无锡市农业用地变化的景观驱动机制及其演变

为揭示农业用地减少热点的驱动因子时空变异特征,本文以无锡市为研究对象,在多时相LandsatTM遥感影像的支持下,应用邻域分析法和Logistic回归模型对1995—2010年农业用地动态变化及驱动机制进行了研究。结果表明:研究区农业用地面积不断减小,减少热点主要分布于主要城市及乡镇周围,其空间格局经历了较分散、相对集中、更加分散3个阶段;可达性因子对农业用地的影响在不同时期基本一致,农业用地减少的相对速度随可达性的上升而增加;经济因子和社会人口因子对农业用地减少影响强烈,但具有较强的阶段性和区位差异性;地形要素等自然环境因子对农业用地减少的作用强度相对较小,但在不同时期各区位表现出较显著的影响。总体上,对农业用地减少影响最大的景观因子逐渐由交通可达性、地形等自然地理要素演变为工业生产总值及人均收入等经济、社会要素;经济、社会要素对农业用地变化的影响随景观发育而逐渐增强。     

Development of a spatially universal framework for classifying stream assemblages with application to conservation planning for Great Lakes lotic fish communities

Classifications are typically specific to particular issues or areas, leading to patchworks of subjectively defined spatial units. Stream conservation is hindered by the lack of a universal habitat classification system and would benefit from an independent hydrology‐guided spatial framework of units encompassing all aquatic habitats at multiple spatial scales within large regions. We present a system that explicitly separates the spatial framework from any particular classification developed from the framework. The framework was constructed from landscape variables that are hydrologically and biologically relevant, covered all space within the study area, and was nested hierarchically and spatially related at scales ranging from the stream reach to the entire region; classifications may be developed from any subset of the 9 basins, 107 watersheds, 459 subwatersheds, or 10,000s of valley segments or stream reaches. To illustrate the advantages of this approach, we developed a fish‐guided classification generated from a framework for the Great Lakes region that produced a mosaic of habitat units which, when aggregated, formed larger patches of more general conditions at progressively broader spatial scales. We identified greater than 1,200 distinct fish habitat types at the valley segment scale, most of which were rare. Comparisons of biodiversity and species assemblages are easily examined at any scale. This system can identify and quantify habitat types, evaluate habitat quality for conservation and/or restoration, and assist managers and policymakers with prioritization of protection and restoration efforts. Similar spatial frameworks and habitat classifications can be developed for any organism in any riverine ecosystem.     

山西高原草地景观的数量分类与排序

草地植被空间格局研究是草地景观研究中一项重要的基础工作。空间格局研究不仅限于描述景观的空间特征,而是要深入分析空间格局的分布规律及影响格局形成的原因及机制。以1∶50万《山西省草地类型图》、《山西省行政区域图》及《山西省地形图》为主要信息源,借助GIS技术,应用TWINSPAN和DCA对山西高原草地景观的1127个样方进行研究。结果表明:(1)在TWINSPAN分类结果中,31个群丛组从左到右的排列顺序很好地揭示了山西高原草地景观的纬向地带性分布规律。即从40°43'N向34°34'N依次分布着北部草原、中部灌草丛和草丛及南部的暖温带草丛。(2)1127个样方DCA排序图纵轴揭示了明显的海拔梯度,即由上至下海拔逐渐降低,相应地草地景观变化为亚高山草甸、灌草丛、草原及河漫滩草甸;DCA排序图的横轴揭示了明显的水分梯度,即从左到右水分逐渐增加。两大优势群丛组样方及44个优势群丛组物种DCA的排序图都很好地刻画了山西高原水热组合的变化,即从西北向东南由于地形地貌引起的水热组合由冷干向暖湿逐渐变化,水热组合的梯度变化进一步影响了草地景观整体的空间分布格局。(3)GIS技术与数量生态学方法相结合有助于丰富景观生态学研究的技术体系。     

宏生态尺度上景观破碎化对物种丰富度的影响

生物多样性的地理格局及其形成机制是宏生态学与生物地理学的研究热点。大量研究表明,景观尺度上的生境破碎化对物种多样性的分布格局具有重要作用,但目前尚不清楚这种作用是否足以在宏生态尺度上对生物多样性地理格局产生显著影响。利用中国大陆鸟类和哺乳动物的物种分布数据,在100 km×100 km网格的基础上生成了这两个类群生物的物种丰富度地理格局,进一步利用普通最小二乘法模型和空间自回归模型研究了物种丰富度与气候、生境异质性、景观破碎化的相关关系。结果表明,景观破碎化因子与鸟类和哺乳动物的物种丰富度都具有显著的关联关系,其方差贡献率可达约30%—50%(非空间模型)和60%—80%(空间模型),略低于或接近于气候和生境异质性因子。方差分解结果显示,景观破碎化因子与气候和生境异质性因子的方差贡献率的重叠部分达20%—40%。相对鸟类而言,景观破碎化对哺乳动物物种丰富度的地理格局具有更高的解释率。     

Spatial Ecological Hierarchies: Coexistence on Heterogeneous Landscapes via Scale Niche Diversification

Spatially heterogeneous environments are generally characterized by nested landscape patterns with resource aggregations on several scales. Empirical studies indicate that such nested landscape patterns impose selection constraints on the perceptive scales of animals, but the underlying selection mechanisms are unclear. We investigated the selection dynamics of perceptive scale within a spatial resource utilization model, where the environment is characterized by its resource distribution and species differ in their perceptive scales and resource preemption capabilities. Using three model landscapes with various resource distributions, we found that the optimal perceptive scale is determined by scale-specific attributes of the landscape pattern and that the number of coexisting species increases with the number of characteristic scales. Based on the results of this model, we argue that resource aggregations on different scales act as distinct resources and that animal species of particular perceptive scales are superior in utilizing resource aggregations of comparable spatial extent. Due to the allometric relationship between body size and perceptive scale, such fitness difference might result in discontinuous body mass distributions.     

Scale-Dependence of Processes Structuring Dung Beetle Metacommunities Using Functional Diversity and Community Deconstruction Approaches

Community structure is driven by mechanisms linked to environmental, spatial and temporal processes, which have been successfully addressed using metacommunity framework. The relative importance of processes shaping community structure can be identified using several different approaches. Two approaches that are increasingly being used are functional diversity and community deconstruction. Functional diversity is measured using various indices that incorporate distinct community attributes. Community deconstruction is a way to disentangle species responses to ecological processes by grouping species with similar traits. We used these two approaches to determine whether they are improvements over traditional measures (e.g., species composition, abundance, biomass) for identification of the main processes driving dung beetle (Scarabaeinae) community structure in a fragmented mainland-island landscape in southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We sampled five sites in each of four large forest areas, two on the mainland and two on the island. Sampling was performed in 2012 and 2013. We collected abundance and biomass data from 100 sampling points distributed over 20 sampling sites. We studied environmental, spatial and temporal effects on dung beetle community across three spatial scales, i.e., between sites, between areas and mainland-island. The γ-diversity based on species abundance was mainly attributed to β-diversity as a consequence of the increase in mean α- and β-diversity between areas. Variation partitioning on abundance, biomass and functional diversity showed scale-dependence of processes structuring dung beetle metacommunities. We identified two major groups of responses among 17 functional groups. In general, environmental filters were important at both local and regional scales. Spatial factors were important at the intermediate scale. Our study supports the notion of scale-dependence of environmental, spatial and temporal processes in the distribution and functional organization of Scarabaeinae beetles. We conclude that functional diversity may be used as a complementary approach to traditional measures, and that community deconstruction allows sufficient disentangling of responses of different trait-based groups.     

两种不同生态区划方法在岷江上游地区的应用与比较

收集了岷江上游5县92个乡（镇）的自然与社会经济数据,运用生态学与景观生态学的原理和方法,分别建立传统生态区划（自上而下）和景观生态区划（自下而上）的指标体系,借助GIS工具和多元统计分析软件,通过对要素指标空间分异的特性分析,进行了岷江上游以乡（镇）为最小单元的生态区划研究.根据岷江上游乡（镇）域尺度上的生态环境状况和人类活动状况,传统生态区划将研究区划分为3个大区,而景观生态区划则为4个大区,但二者间的基本轮廓大体相似.为识别两种区划方法间的异同,比较与分析了自然环境复杂区域的小区级划分结果.分析表明,两种区划方法在划分依据、信息识别以及适用范围等方面均存在较大差异,在小区划分中,景观生态区划对自然环境条件复杂区域的区划优势明显.     

Spatial patterns of weeds along a gradient of landscape complexity

Processes that drive spatial patterning among plant species are of ongoing interest, mostly because these patterns have implications for the structure and function of plant communities. We investigated the spatial strategies of weeds focusing on how spatial patterns of weeds are mediated by agricultural landscape complexity and species life-history attributes. We quantified the spatial distribution of 110 weed species using data collected in ten landscapes in central western France along a gradient of landscape complexity, from structurally complex (numerous small fields) to structurally simple (few large fields). We then related differences observed in species’ distribution patterns to ecological attributes of species for resource exploitation and dispersion. Our study reveals that weeds were spatially aggregated at the landscape scale. Their spatial patterns are related to the frequency of occurrence of weeds but surprisingly not directly to the seed dispersal type, nor to the degree of habitat specialization. We show that landscape complexity had no direct effect on the spatial patterning of weeds but through interactions with species attributes. Our results point to the importance of interactions between landscape complexity and species attributes in the spatial patterning of weed species even in intensively managed fields. These patterns appear to be a consequence of the spatial arrangement of landscape elements as well as the result of landscape filtering on species attributes.     

Untangling Natural Seascape Variation from Marine Reserve Effects Using a Landscape Approach

Distinguishing management effects from the inherent variability in a system is a key consideration in assessing reserve efficacy. Here, we demonstrate how seascape heterogeneity, defined as the spatial configuration and composition of coral reef habitats, can mask our ability to discern reserve effects. We then test the application of a landscape approach, utilizing advances in benthic habitat mapping and GIS techniques, to quantify this heterogeneity and alleviate the confounding influence during reserve assessment. Seascape metrics were quantified at multiple spatial scales using a combination of spatial image analysis and in situ surveys at 87 patch reef sites in Glover''s Reef Lagoon, Belize, within and outside a marine reserve enforced since 1998. Patch reef sites were then clustered into classes sharing similar seascape attributes using metrics that correlated significantly to observed variations in both fish and coral communities. When the efficacy of the marine reserve was assessed without including landscape attributes, no reserve effects were detected in the diversity and abundance of fish and coral communities, despite 10 years of management protection. However, grouping sites based on landscape attributes revealed significant reserve effects between site classes. Fish had higher total biomass (1.5×) and commercially important biomass (1.75×) inside the reserve and coral cover was 1.8 times greater inside the reserve, though direction and degree of response varied by seascape class. Our findings show that the application of a landscape classification approach vastly improves our ability to evaluate the efficacy of marine reserves by controlling for confounding effects of seascape heterogeneity and suggests that landscape heterogeneity should be considered in future reserve design.     

Characterizing spatial-temporal patterns of landscape disturbance and recovery in western Alberta,Canada using a functional data analysis approach and remotely sensed data

Landscape regionalization approaches are frequently used to summarize and visualize complex spatial patterns, environmental factors, and disturbance regimes. However, landscapes are dynamic and contemporary regionalization approaches based on spatial patterns often do not account for the temporal component that may provide important insight on disturbance, recovery, and how ecological processes change through time. The objective of this research was to quantify spatial patterns of disturbance and recovery over time for use as inputs in a regionalization that characterizes unique spatial-temporal trajectories of disturbance in western Alberta, Canada. Cumulative spatial patterns of disturbance, representing the proportion, arrangement, size, and number of disturbances, and adjusted annually for spectral recovery, were quantified in 223 watersheds using a Landsat time series dataset where disturbance events are detected and classified annually from 1985 to 2011. Using a functional data analysis approach, disturbance patterns metrics were modelled as curves and scores from a functional principal components analysis were clustered using a Gaussian finite mixture model. The resulting eight watershed clusters were mapped with mean curves representing the temporal trajectory of disturbance. The cumulative mean disturbance pattern metric curves for each cluster showed considerable variability in curve amplitude which generally increased markedly in the mid-1990's, while curve amplitude remained low in parks and protected areas. A comparison of mean curves by disturbance type (e.g., fires, harvest, non-stand replacing, roads, and well-sites) using a functional analysis of variance showed that anthropogenic disturbance contributed substantially to curve amplitude in all clusters, while curve amplitude associated with natural disturbances was generally low. These differences enable insights regarding how cumulative spatial disturbance patterns evolve through time on the landscape as a function of the type of disturbance and rates of recovery.     

Vital Landscape Attributes: Missing Tools for Restoration Ecology

Twenty-three “vital ecosystem attributes” (VEAs) were previously proposed to aid in quantitative evaluation of whole ecosystem structure, composition, and functional complexity over time. We here introduce a series of 16 quantifiable attributes for use at a higher spatial scale and ecological organizational level, the landscape. “Vital landscape attributes” (VLAs) should be useful in evaluating the results of ecological restoration or rehabilitation undertaken with a landscape perspective, provided that clear definitions and boundaries are agreed upon for the different spatial and ecological entities involved. Like VEAs, VLAs should be sensitive to changes wrought by human as well as to nonhuman factors leading to ruptures in flow processes or vegetation “switches.” They should be applicable over a wide range of landscape types and therefore aid in conducting rigorous interlandscape comparisons. We present three groups of VLAs: (1) landscape structure and biotic composition, (2) functional interactions among ecosystems within the landscape, and (3) degree, type, and causes of landscape fragmentation and degradation. Ecotones between ecosystems are touched upon by several different VLAs. Because conflicting terminology abounds in this area, we append a glossary defining the problematic terms used.     

Critical landscape attributes that influence fish population dynamics in headwater streams

Three landscape attributes are likely to have strong effects on the rate-dependent processes determining fish population dynamics in headwater streams: (1) functional interactions at terrestrial-aquatic ecotones and their influence on temporal and spatial variation in resource supply and predator-prey interactions, (2) large-scale spatial habitat relationships and their effect on resource use and fish movement, and (3) presence of refugia from harsh environmental conditions and their influence on fish survival and emigration/immigration rates. Elucidating how these factors interact over a range of temporal and spatial scales should be a major goal of lotic fish ecologists.     

Mechanistic home range models capture spatial patterns and dynamics of coyote territories in Yellowstone

Patterns of space-use by individuals are fundamental to the ecology of animal populations influencing their social organization, mating systems, demography and the spatial distribution of prey and competitors. To date, the principal method used to analyse the underlying determinants of animal home range patterns has been resource selection analysis (RSA), a spatially implicit approach that examines the relative frequencies of animal relocations in relation to landscape attributes. In this analysis, we adopt an alternative approach, using a series of mechanistic home range models to analyse observed patterns of territorial space-use by coyote packs in the heterogeneous landscape of Yellowstone National Park. Unlike RSAs, mechanistic home range models are derived from underlying correlated random walk models of individual movement behaviour, and yield spatially explicit predictions for patterns of space-use by individuals. As we show here, mechanistic home range models can be used to determine the underlying determinants of animal home range patterns, incorporating both movement responses to underlying landscape heterogeneities and the effects of behavioural interactions between individuals. Our analysis indicates that the spatial arrangement of coyote territories in Yellowstone is determined by the spatial distribution of prey resources and an avoidance response to the presence of neighbouring packs. We then show how the fitted mechanistic home range model can be used to correctly predict observed shifts in the patterns of coyote space-use in response to perturbation.     

Stoichiometric distribution models: ecological stoichiometry at the landscape extent

Human activities are altering the fundamental geography of biogeochemicals. Yet we lack an understanding of how the spatial patterns in organismal stoichiometry affect biogeochemical processes and the tools to predict the impacts of global changes on biogeochemical processes. In this contribution we develop stoichiometric distribution models (StDMs), which allow us to map spatial structure in resource elemental composition across a landscape and evaluate spatial responses of consumers. We parameterise StDMs for a consumer‐resource (moose‐white birch) system and demonstrate that we can develop predictive models of resource stoichiometry across a landscape and that such models could improve our predictions of consumer space use. With results from our study system application, we argue that explicit consideration of the spatial patterns in organismal elemental composition may uncover emergent individual, population, community and ecosystem properties that are not revealed at the local extents routinely used in ecological stoichiometry. We discuss perspectives for further developments and application of StDMs to advance three emerging frameworks for spatial ecosystem ecology in an era of global change; meta‐ecosystem theory, macroecological stoichiometry and remotely sensed biogeochemistry. Progress on these emerging frameworks will allow for the integration of ecological stoichiometry and individual space use and fitness.     

中国自然保护综合地理区划

综合自然地理区划可以为生物多样性保护和自然保护区体系建设等提供基础资料,为区域生物多样性政策的制定提供科学依据。随着我国自然保护区事业的不断发展,自然保护综合地理区划成为自然地理区划的重要研究内容之一。虽然我国自然保护区体系已经初步建立,但仍然没有一个同时依据生物因素和非生物因素分布规律,确定的自然保护综合地理区划方案,为生物多样性保护和自然保护区建设服务。利用GIS技术和PC-ORD4.0软件中的双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)方法,将中国版图划分出3489个基本地理单元,并对这些地理单元进行了数量化分类。然后,根据这个分类结果,参考植被区划和地貌区划等,提出了中国自然保护综合地理区划方案。中国自然保护综合地理区划方案包括了8个自然保护地理大区、37个自然保护地理地区和117个自然保护地理亚地区。该区划具有以下特点:(1)利用TWINSPAN的数量分类方法进行地理区划的探索是区划方法上的创新,为自然地理区划的研究提供了新的研究途径。(2)选取的数量化指标是在结合已有专项区划资料提出的,有助于避免动植物分布指标的人为选择偏差,可以综合反映区域自然地理特征,对生物多样性就地保护和自然保护区体系建设具有较好的指导作用。(3)量化分析保证了地理区划的客观性,同时定性分析避免了量化分析过程中的误差,使区划结果更准确。     

Changing importance of habitat structure across multiple spatial scales for three species of insects

Considerable scientific effort has gone into examining how the spatial structure of habitat influences organism distribution and abundance in both theoretical and applied contexts. An emerging conclusion from these works is that the overall amount of habitat in the landscape matters most for species persistence and that more local attributes of habitat structure such as the size and arrangement of patches is of secondary importance. In this study, we quantify how and when the effects of habitat configuration (patch size and isolation) influence the density of three species of insects (Order: Diptera; Wyeomyia smithii , Metriocnemus knabi , Fletcherimyia fletcheri ) whose larvae are found exclusively in identical habitats (the water-filled leaves of pitcher plants – Sarracenia purpurea ) in a system that is naturally patchy at multiple spatial scales. We illustrate that relationships with configuration exist regardless of the overall amount of habitat in the broader landscape, and that there are distinct changes in the relationship between insect density and habitat configuration across multiple spatial scales. In general, patch size is more important within the movement range of the individual and isolation is important at larger, aggregation scales. Thus we demonstrate that a) both the amount and configuration of habitat are important attributes of species distribution; b) responses to measures of configuration can be scaled to processes such as movement and c) that hierarchical frameworks extending across very broad scales are essential for understanding how species respond to habitat structure and their role in ecosystem function.     

多尺度生态系统服务的权衡关系及其对景观配置的响应——以湖北省为例

多种生态系统服务相互关系及其对景观配置响应的多尺度分析一直是生态系统服务研究的热点问题,对于厘清生态系统服务尺度效应和实现区域分级管理具有重要的意义。以湖北省为研究区域,采用遥感、土地利用类型、水文、气象、土壤等多元数据,从5 km×5 km、10 km×10 km、15 km×15 km、20 km×20 km、25 km×25 km、县域和市域等7个递增尺度分析4种生态系统服务(水源供给、碳固持、粮食生产、水质净化)对景观配置的响应关系。结果表明：(1)4种生态系统服务的空间分布具有较强的异质性,粮食生产服务的高值区与水质净化服务的低值区主要分布于湖北省中部和东部的耕地集中区域,碳固持与水源供给呈现相反的空间特征。(2)生态系统服务权衡关系的作用强度随尺度增加而减弱,而协同关系呈增加趋势;同时服务间相互作用强度的变化大于作用方向的变化。(3)景观配置对生态系统服务的影响程度在县域和市域尺度上大于格网尺度。结果反映了受尺度变化中“削峰填谷”过程的影响,景观配置对生态系统服务影响的大小和正负效应具有尺度差异性。研究结果可为区域生态系统服务分级管理和景观格局调控提供科学参考。     

The habitat functional response links seasonal third‐order selection to second‐order landscape characteristics

Determining how animals respond to differences in resource availabilities across spatiotemporal extents is critical to our understanding of organism distributions. Variations in resource distribution leading to changes in spatial arrangements across landscapes are indicative of a habitat functional response. Our goal was to assess how resource availabilities influenced both second‐order (i.e., home ranging behavior) and third‐order (i.e., habitat or resource selection) selection by feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in an agricultural landscape. We defined agriculturally based seasons to estimate home range characteristics using autocorrelated kernel density estimation within each season. We then modeled home range size as a function of resource availability (i.e., resource selection analyses) to determine whether individual behaviors were predicted by shifts in home ranging behavior. Both home range analyses and resource selection analyses indicated seasonal differences in selection for agricultural resources as availabilities changed, suggesting second‐ and third‐order selection is mechanistically linked through a habitat functional response.     

基于自组织特征映射模型(SOFM)网络的中国自然资源生态安全区划

自然资源生态安全是国家安全的重要组成部分,自然资源生态安全区划对保障区域可持续发展提供了重要途径。基于自然资源数据、生态环境数据和相关区划资料,从生态敏感性与生态服务重要性角度构建了自然资源生态安全评价指标体系,进而揭示了中国自然资源生态安全的空间格局;通过建立区划的原则和指标,按照一级区主要反映自然资源空间分布格局,二级区主要揭示自然资源生态安全水平的差异,采用SOFM网络制订了中国自然资源生态安全区划方案。结果显示：(1)中国自然资源生态安全水平整体偏低,以中警与重警状态区域为主,安全和较安全状态的区域仅占24.22%,其中低安全等级区多分布于400mm等降水量线以西的干旱、半干旱区,高安全等级区则集中分布于水热资源与生物资源较为丰富的东南部地区;(2)中国自然资源生态安全区划方案包括8个一级区与27个二级区,总结归纳各大区自然资源的特征和威胁生态安全的问题,并针对二级区自然资源生态安全状况提出了对策建议。研究结果可为分区、分类推进全国自然资源可持续利用和国土空间优化提供理论支持与决策依据。     

Design of experiments applications in bioprocessing: Chromatography process development using split design of experiments

Development of a chromatographic step in a time and resource efficient manner remains a serious bottleneck in protein purification. Chromatographic performance typically depends on raw material attributes, feed material attributes, process factors, and their interactions. Design of experiments (DOE) based process development is often chosen for this purpose. A challenge is, however, in performing a DOE with such a large number of process factors. A split DOE approach based on process knowledge in order to reduce the number of experiments is proposed. The first DOE targets optimizing factors that are likely to significantly impact the process and their effect on process performance is unknown. The second DOE aims to fine-tune another set of interacting process factors, impact of whom on process performance is known from process understanding. Furthermore, modeling of a large set of output response variables has been achieved by fitting the output responses to an empirical equation and then using the parametric constants of the equation as output response variables for regression modeling. Two case studies involving hydrophobic interaction chromatography for removal of aggregates and cation exchange chromatography for separation of charge variants and aggregates have been utilized to illustrate the proposed approach. Proposed methodology reduced total number of experiments by 25% and 72% compared to a single DOE based on central composite design and full factorial design, respectively. The proposed approach is likely to result in a significant reduction in resources required as well as time taken during process development. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 35: e2730, 2019