来推测。文章通过图示基因型方法分析了来自花药培养的32个水稻双单倍体(DH)株系,发现少数株系某些染色体部分区段为杂合状态,并利用STS分子标记对杂合状态的真实性进行了验证,推测杂合区段的出现可能与染色体的修复不完全或修复错误有关。研究结果为解释植物减数分裂的机理提供了直接证据。     

能进行减数分裂的植物都一定有世代交替现象吗?

答:能进行减数分裂的植物不一定有世代交替现象,而有世代交替现象的植物一定有减数分裂过程。有世代交替出现的植物必需具备世代交替的基本条件,就是在整个生活史过程中具有真正的二倍体生物体(2N)和真正的单倍体生物体(N),否则就没有世代交替现     

减数分裂的几种变态

减数分裂,又称成熟分裂。在生物界,特别是高等动、植物中占有特别重要的地位。在所有有性生殖的生物的生活史中,细胞除了进行无数次有丝分裂外,还要进行一次减数分裂。减数分裂不仅是保证物种染色体数目稳定的生物学机制,而且是物种适应环境变化而不断进化的机制之一。关于减数分裂的现象,早在1885年就由     

三种淫羊藿属植物的减数分裂研究

采用去壁低渗法对3种淫羊藿属(Epimedium)植物川鄂淫羊藿(E.fargesii Franch)、黔岭淫羊藿(E.leptorrhi-zum Stearn)和柔毛淫羊藿(E.pubescens Maxim)的花粉母细胞进行了减数分裂观察.结果显示,3种植物的染色体数目均为2n=12,减数分裂过程中染色体的构型和行...     

Dynamics of microtubular cytoskeleton in higher plant meiosis. X. General scheme of cytoskeletal cycle

An overview of a set of our previous papers titled "Dynamics of microtubular cytoskeleton in higher plant meiosis" is presented, in addition to some data on subcellular mechanisms underlying cytoskeleton reorganization during meiotic division in pollen mother cells. An illustrated scheme of cytoskeleton rearrangements during plant meiosis, both with successive and simultaneous cytokinesis, is given.     

A novel RNA-recognition-motif protein is required for premeiotic G1/S-phase transition in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

The molecular mechanism for meiotic entry remains largely elusive in flowering plants. Only Arabidopsis SWI1/DYAD and maize AM1, both of which are the coiled-coil protein, are known to be required for the initiation of plant meiosis. The mechanism underlying the synchrony of male meiosis, characteristic to flowering plants, has also been unclear in the plant kingdom. In other eukaryotes, RNA-recognition-motif (RRM) proteins are known to play essential roles in germ-cell development and meiosis progression. Rice MEL2 protein discovered in this study shows partial similarity with human proline-rich RRM protein, deleted in Azoospermia-Associated Protein1 (DAZAP1), though MEL2 also possesses ankyrin repeats and a RING finger motif. Expression analyses of several cell-cycle markers revealed that, in mel2 mutant anthers, most germ cells failed to enter premeiotic S-phase and meiosis, and a part escaped from the defect and underwent meiosis with a significant delay or continued mitotic cycles. Immunofluorescent detection revealed that T7 peptide-tagged MEL2 localized at cytoplasmic perinuclear region of germ cells during premeiotic interphase in transgenic rice plants. This study is the first report of the plant RRM protein, which is required for regulating the premeiotic G1/S-phase transition of male and female germ cells and also establishing synchrony of male meiosis. This study will contribute to elucidation of similarities and diversities in reproduction system between plants and other species.     

Specific features of meiosis in the Siberian Fir (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abies sibirica</Emphasis>) in the forest Arboretum of the V. N. Sukachev Institute,Russia

Investigating the tolerance of plant reproductive systems to environmental changes has become a research priority under current climate change scenarios. Successful plant conservation requires knowledge of plant reproductive biology, particularly the meiotic characteristics of planted species. Meiosis, as part of microsporogenesis, is a critical plant developmental stage controlling future pollen quality. Meiosis in a Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) plantation, established in the Forest Arboretum of the Sukachev Institute, Russia, was studied from 2002 to 2004. The microsporogenesis pattern found for the Siberian fir appeared to be largely similar to that exhibited by other conifer species. Meiosis in the Siberian fir has the following characteristics: asynchrony, rapid progression of telophases I and II, and parallel and linear spindle arrangements at different meiosis II stages. General and specific meiosis irregularities were recorded at each stage. Some specific features of meiosis and the specific development of some irregularities were revealed. Pollen development analysis showed that irregular pollen grains made up less than 1% of all grains. The specific features of meiosis identified in fir trees growing in the Arboretum indicated low resistance of male reproductive structures to climatic changes and might account for high fir pollen sterility in this new environment.     

Dynamics of microtubular cytoskeleton during meiosis in higher plants. VIII. Comparison between successive and simultaneous cytokinesis

The abnormal cytoskeleton cycle in meiosis in pollen mother cells of cereal wide hybrids F reveals the role of polar microtubules in phragmoplast formation during successive cytokinesis. The cytoskeletal rearrangements during successive and simultaneous cytokinesis in higher plant meiosis are compared.     

萍乡显性核不育水稻花粉败育的细胞形态学观察

利用光学显微镜技术对萍乡显性不育水稻（PXDGMSR）可育株和不育株花粉形成及发育过程,药壁组织的基本结构及其发育进行了研究,导致其不育株花粉败育的主要原因有：（1）绒毡层细胞解体延迟;（2）花粉母细胞减数分裂方式为“连续型”,但分裂期细胞液泡化严重,染色体粘连,纺缍体形成不规则,核中出现囊泡化现象,（3）花粉母细胞减数分裂方式为“同时型”,母细胞形成多核现象。