紫外线-B辐射对植物的影响研究进展

紫外线Ｂ辐射对植物的影响研究进展①侯扶江（甘肃草原生态研究所,兰州７３００２０）贲桂英（中国科学院西北高原生物研究所,西宁８１０００１）ＡＤＶＡＮＣＥＳＩＮＴＨＥＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＥＦＦＥＣＴＳＯＦＵＬＴＲＡＶＩＯＬＥＴＢＲＡＤＩＡＴＩＯＮＯＮＰＬＡ...     

海蛇乙醇浸出物对实验性大鼠关节炎的防治作用

探讨大鼠灌胃给予海蛇乙醇浸出物（ＡＥＢＦＳＳ）对大鼠胶原性关节炎（ＣＩＡ）的预防和治疗作用。方法用自制的可溶性猪尾Ⅱ型胶原注入实验大鼠左后足造成胶原诱导性大鼠关节炎模型。结果大鼠在致炎前口服ＡＥＢＦＳＳ,当剂量达含４．０ｍｇ浸出蛋白／ｋｇ,可明显推迟ＣＩＡ发病时间,降低ＣＩＡ发病率和减轻关节炎症状;大鼠发生关节炎后口服ＡＥＢＦＳＳ,可明显抑制ＣＩＡ大鼠关节炎症的程度,其作用在用药后７天表现明显;关节组织病理检查表明,口服ＡＥＢＦＳＳ显著减轻了患鼠关节的炎症程度。初步分析表明,口服ＡＥＢＦＳＳ既降低了ＣＩＡ患鼠血清抗ＣⅡ抗体水平,又对患鼠耳迟发型超敏反应（ＤＴＨ）产生了明显的抑制作用。结论口服ＡＥＢＦＳＳ对大鼠胶原性关节炎有显著的防治作用,其机制同时涉及Ｔ和Ｂ淋巴细胞免疫。     

钻地风属植物摘录

钻地风属植物摘录卫兆芬（中国科学院华南植物研究所,广州５１０６５０）ＮＯＴＥＳＯＮＳＣＨＩＺＯＰＨＲＡＧＭＡＳＩＥＢ．ＥＴＺＵＣＣ．（ＳＡＸＩＦＲＡＧＡＣＥＡＥ）ＦＲＯＭＣＨＩＮＡ￥ＷｅｉＣｈａｏｆｅｎ（ＳｏｕｔｈＣｈｉｎａＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏ...     

生物固氮作用机理

生物固氮作用机理李佳格徐继（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００９３）ＭＥＣＨＡＮＩＳＭＯＦＢＩＯＬＯＧＩＣＡＬＮＩＴＲＯＧＥＮＦＩＸＡＴＩＯＮＬｉＪｉａ－ｇｅＸｕＪｉ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,ＣｈｉｎｅｓｅＡｃａｄｅｍｙｏｆＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ...     

拟南芥：植物分子生物学研究的模式物种

拟南芥：植物分子生物学研究的模式物种陈璋（福建省花卉研究中心福州３５０００２）ＡＲＡＢＩＤＯＰＳＩＳＴＨＡＬＩＡＮＡＡＳＡＭＯＤＥＬＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＦＯＲＰＬＡＮＴＭＯＬＥＣＵＬＡＲＢＩＯＬＯＧＹＳＴＵＤＩＥＳ￥ＣｈｅｎＺｈａｎｇ（ＦｕｊｉａｎＰｒｏｕ...     

生物膜与膜生物工程国家重点实验室概况及膜生物物理与膜生物工程分室介绍

生物膜与膜生物工程国家重点实验室概况及膜生物物理与膜生物工程分室介绍程红焱（中国科学院植物研究所北京１００９３）ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＯＦＳＴＡＴＥＫＥＹＬＡＢＯＲＡＴＯＲＹＯＦＢＩＯＭＥＭＢＲＡＮＥＡＮＤＭＥＭＢＲＡＮＥＢＩＯＴＥＣＨＮＯＬＯＧＹ...     

一种简单的分离提取水稻叶片中IAA,ABA和GAs的方法

一种简单的分离提取水稻叶片中ＩＡＡ,ＡＢＡ和ＧＡｓ的方法赵玉锦,王台,童哲（中国科学院植物研究所,１０００４４）ＡＳＩＭＰＬＩＦＩＥＤＭＥＴＨＯＤＦＯＲＥＸＴＲＡＣＴＩＯＮＯＦＥＮＤＯＧＥＮＯＵＳＩＡＡ,ＡＢＡＡＮＤＧＡｓＦＲＯＭＲＩＣＥＬＥＡＶＥ￥...     

西藏扎布耶盐湖杜氏藻生态条件的观察与人工培养

西藏扎布耶盐湖杜氏藻生态条件的观察与人工培养贺超兴吴玉书（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００４４）郑绵平（中国地质科学院盐湖与热水资源研究发展中心,北京１０００３７）ＴＨＥＢＩＯＴＯＰＥＯＢＳＥＲＶＡＴＩＯＮＡＮＤＡＲＴＩＦＩＣＩＡＬＣＵＬＴＵＲＥ...     

福建悬钩子属一新种

福建悬钩子属一新种张永田,陈丽云（福建省亚热带植物研究所,厦门３６１００６）关键词悬钩子属,九仙莓,新种ＡＮＥＷＳＰＥＣＩＥＳＯＦＲＵＢＵＳ（ＲＯＳＡＣＥＡＥ）ＦＲＯＭＦＵＪＩＡＮ￥ＺｈａｎｇＹｏｎｇｔｉａｎａｎｄＣｈｅｎＬｉｙｕｎ（ＦｕｊｉａｎＩｎ...     

全球大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物的影响

全球大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物的影响蒋高明（中国科学院植物研究所,北京１０００４４）ＴＨＥＩＭＰＡＣＴＯＦＧＬＯＢＡＬＩＮＣＲＥＡＳＩＮＧＯＦＣＯ＿２ＯＮＰＬＡＮＴＳＪｉａｉｎｇＧａｏ－ｍｉｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＢｏｔａｎｙ,Ａｃａｄｅｍｉａ,...     

黄腐酸对冬小麦幼苗IAA、ABA水平的影响及作用机理的探讨

本实验用酶联免疫(ELISA)法测定了黄腐酸(FA)处理后冬小麦幼苗吲哚乙酸(IAA)、脱落酸(ABA)的水平。结果表明,FA能使IAA、ABA水平增加,这与FA能刺激植物生长、抑制气孔开启是一致的,而且FA与这两种激素都没有协同作用。说明FA既能直接对植物起作用,也能通过改变内源激素水平间接起作用。     

磷脂酶Dδ对拟南芥叶片衰老过程中内源ROS和激素含量的影响

活性氧（ROS）和植物激素是植物衰老过程中重要的内在或者外在的调控因子。我们发现,相对于离体诱导的衰老过程,在脱落酸（ABA）和乙烯（ethylene）促进的衰老过程中有较多的活性氧积累;在对拟南芥磷脂酶Dδ（PLDδ）缺失型突变体的研究中发现,与野生型相比,突变体在衰老过程中产生较少的活性氧。我们比较了上述两种基因型的离体叶片在离体、ABA和ethylene三种衰老处理下内源的ABA、茉莉酸甲酯（MeJA）、玉米素核苷（Zeatin Riboside, ZR）和吲哚乙酸（IAA）的含量变化,发现每一种激素对上述三种衰老处理的响应模式都很相似。在离体诱导的衰老中,两种基因型拟南芥的内源激素含量没有差异;而在ABA促进的衰老过程中,PLDδ缺失型突变体叶片中的MeJA的含量较低,ZR和IAA含量较高;在乙烯促进的衰老过程中,突变体中的ABA和MeJA的含量较低,ZR和IAA含量较高。上述内源激素的这种变化可能有助于延缓突变体的衰老。     

Changes in indole-3-acetic acid levels during tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seed development

Summary The changes in the level of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) were investigated in seeds and fruit tissues-placenta and mesocarp-during tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) zygotic embryogenesis, which was characterized through eight morphological embryo stages [from globular (stage 1) to mature embryo (stage 8)]. In whole seeds, IAA levels increased mainly at stage 3 (young torpedo) and at stage 5 (late torpedo stage). As the seed matured and dehydrated, IAA levels decreased and showed a new distribution pattern within seed structures, preferentially in endosperm tissue. IAA contents in fruit tissues were lower but followed the same pattern as those of seeds. These data support the hypothesis of IAA biosynthesis in seeds with a transient role of the endosperm at the end of embryo development and suggest a role of IAA in fruit and seed growth. Moreover a comparison of IAA and ABA changes suggests that IAA could be especially necessary for the beginning of embryo growth, whereas ABA could act mainly at the end of the growth phase.Abbreviations ABA abscisic acid - ABTS 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) - BHT butylhydroxytoluene - DW dry weight - ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay - HPLC high performance liquid chromatography - IAA indole-3-acetic acid. PGRs: plant growth regulators     

Involvement of G1-to-S transition and AhAUX-dependent auxin transport in abscisic acid-induced inhibition of lateral root primodia initiation in Arachis hypogaea L

Previous study indicated that increasing endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) level could inhibit the lateral root (LR) formation of peanuts. In this study, we investigated the mechanisms by which ABA regulated lateral root primordia (LRP) initiation in peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L). Results suggested that ABA inhibited LRP initiation through blocking G1-to-S transition in seedlings and mature roots: e.g. 5.8% increase in the proportion of G1 phase and 18% decrease in the proportion of S phase after ABA treatment for 6 days. Further study of the expression of the cell cycle marker gene for G2-to-M transition in peanut roots suggested that AhCYCB1 expression was regulated by ABA. We also investigated the cooperative regulation of LRP initiation by ABA and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). ABA treatment greatly reduced the effects of endogenous IAA on mature roots. The expression of the IAA polar transport gene AhAUX1 appeared to be regulated by ABA since ABA inhibited auxin-mediated LRP initiation by suppressing AhAUX-dependent auxin transport in peanut roots. We further examined the effect of ABA on the expression of DR5::GUS and AtAUX1 in the model plant Arabidopsis. The results of Arabidopsis were consistent with that of the peanut.     

核素铯胁迫下接种摩西球囊霉对宿根高粱内源激素和光合的影响

通过盆栽试验研究了宿根高粱接种摩西球囊霉形成共生体后在核素铯污染胁迫下内源激素和光合生理的响应.结果表明： 铯胁迫促进了宿根高粱叶片脱落酸(ABA)的合成,降低了生长素(IAA)、赤霉素(GA)以及玉米素核苷(ZR)的积累,从而导致了ABA/IAA和ABA/GA明显升高,接种摩西球囊霉减少了铯胁迫下IAA、GA以及ZR的降幅以及ABA的增幅,维持了ABA/IAA、ABA/GA和ABA/（IAA+GA+ZR）的稳定性;铯胁迫显著降低了植物净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(g_s)、胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、光呼吸(P_r)以及暗呼吸(D_r)等光合指标和呼吸指标,造成植物光合效率降低,接种摩西球囊霉缓解了铯胁迫给植物光合效率造成的负效应.说明在利用植物修复核素污染土壤时可引入摩西球囊霉等丛枝菌根真菌,以提高植物光合效率及同化产物,增强植物耐性,提高修复效率.     

罗汉果花芽分化过程中内源激素的变化

采用酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）,在花芽分化期对罗汉果雌株二级蔓上的腋芽（花芽）进行了植物内源激素生长素（IAA）、赤霉素（GA3）、脱落酸（ABA）、玉米素核苷（ZR）含量变化的研究。结果表明：在罗汉果花芽分化进程中,低水平的IAA、GA3和高水平的ABA、ZR可能促进花芽分化;在激素平衡中,ABA/GA3和ZR/GA3比值的变化起主要的影响作用,高比值的ABA/GA3和ZR/GA3可能有利于罗汉果花芽分化。     

Feeding by a gall-inducing caterpillar species alters levels of indole-3-acetic and abscisic acid in Solidago altissima (Asteraceae) stems

Various plant antagonists appear to alter phytohormone levels for their own benefit. Among insects, gall-inducing species appear to influence phytohormones and it is widely believed that they alter levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to help produce their galls, but evidence exists for only a limited number of species. To further explore the role of phytohormones in gall formation, we measured levels of IAA and abscisic acid (ABA), a hormone involved in plant defenses and that can influence IAA, in tissues of control stems of Solidago altissima (Asteraceae) and those galled by Gnorimoschema gallaesolidaginis (Gelechiidae). This gall-inducing caterpillar species significantly altered the distribution of IAA in galls and the larvae themselves contained high concentrations of IAA. In contrast, the generalist caterpillar Heliothis virescens (Noctuidae) neither altered IAA nor accumulated significant concentrations of IAA, suggesting that G. gallaesolidaginis may have a distinctive influence over IAA. The gall-inducing caterpillars, particularly younger larvae, also contained high levels of ABA but did not increase levels of ABA, which is induced by herbivory of H. virescens. Because G. gallaesolidaginis also does not increase levels of other defense-related hormones, avoiding generalized plant defenses may facilitate gall induction and formation.     

Shoot‐derived abscisic acid promotes root growth

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a major role in regulating root growth. Most work to date has investigated the influence of root‐sourced ABA on root growth during water stress. Here, we tested whether foliage‐derived ABA could be transported to the roots, and whether this foliage‐derived ABA had an influence on root growth under well‐watered conditions. Using both application studies of deuterium‐labelled ABA and reciprocal grafting between wild‐type and ABA‐biosynthetic mutant plants, we show that both ABA levels in the roots and root growth in representative angiosperms are controlled by ABA synthesized in the leaves rather than sourced from the roots. Foliage‐derived ABA was found to promote root growth relative to shoot growth but to inhibit the development of lateral roots. Increased root auxin (IAA) levels in plants with ABA‐deficient scions suggest that foliage‐derived ABA inhibits root growth through the root growth‐inhibitor IAA. These results highlight the physiological and morphological importance, beyond the control of stomata, of foliage‐derived ABA. The use of foliar ABA as a signal for root growth has important implications for regulating root to shoot growth under normal conditions and suggests that leaf rather than root hydration is the main signal for regulating plant responses to moisture.     

Initial water deficit effects on Lupinus albus photosynthetic performance, carbon metabolism, and hormonal balance: metabolic reorganization prior to early stress responses

The early (2-4 d) effects of slowly imposed soil water deficit on Lupinus albus photosynthetic performance, carbon metabolism, and hormonal balance in different organs (leaf blade, stem stele, stem cortex, and root) were evaluated on 23-d-old plants (growth chamber assay). Our work shows that several metabolic adjustments occurred prior to alteration of the plant water status, implying that water deficit is perceived before the change in plant water status. The slow, progressive decline in soil water content started to be visible 3 d after withholding water (3 DAW). The earliest plant changes were associated with organ-specific metabolic responses (particularly in the leaves) and with leaf conductance and only later with plant water status and photosynthetic rate (4 DAW) or photosynthetic capacity (according to the Farquhar model; 6 DAW). Principal component analysis (PCA) of the physiological parameters, the carbohydrate and the hormone levels and their relative values, as well as leaf water-soluble metabolites full scan data (LC-MS/MS), showed separation of the different sampling dates. At 6 DAW classically described stress responses are observed, with plant water status, ABA level, and root hormonal balance contributing to the separation of these samples. Discrimination of earlier stress stages (3 and 4 DAW) is only achieved when the relative levels of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), cytokinins (Cks), and carbon metabolism (glucose, sucrose, raffinose, and starch levels) are taken into account. Our working hypothesis is that, in addition to single responses (e.g. ABA increase), the combined alterations in hormone and carbohydrate levels play an important role in the stress response mechanism. Response to more advanced stress appears to be associated with a combination of cumulative changes, occurring in several plant organs. The carbohydrate and hormonal balance in the leaf (IAA to bioactive-Cks; soluble sugars to IAA and starch to IAA; relative abundances of the different soluble sugars) flag the initial responses to the slight decrease in soil water availability (10-15% decrease). Further alterations in sucrose to ABA and in raffinose to ABA relative values (in all organs) indicate that soil water availability continues to decrease. Such alterations when associated with changes in the root hormone balance indicate that the stress response is initiated. It is concluded that metabolic balance (e.g. IAA/bioactive Cks, carbohydrates/IAA, sucrose/ABA, raffinose/ABA, ABA/IAA) is relevant in triggering adjustment mechanisms.     

杀菌剂敌磺钠及植物生长调节剂对茭白孕茭的影响

以‘龙茭二号’为研究对象,通过在茭白植株不同生长发育阶段分别喷施杀菌剂敌磺钠和植物生长调节剂,比较分析其对茭白结茭的促进效果。对6个不同处理组合及对照材料的株高、内源激素含量变化及结茭情况的统计分析发现：喷施一定浓度的敌磺钠对茭白结茭具有明显的促进作用,以敌磺钠（标准浓度）＋营养液和敌磺钠（标准浓度）对茭白结茭产量的提高最为明显。植物生长调节剂处理能明显促进茭白早期植株生长,但对最终株高影响不大。采用间接酶联免疫法对茭白茎部3种激素（IAA、ABA和GA3）含量进行的比较分析表明：敌磺钠处理能够明显降低ABA含量,但对IAA和GA3含量没有明显影响;茭白结茭前ABA含量的降低可能有助于茭白结茭。