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1.
Summary The uptake of Mn and B by barley plants was studied in a 5-week period in growth chambers. Fluorescent light was provided
with an intensity of 3200 foot-candles in a 12-hour day length and the entire plants were grown at temperatures of 10°, 15°,
or 20°C. The root medium consisted of a base nutrient solution in which Mn or B was added in the following concentrations:
0, 0.1, 0.5, 2.0, and 5.0 ppm. Five plants were grown in volumes of 20 liters of solution. At the end of the growth period
the shoots and roots were analyzed for Mn and B.
The Mn content of the roots increased with temperature and with the Mn concentration of the external solution while the B
content remained virtually static regardless of temperature or solution concentration. The shoots were divided into young,
mature, and old leaves. The Mn and B content of the old leaves showed increases which varied both with temperature and concentration.
Similar results were obtained with young and mature leaves.
The failure of B to accumulate in the roots was discussed. It was suggested that boric acid, with a very low degree of dissociation,
is present largely in a molecular form and does not participate in the customary metabolic activity connected with ion uptake
and accumulation in roots. 相似文献
2.
Nitrate assimilation by soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merrill cvv.Lee and Bragg] was investigated in plants grown in solutionculture at manganese concentrations of 0, 1.8 and 275 µMand at day-night temperatures of 3328° and 2217°C.Manganese deficiency occurred in plants of both cultivars grownat 0 µM Mn; under these conditions, leaf nitrate concentrationincreased in both cultivars and nitrate reductase activity invivo but not in vitro was reduced. High solution Mn (275 µM)produced symptoms of manganese toxicity and reduced nitratereductase activity of both cultivars in vitro but only of Bragggrown at 2217°C in vivo. A significant interactionbetween cultivars and solution Mn concentration was found forin vitro assays for plants grown at both temperatures; thisinteraction occurred in the in vivo assays for plants grownat 2217° only. (Received March 20, 1980; ) 相似文献
3.
The effects of suboptimal root zone temperatures (RZTs) on net translocation rates from the roots to the shoots and the concentrations
of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu were examined in maize grown in nutrient solution or soil. Plants were grown at 12 °C, 18 °C and 24
°C RZT. At each RZT, the growth-related shoot demand for nutrients was varied by independently modifying the temperature of
the shoot base (SBT) including the apical shoot meristem.
The net translocation rates of Mn and Zn from the roots to the shoots were reduced at low RZTs, irrespective of the SBT and
of the substrate (soil or nutrient solution). Obviously, the net translocation rates of Mn and Zn at low RZT were mainly regulated
by temperature effects on the roots and not by the chemical nutrient availability in the rhizosphere or by shoot growth rate
as controlled by SBTs. When both RZT and SBT were reduced, the decrease in net translocation rates of Mn and Zn was similar
to the decline in the shoot growth rate and concentrations of Mn and Zn in the shoot fresh matter were not greatly affected
or were even increased by low RZT. However, at high SBT and low RZT in nutrient solution, the depressed net translocation
rates of Mn and Zn combined with the increased shoot growth resulted in significantly decreased concentrations of Mn and Zn
in the shoot, indicating that Mn and Zn may become deficient even at high chemical availability.
By contrast to Mn and Zn, the net translocation rates of Fe and Cu at all RZTs were markedly enhanced by increased SBTs. Accordingly,
the concentrations of Fe and Cu in the shoot fresh matter were not greatly affected by RZTs, irrespective of the SBTs. These
results indicate that the ability of roots to supply Fe and Cu to the shoot was internally regulated by the growth related
shoot demand per unit of roots.
Deceased 21 September 1996
Deceased 21 September 1996 相似文献
4.
Karr , E. J. (Ohio State U., Columbus), A. J. Linck , and C. A. Swanson . The effect of short periods of high temperature during day and night periods on pea yields. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(2) : 91-93. Illus. 1959.—The effect of high temperatures during periods of relatively short duration (3-4 days) at various stages following anthesis at the first bloom node was studied in relation to yield of peas at this node. Except for the periods of differential temperature treatments, the plants were maintained in a standard environment room (24°C., light, 12 hr.; 15°C., darkness, 12 hr.). Three different temperature regimes during the treatment periods were studied: high day temperature—standard night temperature (32°—15°C.) ; standard day temperature—high night temperature (24°—30°C.) ; and high day and night temperatures combined (32°—30°C.). The data reveal the existence of a relatively well-defined thermal-sensitive period, with maximal sensitivity to high day temperatures occurring at about 9-11 days from full bloom, and maximal sensitivity to high night temperatures occurring about 6-9 days from full bloom. High night temperatures proved more critical, resulting in a maximal reduction of 25% in yield, as opposed to about 8% for high day temperatures. The effect of high day and night temperatures combined tended to be roughly additive. 相似文献
5.
Potted Cabernet Sauvignon grapevines were acclimated to two different temperature regimes (25°C/15°C and 35°C/25°C day/night temperatures, respectively) until 100% bloom, when the vines were treated with either 0, 250, 500, or 750 ppm ethephon (Ethrel®). Three days after ethephon application all vines were combined and held at 25°C/15°C in a phytotron room for 15 weeks. Growth was suppressed by a greater range of ethephon concentrations at the cool temperature, but effects were shorter-lived than at the high temperature. Generally, the 500 ppm treatment reduced vigor most effectively. The degree to which ethephon influences vine growth is mediated by temperature. Ethephon and temperature treatments caused significant differences in the concentrations of potassium, calcium, and magnesium in leaves. 相似文献
6.
《Aquatic Botany》1987,27(2):127-138
Greenhouse and growth chamber studies were conducted to evaluate growth and N utilization by Typha latifolia L. in flooded organic soil under varying temperatures and rates of N additions. Elevation of temperature from 10 to 25°C increased shoot biomass yields by 275%. Root biomass yields were lowest at 10°C and increased linearly as a function of temperature. Shoot/root ratios were low (0.72–0.82) at lower temperatures (10–15°C) and ratios increased by about three times at higher temperatures (20–30°C). Biomass yields were increased by addition of N fertilizers, while the shoot/root ratios were directly related to plant-available N present in the soil.Fertilizer 15N uptake (expressed as % of applied N) by the whole plant was 5.3% at 10°C, 37.5% at 20°C and at 30°C decreased to 20.8%. Fertilizer N accumulation in shoots was 2.1–29.8% of applied N, while roots accumulated 3.2–7.7%. Under greenhouse conditions, N uptake by T. latifolia was found to increase with increased rate of N application. Fertilizer N uptake by both shoots and roots was in the range of 61–77%. Plants cultured in growth chambers were affected by low light conditions resulting in poor growth and low fertilizer 15N uptake, as compared to plants grown under greenhouse conditions. Added fertilizer N was the major source of N during the early part of the growing season, while soil organic N was the major and perhaps the sole source of N during the latter part of the growing season. 相似文献
7.
Susan K. Boehlein Peng Liu Ashley Webster Camila Ribeiro Masaharu Suzuki Shan Wu Jiahn‐Chou Guan Jon D. Stewart William F. Tracy A. Mark Settles Donald R. McCarty Karen E. Koch Larkin C. Hannah Tracie A. Hennen‐Bierwagen Alan M. Myers 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2019,99(1):23-40
8.
The influences of various day/night air temperatures on net CO2 uptake and nocturnal acid accumulation were determined for Opuntia ficus-indica, complementing previous studies on the water relations and responses to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) for this widely cultivated cactus. As for other Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants, net nocturnal CO2 uptake had a relatively low optimal temperature, ranging from 11°C for plants grown at day/night air temperatures of 10°C/0°C to 23°C at 45°C/35°C. Stomatal opening, which occurred essentially only at night and was measured by changes in water vapor conductance, progressively decreased as the measurement temperature was raised. The CO2 residual conductance, which describes chlorenchyma properties, had a temperature optimum a few degrees higher than the optimum for net CO2 uptake at all growth temperatures. Nocturnal CO2 uptake and acid accumulation summed over the whole night were maximal for growth temperatures near 25°C/15°C, CO2 uptake decreasing more rapidly than acid accumulation as the growth temperature was raised. At day/night air temperatures that led to substantial nocturnal acid accumulation (25°C/15°C.). 90% saturation of acid accumulation required a higher total daily PAR than at non-optimal growth temperatures (10°C/0°C and 35°C/25°C). Also, the optimal temperature of net CO2 uptake shifted downward when the plants were under drought conditions at all three growth temperatures tested, possibly reflecting an increased fractional importance of respiration at the higher temperatures during drought. Thus, water status, ambient PAR, and growth temperatures must all be considered when predicting the temperature response of gas exchange for O. ficus-indica and presumably for other CAM plants. 相似文献
9.
Summary Romaine lettuce plants were grown in 15-liter tanks containing one-fifth strength Hoagland's solution over a range of Mn concentrations from zero to 10 ppm. This covered a span of Mn from deficiency to toxicity. Maximum yields were obtained at 0.1 and 0.5 ppm Mn supplied in the nutrient solution. A marginal chlorosis appeared at the highest Mn rates and was more pronounced in the older leaves. The plants were divided into young and old leaves and roots. The yellow borders of the old leaves were separated for analysis from the interior green tissues. The Mn content of the chlorotic borders averaged three times higher than that in the interior green tissues and reached a maximum of 5430 ppm Mn as opposed to 1940 ppm. The Fe content of the chlorotic bands was more than twice as high as that found in the green parts of the blades. The maximum content of Mn found in the roots was 3660 ppm. re]19720118 相似文献
10.
Recently, withering of farmed juvenile sporophytes of the kelp Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar has led to reduced production of this species in northern Japan, possibly because of the high water temperature and low nutrient concentration in cultivation areas. This problem may be solved by introducing parental plants with greater tolerance to high temperature and low nutrient conditions. We examined the combined effects of various temperatures (15, 20, 24, and 27 °C) and nutrient availabilities (seawater enriched with 25 % PESI medium and non-enriched seawater) on the growth and survival of cultivated juvenile sporophytes (1–2 cm) collected from Matsushima Bay, Miyagi Prefecture in northern Japan and Naruto, Tokushima Prefecture in southern Japan. The relative growth rates of juvenile sporophytes from both locations were significantly greater at 15 and 20 °C than at 24 and 27 °C. The juvenile sporophytes cultured in enriched medium had significantly higher relative growth rates than those cultivated in non-enriched seawater. Dead juveniles were observed in non-enriched seawater at all temperatures and the survival percentage decreased with increasing seawater temperatures. Compared to the juvenile sporophytes from Matsushima Bay, those from Naruto showed greater tolerance to high temperature even under the low nutrient condition. These results suggest that the withering of juvenile sporophytes is caused by the combined effects of low nutrient availability and high temperature. A potential solution to this problem is to introduce ecotypes with greater tolerance to high temperature and low nutrient conditions from a warmer region of Japan. 相似文献
11.
The incorporation of 14CO2 into unsaturated fatty acids during seed development was measured in sunflowers grown in controlled environments with day temperatures of 28°C and night temperatures of 15°C or 22°C. While the average temperatures to which the plants were exposed did not differ greatly, the ratio of linoleic acid to oleic acid synthesized was much greater at a night temperature of 15°C than at 22°C. These results support the proposal (Harris et al. 1978) that the mean minimum temperature experienced during seed development is the major environmental factor influencing the unsaturated fatty acid composition of sunflower seed oil. 相似文献
12.
MOGENS FONNESBECH 《Physiologia plantarum》1974,32(3):282-286
The effect of different temperatures on the shoot and root formation in isolated petiole segments of Begonia × cheimantha was determined after 10 weeks on a modified White medium containing 0.1 mg/1 NAA and 0.5 mg/1 BA. Temperature proved to be important for the induction of shoot and root formation. At a constant temperature the best plants were obtained at 18 to21°C. If the temperature was higher, fewer cultures survived and the number of roots and shoots were lower. Lower temperatures inhibited the development of plants. A pretreatment at 15 or 18°C for two to four weeks improved the number and size of the shoots developed during a following 24°C treatment. High temperatures throughout the growing period reduced the number of shoots severely. A pretreatment of three days at 24°C or one day at 28°C reduced the shoot number by 50 %. After seven days at 28°C there was not a single shoot in any of the cultures. However, after two weeks at 15 or 18°C it was no longer possible to inhibit the shoot formation by a 24°C treatment. It is concluded that the formation of shoots in petiole segments takes place during the first two weeks after excision, and that high temperature is detrimental to the shoot initiation process. 相似文献
13.
Growth and Development in the Young Tomato: III. THE EFFECT OF NIGHT AND DAY TEMPERATURES ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tomato seedlings were grown in a 12-hour day at constant andalternating day and night temperatures ranging from 10°to 30° C. The pattern of results was similar at light intensitiesof 400 and 800 f.c. The maximum rate of dryweight accumulationoccurred at a constant temperature close to 25° C. The effectsof day and night temperatures on total dry weight showed a considerabledegree of independence. The optimum day temperature was 25°C irrespective of the night temperature; the optimum night temperatureincreased from 18° to 25° C over the whole range ofday temperature. On average, day temperature affected totaldry weight twice as much as night temperature. High night temperaturesto some extent compensated for low day temperatures. The optimumday and night temperatures for leaf growth were both 25°C. On average day temperature affected leaf growth one and ahalf times as much as night temperature. By 12-hourly sampling it was shown that the cotyledons and leavesgrow throughout both day and night and that high night temperatureaccelerates nocturnal growth (cotyledons by cell expansion,young leaves by cell multiplication). Plants having receivedonly one night at 25° C, as compared with 15° C, showa slightly greater assimilation during the following light period,apparently as a consequence of increased photosynthetic surface.The respiratory loss in dry weight during darkness was not significantlyaffected by temperature over the range 1525° C. 相似文献
14.
Luciana Mollo Marina C. M. Martins Vanessa Fátima Oliveira Catarina C. Nievola Rita de Cássia L. Figueiredo-Ribeiro 《Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture》2011,107(1):141-149
The imperial bromeliad Alcantarea imperialis grows naturally on rocky outcrops (‘inselbergs’) in regions where daily temperatures vary from 5 to 40°C. As carbohydrate
metabolism is altered in response to cold, it could lead to reprogramming of the metabolic machinery including the increase
in levels of metabolites that function as osmolytes, compatible solutes, or energy sources in order to maintain plant homeostasis.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different temperatures on plant growth and non-structural carbohydrates
in plants of A. imperialis adapted to low temperature. Seedlings of A. imperialis were grown in vitro under a 12-h photoperiod with four different day/night temperature cycles: 5/5°C, 15/15°C, 15/30°C (dark/light)
and 30/30°C. Plants were also cultivated at 26°C in ex vitro conditions for comparison. The results showed an inverse relationship
between temperature and germination time and no differences in the percentage of germination. Plants maintained for 9 months
at 15°C presented a reduced number of leaves and roots, and a dry mass four times lower than plants grown at 30°C. Sugar content
was higher in plants grown at 15°C than at 30°C. However, the highest amount of total sugar was found in plants growing under
warm day/cold night conditions. Myo-inositol, glucose, fructose and sucrose were found predominantly under high temperatures, while under low temperatures,
sucrose was apparently replaced by trehalose, raffinose and stachyose. Starch content was highest in plants grown under high
temperatures. The lowest starch content was detected under low temperatures, suggesting its conversion into soluble carbohydrates
to protect the plants against cold. These results indicated that low temperature retarded growth of A. imperialis and increased sugar levels, mainly trehalose, thus suggesting that these sugar compounds could be involved in cold tolerance. 相似文献
15.
The role of environment on the dwarfing (short internode) phenomenon of apple (Malus domestisca Borkh.) was investi gated and defined in controlled environmental chambers. Orchard-grown very dwarf, dwarf and semi-dwarf trees obtained by natural sibcrossing of spur-type cv. Golden Delicious and cv. Delicious, as well as standard cv. Golden Delicious, were propagated via in vitro techniques. Growth was rapid and none of the 4 types exhibited dwarf-like characteristics when grown at constant 27°C with 12, 14 or 16 h daylengths. Standard and very dwarf plants grew at nearly the same rate at constant 30°C, whereas growth nearly ceased on both types at constant 35°C after 7 days. Dwarf and very dwarf plants responded differently from standard and semi-dwarf plants when grown under alternating (ramped) night/day temperatures (15 or 20°C night ramped up to a daytime maximum over 8 h of 23, 28, 33 or 38°C, held for 2 h and then ramped down over 5 h to the night temperature). As the night/maximum day temperature differentia) increased from 0 to 23° under the ramping environments, growth of dwarf plants decreased markedly as compared to standard plants. When the same night/maximum day temperature differential occurred, the effect on decreasing shoot length was greater at the higher (20°C) night temperature. Increasing maximum day temperatures under the ramped environment also reduced leaf area plant?1 but did not markedly affect leaf number, resulting in short internodes. When a period of constant temperature was followed by ramped temperatures or vice versa, the sequence of constant vs ramped environments made little difference in the final growth of the 4 plant types. The data point to high temperature as the major factor for causing dwarfing of the sensitive plant types. Increasing the differential between night and maximum day temperature resulted in short internode. dwarf plants with small leaves similar to orchard-grown dwarf trees. 相似文献
16.
J. T. Moraghan 《Plant and Soil》1987,104(1):121-127
The influence of FeEDDHA (0, 0.2 and 2 μg Fe g−1 soil) and NaH2PO4·H2O (0 and 120 μg Pg−1 soil) on the growth of two Fe-ineffective soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) varieties (anoka and T203) on a calcareous soil at two soil temperatures (16 and 24°C) was compared under greenhouse
conditions. The two soybean varieties differed in the following respects: (a) T203 accumulated smaller concentrations of Fe
in washed tops than Anoka under comparable conditions; (b) T203 was more susceptible to Fe deficiency and its accentuation
by high levels of fertilizer P than Anoka; (c) T203 accumulated lower quantities of Mn in tops than Anoka under comparable
conditions; (d) T203, but not Anoka, developed Mn deficiency symptoms when treated with P and 2 μg Fe g−1 at 16°C. Fe deficiency was more severe in both varieties at the higher soil temperature due apparently to: (a) greater plant
concentration of P in tops at 24°C; and/or (b) an increased rate of plant growth and greater dilution of Fe in young tissue
at 24°C. Foliar P concentration was increased much more than foliar Fe concentration by an increase in soil temperature. Severely
Fe deficient T203 plants grown without FeEDDHA at 24°C accumulated less foliar Mn than their FeEDDHA counterparts. Comparisons
of Fe effectiveness of various soybean cultivars based on relative responses to FeEDDHA can be influenced by differential
effects on Mn nutrition. 相似文献
17.
Nutrient self‐selection represents an important behaviour that has been measured across many taxa. Despite the amount of research on this phenomenon, few studies report the evaluation of the effects of environmental variables such as temperature on nutrient selection by animals. In the present study, the nutrient selections of the silverfish Lepisma saccharina L. are measured across a range of temperatures (10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) using feeding arenas with three nutrient choices: carbohydrate (sucrose), protein (casein) and fat (lard). An overall preference for carbohydrates is shown across the range of temperatures, followed by protein, and then fat. However, the proportional consumption of each dietary component changes with temperature; the proportional carbohydrate consumption decreases dramatically with increasing temperature (>94% of the diet at 15 °C but <58% at 30 °C), whereas the proportional protein and lipid consumption increases with increasing temperature up to 30 °C. Changes in nutrient selection with temperature may be related to the dietary requirements of the insect at different temperatures. 相似文献
18.
Francisco Valencia-Gredilla María L. Supiciche Guillermo R. Chantre Jordi Recasens Aritz Royo-Esnal 《The Annals of applied biology》2020,176(1):36-46
Conyza bonariensis is one of the most problematic weed species throughout the world. It is considered highly noxious due to its interference with human activities, and especially the competition it poses with economically important crops. This research investigated the temperature requirements for seed germination of four populations of C. bonariensis with distinct origin and the influence of daily alternating temperatures. For this, a set of germination tests were performed in growth chambers to explore the effect of constant and alternating temperatures. Seeds of the four populations (from Lleida, Badajoz and Seville, Spain and Bahía Blanca, Argentina) were maintained at constant temperatures ranging from 5 to 35°C. The final germination and cardinal temperatures (base, optimum and maximum) of each population were obtained. We also tested the influence of daily alternating temperatures on final germination. To do so, seeds were exposed to two temperature regimes: 5/15, 10/20, 15/25, 20/30 and 25/35°C night/day temperature (intervals increasing 5°C, with constant oscillation of 10°C) and to 18/22, 16/24, 14/26, 12/28 and 10/30°C night/day temperature (intervals with average of 20°C, but increasing the oscillation in 4°C between intervals). In general, all populations behaved similarly, with the highest germination percentages occurring in the optimum temperature range (between 21.7°C and 22.3°C) for both constant and alternating temperatures. In general, climatic origin affected germination response, where seeds obtained from the coldest origin exhibited the highest germination percentage at the lowest temperature assayed. In addition, we observed that the alternating temperatures can positively affect total germination, especially in oscillations that were further from the average optimum temperature (20°C), with high germination percentage for the oscillations of 15/25, 20/30, 18/22, 16/24, 14/26, 12/28 and 10/30°C in all populations. The cardinal temperatures obtained were significantly different across the populations. These results provide information that will facilitate a better understanding of the behaviour of Conyza and improve current field emergence models. 相似文献
19.
Effect of photoperiod and temperature on apical growth cessation in two ecotypes of Salix and Betula
OLAVI JUNTTILA 《Physiologia plantarum》1980,48(3):347-352
Apical growth cessation as affected by photoperiod and temperature has been studied in seedlings of two latitudinal ecotypes of Salix and Betula. The critical photoperiod for apical growth cessation at constant temperatures of 15 and 21°C was about 22 h for a northern (69°C39′N) and about 15–16 h for a southern (59°C40′N) ecotype of Salix pentandra. Fluctuating day/night temperatures (21°C/9°C, 15°C/6°C) induced apical growth cessation in northern ecotypes even at 24–h photoperiod. Disagreements in critical photoperiods found in various studies are discussed. 相似文献
20.
A study was conducted to determine the influence of temperature on solubility and subsequent availability of P to plants. Phosphorus sorption curves were used to fertilize the soil with six P rates corresponding to initial sorption equilibrium solution P levels in the range of 0.03 to 0.72 ppm. Yield response to P measured for temperatures was in controlled environment chambers. Growth temperatures ranged 12.7°C to 29.4°C. Sorption of added P and desorption of sorbed P increased with increase in temperature. Yields of lettuce increased with the increased sorption equilibrium solution P levels at all the temperatures. Initial sorption-equilibrium solution P levels necessary for 95% yield had to be increased from 0.20 to 0.64 ppm when temperature was lowered from 29.4° C to 12.7°C. Desorption-equilibrium solution P levels for 95% yield were nearly constant at all temperatures. The log of initial sorption equilibrium solution P as a function of temperature for 95% yield was linear between 17.2°C and 29.4°C. Comparison of the data for 95% yield in solution cultures showed that critical nutrient solution P levels were very close to the desorption equilibrium P levels for 95% yield of plants grown in soil at similar temperatures. Relative yields of lettuce and desorption equilibrium solution P levels showed the same trend to changes in temperature. The study suggests that the major role of temperature on P uptake between 17.2°C and 29.4°C is due to desorption of P from the soil. Physiological influences of temperature on plant growth and consequent P requirement play a minor role.Contribution from the Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow. Approved for publication by the Director of the Agricultural Experiment Station as Research Paper No.74740. Presented before Div. S-4, Western Regional Meeting, ASA, Irvine, Calif., June 19, 1974. Part of senior author's Ph.D. dissertation. 相似文献