SIRT6:一个新的哺乳动物抗衰老因子

Sir2是一个在低等动物中被广泛研究的抗衰老蛋白因子。最新研究发现,哺乳动物Sir2的同源蛋白家族Sirtuin(SIRT)中的SIRT6在抗衰老过程中也发挥着重要作用,它的功能缺失将导致碱基切除修复(BER)受阻,而出现细胞对氧化损伤的敏感性增加、皮肤变薄等衰老症状,使人们对哺乳动物的衰老机制有了初步的认识。     

SIRT1在内皮细胞中抑制PMA和ionomycin诱导的ICAM-1的表达

白细胞在内皮中的富集能够引起炎症并触发动脉粥样硬化,intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1)在该过程中发挥了重要作用.本实验室先前研究显示,内皮特异过表达Ⅲ类组蛋白去乙酰化酶SIRT1能够抑制动脉粥样硬化.因此,提出这样的假设:SIRT1能够抑制内皮细胞中ICAM-1的表达.实验发现,PMA和ionomycin(PMA/Io)能够在人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)中明显诱导SIRT1和ICAM-1的表达.而且,腺病毒介导的SIRT1过表达在HUVECs中能显著抑制PMA/Io诱导的ICAM-1的表达,而敲低SIRT1的表达则导致ICAM-1表达上调.双荧光素酶报告基因分析表明,过表达SIRT1抑制基础水平和PMA/Io诱导下的ICAM-1的启动子活性.进一步通过染色质免疫共沉淀(ChIP)实验发现,SIRT1参与转录复合物结合在ICAM-1启动子区,而且SIRT1的干扰能够提高NF-κB的亚基p65结合到ICAM-1启动子区的能力.总之,这些数据提示,SIRT1在内皮细胞中抑制ICAM-1表达的作用可能有助于其对抗动脉粥样硬化的发生.     

小鼠心脏过表达SIRT1显性失活突变体导致心肌细胞凋亡和早发性心衰

本研究旨在探究SIRT1的去乙酰化活性在调节心脏功能方面的重要作用.与成年小鼠心脏相比,在出生后早期小鼠的心脏中SIRT1去乙酰化活性较高.为了进一步研究SIRT1酶活性在出生后心脏中的功能,本研究构建了心脏特异性表达人源SIRT1显性失活突变体(SIRT1 H363Y)的转基因小鼠,SIRT1 H363Y能够抑制内源性SIRT1的去乙酰化活性.这种转基因小鼠表现为心室与心房腔扩张,并且出生后早夭.在病理学方面,超声心动图与分子表型证实转基因小鼠罹患扩张型心肌病.同时,本研究通过TdT介导的dUTP缺口末端标记技术检测到转基因小鼠的心脏心肌凋亡更为严重.进一步研究发现,SIRT1活性的抑制造成的心肌细胞凋亡至少一部分原因归结为p53乙酰化水平的升高与Bax表达的上调.以上结果表明,小鼠心脏特异性地过表达SIRT1的显性失活突变体(SIRT1 H363Y)能够导致心肌细胞凋亡以及心衰早发,这提示SIRT1在出生后早期维持心脏正常功能方面发挥着非常关键的作用.     

Sirtuin在热量限制延长寿命机制中的研究进展

热量限制(caloric restriction, CR)可以引起细胞、生物体寿命延长和降低衰老相关疾病的发生,其中Sirtuin起着关键作用．Sirtuin将机体能量代谢和基因表达调控相偶联,通过赖氨酸去乙酰化改变蛋白质的活性和稳定性,从而调节衰老进程．酵母中度CR影响其复制寿命和时序寿命,主要依赖于激活Sir2,增加细胞内NAD+/NADH的比例和调节尼克酰胺浓度来实现．类似的机制也存在于秀丽线虫和果蝇中．哺乳动物在CR条件下SIRT1蛋白表达应答性上升,细胞中NAM磷酸基转移酶能够直接影响NAM和NAD+浓度,并影响SIRT1活性．NO表达增加能导致SIRT1上调和线粒体合成增加．SIRT1可能通过改变组蛋白、p53、NES1、FOXO等底物蛋白的乙酰化影响到细胞和个体的衰老．表明不同生物体中的Sirtuin及其同源类似物在CR条件下对衰老进程和寿命都起着非常重要的作用．     

SIRT1影响Tat介导的HIV-1转录

Tat蛋白在HIV的转录复制中起重要作用.它能反式激活HIV的转录,促进HIV长末端重复序列(HIV LTR)的转录和延长.Tat蛋白是去乙酰化酶SIRT1的一种重要底物.Tat的乙酰化与非乙酰化状态在激活转录过程中受高度精密调控.如果Tat乙酰化状态在转录过程中受到干扰,随后其促使的HIV转录也将受到干扰.近来发现,组蛋白去乙酰化酶SIRT1在Tat蛋白介导的反式激活HIV转录过程中起重要的调控作用.SIRT1能对乙酰化的Tat进行去乙酰化,使其能在促使HIV转录的过程中循环利用.同时Tat与SIRT1的结合也会使核转录因子NF-κB的p65亚基处于超乙酰化状态,致使病毒基因组表达.研究SIRT1与Tat的相互关系为治疗HIV提供了新的方向.     

长寿蛋白SIRT6在肿瘤发生发展中的作用

SIRT6作为组蛋白去乙酰化转移酶(Histone deacetylases,HDACs)第三家族长寿蛋白(Sirtuins,SIRTs)中的一员,具有多种催化酶活性,且在抗衰老、染色质调节、转录调控、糖脂代谢、DNA损伤修复等生物学过程中起着重要的作用。近年来的证据表明,SIRT6的表达与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关,且在多种肿瘤中起着关键的调节作用,比如肝癌、肺癌、乳腺癌和生殖系统肿瘤等。但是由于SIRT6功能的多样性,及其上下游信号通路的复杂性,SIRT6在肿瘤中可能扮演着双重角色。在大多数情况下,SIRT6扮演着抑癌基因的角色,少数情况下,SIRT6却又发挥着促癌作用。本文结合目前本实验室的研究,阐述了近几年来关于SIRT6在多种肿瘤发生及发展中的最新发现,总结了其作用机制,并对其研究及应用前景进行了展望。     

Genes & Development:研究发现白藜芦醇促进去乙酰化酶SIRT1酶活性的作用机制

<正>美国GenesDevelopment杂志发表了中国科学院生物物理研究所许瑞明研究组题为"Structural basis for allosteric,substrate-dependent stimulation of SIRT1 activity by resveratrol"的最新研究论文,报道了他们关于白藜芦醇促进去乙酰化酶SIRT1酶活性作用机制的最新研究进展。人源SIRT1是Sir2(Silent information regulator 2)超蛋白家族的成员之一,它是NAD+依赖型的去乙酰化酶,能够催化组蛋白底物和非组蛋     

SIRT6——一个重要的寿命和肿瘤调控蛋白质

哺乳动物NAD^＋依赖的组蛋白去乙酰化酶SIRT6（NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-6）属于沉默配型信息调节蛋白家庭（silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog, sirtuin）成员,对机体寿命调控有重要作用,主要表现在：（1）维持基因组和端粒稳定;（2）调节糖和脂肪的能量代谢;（3）调控炎症反应。此外,研究还发现SIRT6是一个抑癌基因,与肿瘤的起源、发展有关。本文就SIRT6与抗衰老及肿瘤调控之间的相关性进行综述。     

白藜芦醇对高糖刺激下人肾小管上皮细胞发生EMT的作用

该文研究了白藜芦醇及其下游信号分子沉默信息调节因子1(silent information regulator 1,SIRT1)对高糖培养条件下人肾小管上皮细胞(HK-2)转化的作用和机制。体外常规培养HK-2细胞,采用Western blot检测平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)、E-钙黏着蛋白(E-cadherin)及信号蛋白SIRT1、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体γ协同刺激因子-1α(peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α,PGC-1α)的蛋白表达,采用细胞免疫荧光对SIRT1的表达进行检测。与高糖刺激0 h组相比,高糖刺激12,24,48 h均导致HK-2细胞SIRT1蛋白明显减少,且随时间呈下降趋势;低糖培养细胞0,12,24,48 h的SIRT1蛋白表达没有明显差异。白藜芦醇明显提高高糖培养条件下HK-2细胞的SIRT1表达,而SIRT1特异性抑制剂EX527能够减弱白藜芦醇的作用。进一步的研究表明,白藜芦醇能够明显增加HK-2细胞中E-钙黏着蛋白的表达,抑制高糖导致的α-SMA表达升高,而EX527对高糖诱导的HK-2细胞转分化没有显著影响。此外,研究发现,白藜芦醇能够明显增加高糖刺激下HK-2细胞PGC-1α蛋白表达。该研究结果提示,白藜芦醇可能通过SIRT1和PGC-1α信号通路抑制了高糖诱导的HK-2细胞转化过程。     

靶向调控SIRT1与阿尔茨海默病治疗

沉默信息调节因子1 (silent information regulator 1, SIRT1)是哺乳动物NAD+依赖的去乙酰化酶沉默信息调节因子(sirtuin)家族的七种蛋白质之一。SIRT1具有神经保护作用,且研究揭示SIRT1在阿尔茨海默病(Alzheimer’s disease, AD)中具有潜在神经保护作用。SIRT1调节许多AD相关病理过程,包括调节淀粉样蛋白前体蛋白(amyloid-β precursor protein, APP)剪切、神经炎症、神经退行性变和线粒体功能障碍等。SIRT1在AD中受到了特别的关注,药理学或遗传学手段激活sirtuin通路在AD实验模型中显示出治疗作用。本综述阐述了SIRT1在AD中的病理作用机制最新研究进展,并对SIRT1诱导剂及其在AD中的治疗潜力进行了概述。     

Resveratrol Upregulates Cardiac SDF-1 in Mice with Acute Myocardial Infarction through the Deacetylation of Cardiac p53

Aims

We previously demonstrated that resveratrol (RSV) administration causes cardiac stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1 upregulation and can enhance the mobilization of stem cells in mice with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the upstream signal transduction involved in SDF-1 regulation in the setting of AMI and RSV administration remains unclear. Because RSV is a sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activator and SIRT proteins act as deacetylases, we investigated the role of SIRT1 in SDF-1 upregulation and its subsequent effects.

Methods and Results

In vitro experiments with H9C2 cardiomyocytes under hypoxia and serum-deprivation conditions showed that p53 acted upstream of SDF-1. RSV could not regulate SDF-1 effectively after SIRT1 silencing, indicating that it is dependent on SIRT1. Subsequently, male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: 1) sham, 2) MI, 3) MI+RSV, and 4) MI+RSV plus nicotinamide, an inhibitor of the deacetylase activity of SIRT (MI+RSV+NAM). Compared with the sham mice, AMI caused a slight increase in the cardiac p53 level and resulted in significant SIRT1 downregulation and p53 acetylation or activation. Compared with the MI mice, MI+RSV administration improved the cardiac SDF-1 level and reversed the reduction of SIRT1 and the activation of p53. Furthermore, we observed less cardiac dysfunction in MI+RSV mice and determined that NAM abolished the effects of RSV.

Conclusions

RSV enhances cardiac SDF-1 excretion after AMI partially through a SIRT1 normalization/p53 inactivation pathway.     

The effects of resveratrol on cyclooxygenase-1 and -2, nuclear factor kappa beta, matrix metalloproteinase-9, and sirtuin 1 mRNA expression in hearts of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Resveratrol (RSV) has a beneficial role in the prevention of diabetes and alleviates some diabetic complications, such as cardiomyopathy. We investigated cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1), COX-2, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) mRNA expression levels in heart tissue after RSV treatment in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. After induction of chronic diabetes with STZ, 10 mg RSV/kg per day was administered to DM and DM+RSV groups for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, all rats were sacrificed and heart tissues were stored at -80°C; mRNA expression levels of COX-1, COX-2, NF-κB, MMP-9, and SIRT1 genes were analyzed with quantitative real-time PCR. We did not find any significant effect of RSV on MMP-9, COX-1, COX-2, or NF-κB mRNA levels among the groups. However, SIRT1 mRNA levels decreased in the DM group compared to controls and increased in the DM+RSV group when compared to the DM group. SIRT1 is activated by RSV treatment in diabetic heart tissue. Activation of SIRT1 by RSV may lead to a new therapeutic approach for diabetic heart tissue. We conclude that RSV treatment can alleviate heart dysfunction by inhibiton of inflammatory gene expression such as SIRT1.     

Calorie restriction-induced changes in the secretome of human adipocytes,comparison with resveratrol-induced secretome effects

Obesity is characterized by dysfunctional white adipose tissue (WAT) that ultimately may lead to metabolic diseases. Calorie restriction (CR) reduces the risk for age and obesity-associated complications. The impact of CR on obesity has been examined with human intervention studies, which showed alterations in circulating adipokines. However, a direct effect of CR on the human adipocyte secretome remains elusive. Therefore, the effect of a 96 h low glucose CR on the secretion profile of in vitro cultured mature human SGBS adipocytes was investigated by using proteomics technology. Low-glucose CR decreased the adipocyte triglyceride contents and resulted in an altered secretion profile. Changes in the secretome indicated an improved inflammatory phenotype. In addition, several adipocyte-secreted proteins related to insulin resistance showed a reversed expression after low-glucose CR. Furthermore, 6 novel CR-regulated adipocyte-secreted proteins were identified. Since resveratrol (RSV) mimics CR we compared results from this study with data from our previous RSV study on the SGBS adipocyte secretome. The CR and RSV adipocyte secretomes partly differed from each other, although both treatment strategies lead to secretome changes indicating a less inflammatory phenotype. Furthermore, both treatments induced SIRT1 expression and resulted in a reversed expression of detrimental adipokines associated with metabolic complications.     

Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1alpha

Diminished mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and aerobic capacity are associated with reduced longevity. We tested whether resveratrol (RSV), which is known to extend lifespan, impacts mitochondrial function and metabolic homeostasis. Treatment of mice with RSV significantly increased their aerobic capacity, as evidenced by their increased running time and consumption of oxygen in muscle fibers. RSV's effects were associated with an induction of genes for oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial biogenesis and were largely explained by an RSV-mediated decrease in PGC-1alpha acetylation and an increase in PGC-1alpha activity. This mechanism is consistent with RSV being a known activator of the protein deacetylase, SIRT1, and by the lack of effect of RSV in SIRT1(-/-) MEFs. Importantly, RSV treatment protected mice against diet-induced-obesity and insulin resistance. These pharmacological effects of RSV combined with the association of three Sirt1 SNPs and energy homeostasis in Finnish subjects implicates SIRT1 as a key regulator of energy and metabolic homeostasis.     

Resveratrol inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle involves AMPK but not SIRT1

The plant-derived polyphenol resveratrol (RSV) modulates life span and metabolism, and it is thought that these effects are largely mediated by activating the deacetylase enzyme SIRT1. However, RSV also activates the cell energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). We have previously reported that AMPK activators inhibit inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), a key proinflammatory mediator of insulin resistance in endotoxemia and obesity. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether RSV inhibits iNOS induction in insulin target tissues and to determine the role of SIRT1 and AMPK activation in this effect. We found that RSV (40 mg/kg ip) treatment decreased iNOS induction and NO production in skeletal muscle and white adipose tissue, but not in liver, of endotoxin (LPS)-challenged mice. This effect of the polyphenol was recapitulated in vitro, where RSV (10-80 μM) robustly inhibited iNOS protein induction and NO production in cytokine/LPS-treated L6 myocytes and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. However, no effect of RSV was observed on iNOS induction in FAO hepatocytes. Further studies using inhibitors of SIRT1 revealed that the deacetylase enzyme is not involved in RSV action on iNOS. In marked contrast, RSV activates AMPK in L6 myocytes, and blunting its activation using Compound C or RNA interference partly blocked the inhibitory effect of RSV on NO production. These results show that RSV specifically inhibits iNOS induction in muscle through a mechanism involving AMPK but not SIRT1 activation. This anti-inflammatory action of RSV likely contributes to the therapeutic effect of this plant polyphenol.     

SIRT1 and SIRT5 activity expression and behavioral responses to calorie restriction

To investigate the effects of calorie restriction (CR) on behavioral performance and expression of SIRT1 and SIRT5 in rat cerebral tissues. Beginning at 18 months of age, 60 rats were randomly divided into a CR group (n = 30) and a group that remained fed ad libitum (AL; n = 30). CR rats were restricted to a diet of 60% of their daily food consumption. After 6 months of CR, CR rats displayed a maximum 50% reduction in escape latency (AL 20 ± 0.3 s vs. CR 10 ± 0.2 s) and a 3.2 s decrease in time and distance to target when evaluated in Morris water maze tests. The levels of SIRT1 and SIRT5 protein in cerebral tissues of CR rats were elevated compared to AL rats (P < 0.05). CR retarded declines in cognitive ability and enhanced the expression of both SIRT1 and SIRT5 proteins in the cerebral tissue of CR rats compared with AL rats.     

Resveratrol Attenuates Aβ<Subscript>25–35</Subscript> Caused Neurotoxicity by Inducing Autophagy Through the TyrRS-PARP1-SIRT1 Signaling Pathway

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and loss of neurons. Resveratrol (RSV) is a natural polyphenol that has been found to be beneficial for AD through attenuation of Aβ-induced toxicity in neurons both in vivo and in vitro. However, the specific underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Recently, autophagy was found to protect neurons from toxicity injuries via degradation of impaired proteins and organelles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the role of autophagy in the anti-neurotoxicity effect of RSV in PC12 cells. We found that RSV pretreatment suppressed β-amyloid protein fragment 25–35 (Aβ_25–35)-induced decrease in cell viability. Expression of light chain 3-II, degradation of sequestosome 1, and formation of autophagosomes were also upregulated by RSV. Suppression of autophagy by 3-methyladenine abolished the favorable effects of RSV on Aβ_25–35-induced neurotoxicity. Furthermore, RSV promoted the expression of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), auto-poly-ADP-ribosylation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), as well as tyrosyl transfer-RNA (tRNA) synthetase (TyrRS). Nevertheless, RSV-mediated autophagy was markedly abolished with the addition of inhibitors of SIRT1 (EX527), nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (STF-118804), PARP1 (AG-14361), as well as SIRT1 and TyrRS small interfering RNA transfection, indicating that the action of RSV on autophagy induction was dependent on TyrRS, PARP1 and SIRT1. In conclusion, RSV attenuated neurotoxicity caused by Aβ_25–35 through inducing autophagy in PC12 cells, and the autophagy was partially mediated via activation of the TyrRS-PARP1-SIRT1 signaling pathway.     

Resveratrol attenuates apoptosis of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells induced by high shear stress and proinflammatory factors

Endothelial injury usually underlies the initial pathologic step of cardiovascular diseases. Primary endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis and secondary hyperproliferation both contribute to the development of atherosclerosis and luminal occlusion. In order to investigate the effects of resveratrol (RSV) on EC apoptosis, we applied high shear stress (HSS) with proinflammatory factors [tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plus cycloheximide] to human pulmonary microvascular ECs (PMVECs) through an artificial capillary system. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was measured by spectrofluorometry using dihydrorhodamine 123 fluorescent probe. Apoptosis and proliferation was determined by flow cytometric analysis. Protein expression was examined by Western blot. HSS plus inflammation significantly raised the ROS and the apoptosis level of PMVECs, which could be diminished by RSV pretreatment. In a 7-days incubation assay, RSV effectively inhibited the initial increase in apoptosis and thereby prevented subsequent PMVEC hyperproliferation induced by HSS plus inflammation. Mercaptosuccinate, a glutathione peroxidase (GPx-1) inhibitor or nicotinamide, a silent information regulator 2/sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) inhibitor could attenuate the antiapoptotic action of RSV on PMVECs; and RSV treatment upregulated GPx-1 and SIRT1 expression in PMVECs. In conclusion, RSV, probably by activating SIRT1 signaling pathway, inhibits the oxidative-stress-dependent phenotypical shift of ECs induced by HSS and proinflammatory factors in vitro.     

An Examination of Resveratrol's Mechanisms of Action in Human Tissue: Impact of a Single Dose In Vivo and Dose Responses in Skeletal Muscle Ex Vivo

The current study tested the hypothesis that a single, moderate dose of RSV would activate the AMPK/SIRT1 axis in human skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Additionally, the effects of RSV on mitochondrial respiration in PmFBs were examined. Eight sedentary men (23.8±2.4 yrs; BMI: 32.7±7.1) reported to the lab on two occasions where they were provided a meal supplemented with 300 mg of RSV or a placebo. Blood samples, and a muscle biopsy were obtained in the fasted state and again, with the addition of an adipose tissue biopsy, two hours post-prandial. The effect of RSV on mitochondrial respiration was examined in PmFBs taken from muscle biopsies from an additional eight men (23.4±5.4 yrs; BMI: 24.4±2.8). No effect of RSV was observed on nuclear SIRT1 activity, acetylation of p53, or phosphorylation of AMPK, ACC or PKA in either skeletal muscle or adipose tissue. A decrease in post absorptive insulin levels was accompanied by elevated skeletal muscle phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, but no change in either skeletal muscle or adipose tissue insulin signalling. Mitochondrial respiration in PmFBs was rapidly inhibited by RSV at 100–300 uM depending on the substrate examined. These results question the efficacy of a single dose of RSV at altering skeletal muscle and adipose tissue AMPK/SIRT1 activity in humans and suggest that RSV mechanisms of action in humans may be associated with altered cellular energetics resulting from impaired mitochondrial ATP production.