棉铃虫对萎蔫枫杨气味的行为反应

利用嗅觉仪测定了棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera (H櫣ｂｎｅｒ)成虫对萎蔫的枫杨Pterocaryastenoptera气味的行为反应。结果证实 ,萎蔫的枫杨气味仅能引诱棉铃虫处女雌蛾 ,但对已交配的雌蛾和雄蛾无显著的引诱作用 ;萎蔫的枫杨气味能显著地加强棉铃虫处女雌蛾对雄蛾的引诱作用。并讨论了枫杨枝把引诱棉铃虫的生物学意义     

植物气味化合物对棉铃虫产卵及田间诱蛾的影响

利用触角电位技术（EAG）研究棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera对17种植物气味物质的嗅觉反应,实验结果表明：棉铃虫雄蛾、雌蛾对所试各种植物气味物质均无明显的嗅觉反应差异,不同种类的气味物质能引起不同的EAG反应。对其中的几种植物气味物质进行了引诱产卵实验及田间诱蛾实验,结果表明：某些寄主植物的挥发性次生物质显示出较好的引诱产卵活性,且对棉铃虫性诱剂具有增效和协同作用。田间实验数据显示,增加了植物气味物质的棉铃虫性诱剂与单一的棉铃虫性诱剂相比差异显著。     

加拿大杨树叶气味对棉铃虫的引诱作用

加拿大杨树枝把田间诱蛾试验,单把日平均诱蛾4.17头,雌性比为1.72;在加拿大杨树枝把中加入棉铃虫性诱剂诱芯后,单把日平均诱蛾5.5头,雌性比为1.86.鲜加拿大杨树叶粗提物对棉铃虫刚羽化处女雌蛾引诱效果为26.67%;经过堆放2天的杨树叶粗提物对棉铃虫刚羽化的处女雌蛾引诱效果为44.44%.     

一种测定植物挥发物对棉铃虫引诱作用的无选择性风洞嗅觉仪(英文)

发展了一套测定棉铃虫Helicoverpaarmigera (H櫣ｂｎｅｒ)对植物挥发物的行为反应的生测系统。这套系统由嗅觉仪、风洞和风洞室组成。用这套系统测定了棉铃虫对萎蔫后的枫杨Pterocaryastenoptera叶、加拿大杨Populuscanadensis叶、香椿Toonasisnensis叶、新鲜的芹菜与胡萝卜花挥发物以及苯乙醛的行为反应。结果显示 ,萎蔫的枫杨叶、加拿大杨叶、香椿叶的挥发物均对棉铃虫处女雌蛾表现出显著的引诱作用 ,而对已交配过的雌蛾和雄蛾无明显的引诱作用 ;新鲜的芹菜与胡萝卜花挥发物对棉铃虫两性性成虫均不表现出显著的引诱作用 ;苯乙醛对棉铃虫处女雌、雄蛾有较强的引诱作用。讨论了杨树枝把引诱棉铃虫的原因。     

棉铃虫的性引诱试验初报

为了探索棉铃虫的性引诱作用,1975年棉铃虫第四、五代发生期间,我们在潜江县三江公社三江大队进行了雌蛾诱杀雄蛾的反复试验,在53天内投放雌蛾171头(319盆次),共诱获雄蛾2,029头,平均每头诱获11.85头。第四、五代发蛾高峰期,每盆次诱蛾量均在20头以上,单盆最高一日的诱蛾量达59头。在试验中我们发现: 1.凌晨3—5时雄蛾趋向诱盆最多,诱获量最大,上半夜和天亮以后则无雄蛾投盆。 2.雌蛾羽化后3—4天,对雄蛾的引诱力最大。 3.每台诱捕器以雌蛾2—3头较为适宜。用量增     

棉铃虫性诱剂在测报和防治上的应用研究

1993～1996年对棉铃虫性诱剂在测报和防治上的应用效果进行调查研究,结果表明,在3种不棉铃虫性诱剂中以中国科学院动物研究所生产的性诱剂诱蛾效果最好,其效果与进口性诱剂相当。在第1代,性诱剂诱蛾效果好于杨树把。在第2代,其效果与杨树把接近。在第3、4代,其效果差于杨树把。性诱剂与杨树把诱蛾的蛾量消长基本同步并且两者与田间卵量消长基本一致。因此,在第1、2代应以性诱剂取代杨树把,在第3、4代应以杨树把进行测报和防治。     

杨扇舟蛾性引诱行为的观察

杨扇舟蛾羽化高峰在19～21时,羽化后4小时左右性成熟,雌蛾分泌性外激素,对雄蛾产生性引诱;以羽化当日性引诱力最强;这种性行为直至交配或死亡为止。活雌蛾性外激素粗提液对雄蛾也有引诱力,但诱雄蛾效果不如活雌蛾。     

小菜蛾对合成植物挥发物的活性反应

在室内检验了小菜蛾已交配和未交配雌、雄成虫对3种合成植物挥发物乙酸顺-3-己烯酯（Z-3-hexenyl acetate,ACTE）、异硫氰酸丙烯酯（allyl isothiocyanate,NCS）和顺-3-己烯醇（Z-3-hexen-1-ol,OH）的触角电位(EAG)反应。不同浓度（0.008 μg/μL、0.08 μg/μL、0.2 μg/μL、0.8 μg/μL、8 μg/μL、20 μg/μL和40 μg/μL）实验表明,随着刺激化合物浓度的提高,小菜蛾反应活性增强。但小菜蛾的性别及其交配状态可能影响其对3种化合物的反应强度：不同性别及交配状态的小菜蛾对ACTE的反应差异不大;未交配雌、雄虫对OH的反应强于已交配雌、雄虫;未交配雌虫对低浓度的NCS反应较强,NCS超过一定浓度时已交配雌虫的反应强于未交配雌虫,雄虫对NCS反应较小且与交配状态无关。以小菜蛾性信息素作为对照,在湖北长阳和越南河内试验了这3种植物挥发物诱芯（6 μL/诱芯）对小菜蛾的引诱作用。结果表明,在湖北,第1天时 ACTE、NCS对雄虫具有很强的引诱作用,引诱量显著大于性诱剂的引诱量,但随着诱芯放置时间延长,NCS引诱作用迅速下降,第2天时引诱作用已经很小;ACTE的引诱作用下降缓慢,第4天的诱蛾量才显著小于性信息素的诱蛾量,OH的引诱力较弱。在河内,ACTE、NCS、OH第1天对小菜蛾引诱作用很强,引诱量大于性信息素,但差异不显著;随着诱芯放置时间延长,3种挥发物对小菜蛾的引诱量均下降很快,第4天的引诱力就很弱。3种植物挥发物的混合物(体积比1∶1∶1)对小菜蛾的引诱作用与性信息素相似,且诱蛾活性持效期相对较长。无论在越南或湖北,植物挥发物或其混合物均很少引诱到雌虫。     

重点单项诱杀措施复合配置对棉铃虫的诱杀效果及规格比较

不同灯光与性诱剂或杨树枝把的复合配置处理对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera成虫均具有较明显的诱杀作用,其各自的田间控制效果各不相同,且明显与棉铃虫田间实际发生的相对程度有关。在一定范围内,棉铃虫发生量大的世代或年份,控制效果较好,发生量超常大时控制效果有所降低。综合分析比较该几种复合配置诱集源处理的诱蛾量、田间百株卵量、幼虫量及其对棉铃虫有效态天敌量的影响等因素,结果显示：在不同灯光与性诱剂或杨树枝把的复合配置处理中,以高压汞灯和性诱剂复配效果最好,双波灯与性诱剂的复配效果稍差。高压汞灯与性诱剂、双波灯与性诱剂复配处理区的百株卵量在160 m内分别比对照降低34.5%、28.6%。性诱剂宜设置于高压汞灯区外围80—160 m外,以形成两者空间和时间上的互补。     

雄蛾粗提液诱蛾试验

在棉红铃虫性诱试验中,我们发现性诱区、树枝把、灯光诱蛾区内的雄蛾量比对照区多得多,这种现象是性诱剂的作用还是其它原因? 我们从第一代蛾开始,进行了雄蛾粗提液的诱蛾效果试验。其方法如下:剪取拄蛾腹部末端三节,浸泡在无水酒精里三日后备用。雄蛾来源:①引诱剂盆得来的,②杨树把、黑光灯、室内饲养羽化的,③雄蛾粗提液盆下获甜的(主要来源)。使用方法与雌蛾性引诱剂丙酮稀释液相同,并设酒精、清水对照。通过一、二代蛾的反复实践证明: (1)雄蛾粗提液诱雄蛾的效果好。诱集雄蛾多,性能稳定,各代诱蛾量的曲线与高斯剂吻台(见袁1、图1)。     

豆野螟成虫行为学特征及性信息素产生与释放节律

豆野螟Maruca vitrata (Fabricius)是一种严重的泛热带豆类蔬菜害虫。本文在（29±1）℃、相对湿度75%～80%、光周期14L∶10D条件下研究了豆野螟成虫的羽化、交尾行为以及雌蛾性信息素的释放节律。结果表明：其羽化行为全天可见,在雌蛾中,86%于暗期羽化; 在雄蛾中,73%于暗期羽化。雌雄蛾羽化行为在暗期第4、5和8 h差异达到显著 (t>4; P<0.05)。交尾活动发生在暗期19：00到5：00之间,交尾持续时间最短约为20 min,最长约为90 min,3日龄进入暗期第5 h具有最高的交尾率。1、6和7日龄成虫具有单个交尾高峰,2到5日龄成虫具有两个交尾高峰。同一日龄成虫交尾在暗期前半段平均花费的时间要明显高于在后半段花费的时间。低龄和高龄的成虫用于交尾的时间明显高于中龄的性成熟成虫。成虫的开始交尾时间随着日龄的增加逐渐前移。雄蛾对进入暗期后第5 h和第9 h处女雌蛾的性腺提取物和空气收集性信息素的触角电位反应最强,对 3日龄处女雌蛾的性腺提取物和空气收集性信息素的触角电位反应最强。处女雌蛾田间诱蛾试验表明：23：00-01：00为诱蛾高峰期,3日龄处女雌蛾的诱蛾效果最好。该蛾的羽化、交尾及性信息素产生与释放均存在节律上的一致性。雌蛾的性信息素释放的时间较长,见于整个暗期,然而交尾行为发生时间较短,主要发生于两个交尾高峰之间。     

棉铃虫成虫对高浓度性信息素的行为反应

室内行为实验表明,在高浓度性信息素环境中棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) 雌蛾更加活跃、觅偶行为更加积极主动、求偶时间显著延长,而雄蛾主动求偶时间显著缩短、静止时间显著延长。高浓度性信息素并未引起成虫在取食活动和产卵行为的明显改变,也未能有效阻断其交配行为,而是推迟了它们的交配日期、夜间初始交配时间,缩短了交配蛾的交配持续时间。因此,高浓度性信息素主要影响其交配质量,而不是交配率。     

Effect of temperature and photoperiod on juvenile hormone biosynthesis and sexual maturation in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera: implications for life history traits

The Israeli population of the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), undergoes a short-day, low-temperature pupal diapause and is also suspected of being a seasonal migrant in the eastern Mediterranean region. H. armigera were reared in the laboratory under several constant temperature and photoperiodic combinations which simulate average conditions encountered in the spring, summer, early-autumn and late-autumn in Israel. Juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis, the onset of calling behavior, sex pheromone production and ovarian development were examined in virgin female moths subsequent to eclosion. Allatal maturation, defined as acquisition of competence to synthesize JH, was significantly delayed in moths reared under simulated spring conditions. This was probably the cause for the observed delay in ovarian development and the onset of calling behavior, and to the reduction in sex pheromone biosynthesis. The delay in female sexual maturation, commonly associated with migratory flight, is consistent with presumptive pre-reproductive migration in H. armigera.     

A sex pheromone component novel to the Geometridae identified fromEpirrita autumnata

(Z,Z,Z)-1,3,6,9-Heneicosatetraene was identified as a sex pheromone component ofEpirrita autumnata (Borkhausen), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection revealed one active peak from female pheromone gland extracts. The chemical identification of the compound was based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, chemical micro-reactions and unambiguous synthesis. In a field test, a rubber septum loaded with 3000 μg of this compound showed highest attraction of maleE. autumnata moths compared to lower doses and the control. The attraction of males to a 300 μg bait was equivalent to that obtained using live virgin females.     

光强度对棉铃虫交配行为的影响

【目的】为阐明光强度对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)交配行为的影响。【方法】本实验设置4个光照强度(0,0.5,5.0和50.0 lx),观察记录不同光照强度下棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为;分别通过单个腺体性信息素提取法和解剖雌虫受精囊的方式,检测不同光照强度下棉铃虫的雌蛾性信息素滴度和交配率。【结果】在强光(50.0 lx)下,棉铃虫雌蛾求偶起始时间最长,求偶持续时间最短,求偶次数最少,雌蛾性信息素滴度始终处于较低水平,交配率也属于最低。在微光(0.5 lx)下,雌蛾求偶起始时间最短,求偶持续时间最长,求偶次数最多;雌蛾性信息素始终处于较低水平,但暗期后段求偶率高达40%。【结论】强光(50.0 lx)可以抑制棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为、性信息素的合成及交配;微光(0.5 lx)可以促进棉铃虫雌蛾的求偶行为;相对黑暗环境(0 lx),微光(0.5 lx)还可以促进棉铃虫快速(1 h)完成交配,微光(0.5 lx)对棉铃虫的交配行为具有重要意义;求偶和性信息素的合成没有必然联系。本研究可为探讨光对夜蛾交配行为的影响提供一定的理论基础,也可为利用物理、化学通讯信息调控夜蛾行为提供一定的参考。     

利用人工合成性信息素诱捕器诱捕印度谷螟的影响因素分析

采用自行设计式及仿制圆筒式诱捕器,以人工合成性信息素(Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (简称TDA) 为引诱源在实验室条件下对影响诱捕器诱捕印度谷螟Plodia interpunctella效果的几个因素进行分析测定。多元线性回归分析结果表明：日平均温度在18.5～26.2℃,人工合成性信息素TDA散发日数9～37天,温度(X₁)、TDA散发日数(X₂)、当日释放蛾(雄)量(X₃)、累计2日释放蛾量(X₄)、累计3日释放蛾量(X₅)等5个因素与每日诱捕蛾量间存在着相关关系。对5个因素进行逐步回归分析和筛选,得出线性回归方程：Y=-27.31+1.37X₁+0.28X₃,回归系数R（0.90）>R_0.01(n-2,0.63)。统计分析结果表明：日平均温度(X₁)、当日释放蛾量(X₃)与诱蛾量(Y)之间呈显著线性相关关系。卡方测验表明预测值与实测值之间差异不显著。     

Predation risk and mating behavior: the responses of moths to bat-like ultrasound

In the presence of predators, animals may reduce or alter theirmating activities. There has been little experimental studyof whether mating behavior varies with the level of predationrisk. Two species of moths, Pseudaletia unipuncta (Noctuidae)and Ostrinia nubilalis (Pyralidae), significantly reduced theirmate-seeking behavior under high levels of simulated predationrisk. Male moths aborted upwind flight in a pheromone plume,and females stopped releasing pheromone in response to soundssimulating the echolocation calls of bats. For O. nubilalis,but not for P. unipuncta, the response varied significantlywith the level of predation risk. Interspecific differencesin behavioral responses likely reflect differences in physiologicalauditory sensitivity and/or behavioral thresholds. Female behavioralresponses to sounds simulating the calls of bats that gleantheir prey from surfaces were significantly weaker than theirresponses to sounds resembling the calls of aerially hawkingbats; these results support the neurophysiological data thatthe calls of gleaning bats are relatively inaudible to moths.This study indicates that some animals can modify their reproductiveactivities in response to auditory cues from predators.     

Field evaluation of a slow release pheromone formulation to control the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Pakistan

Trials to control the American bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) by the technique of mating disruption were carried out in the Pakistan Province of Punjab during the 1996 cotton season. A slow release PVC resin formulation, Selibate(R) HA, containing a 97:3 mixture of the major (9Z-hexadecenal) and minor (11Z-hexadecenal) components of the female sex pheromone of H. armigera was applied at a rate of 40 g active ingredient ha-1 during August 1996. The formulation was applied around the terminal portion of the cotton plant by hand using local labour at a rate of c. 250 pieces per hectare. The efficacy of the formulation was compared to conventional insecticide regimes to control H. armigera on four farmer practice fields situated at least 1 km to the north, south, east and west of the pheromone treated area. A high degree of trap catch shutdown (indicating mating suppression) was observed throughout the pheromone treated area during the whole of the season compared to non-pheromone treated farmer practice fields. Night observations confirmed that mating disruption occurred in the pheromone treated area as a smaller percentage of mated females were collected from this area compared to farmer practice fields. A majority of mated females collected from the pheromone treated area mated only once, whereas females in farmer practice fields had undergone multiple matings. A greater percentage of tethered female H. armigera moths retrieved from farmer practice fields had successfully mated compared to tethered females retrieved from the pheromone treated area. Release rate data of H. armigera pheromone from the formulation show that c. 70% was released during the two month trial period. However, the highly dispersive pre-oviposition flight behaviour of females meant that the area treated was not sufficient to eliminate the problem of gravid females migrating in from surrounding areas, and ovipositing therein. The implications of using the technique of mating disruption to control large strong flying insects like H. armigera are discussed.     

棉铃虫卵内蛋白酶性质研究

在棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera卵母细胞内检测到蛋白酶活性,其作用Ph在酸性范围,酶活性受E-64、Pepstatin和iPr₂P-F等多种抑制剂抑制。在Ph4.0时蛋白酶对牛血红蛋白有较高水解率。抗蓖麻蚕Philosamia cynthia ricini卵半胱氨酸蛋白酶血清和抗蓖麻蚕卵天冬氨酸蛋白酶血清可以识别棉铃虫卵内成分。实验结果表明;棉铃虫卵内可能存在半胱氨酸蛋白酶类、丝氨酸蛋白酶类和天冬氨酸蛋白酶类,并且与蓖麻蚕卵内蛋白酶有一定的相似性。