冬青卫矛的大环生物碱分离鉴定及其杀虫活性研究

用柱层析和高效液相色谱等方法从卫矛科卫矛属植物冬青卫矛(Euonymus japonicusThunb.)的根皮乙酸乙酯提取物中分离到4个β-二氢沉香呋喃大环生物碱,它们的结构经核磁共振波谱分析和熔点测定鉴定为卫矛羰碱(evonine)(A),1-脱乙酰-1-苯甲酰卫矛羰碱(B),ebenifoline E-IV(C)和mayteine(D)。生物活性追踪试验表明,化合物A、B、C、D对粘虫(Mythimna separata)幼虫的毒力LC50分别为23.23、5.44、5.25和4.66 mg.mL-1。     

卫矛科中的倍半萜成分

卫矛科(Colastraceae)植物在我国分布较广,其中一些种为巾草药所用,很多种民间常作为天然杀虫药。最近,我们从4种卫矛科植物大芽南蛇藤(C. gemmatus Loesen.)、灯油藤(C. paniculatus Willd.)、少果南蛇藤(C. rosthornianus Loesen.)和白杜(E. bungeanus Maxim.)的根皮或其种子中分离得30多个倍半萜化学成分。     

卫矛科植物苦皮藤杀虫成分化学研究新进展

卫矛科植物苦皮藤(Celastrus angulatus Max.)是我国著名的杀虫植物。近些年来,我国对这一杀虫植物从化学和生物学的角度进行了多学科的交叉研究。本文结合笔者近年来的研究,从苦皮藤的杀虫化学成分的结构、构效关系、环境中的稳定性以及结构修饰等方面综述了对苦皮藤杀虫成分化学研究的新进展。     

南蛇藤种油中的倍半萜成分

从南蛇藤种油中分离了六个β－二氢沉香呋喃倍半萜,通^1HNMR,^13和单晶X－线射线衍射鉴定,它们的结构是：1α,6β－二乙酰氧基－9β－苯甲酰氧基－β－二氢沉香呋喃（1）,1α,6β－二乙酰氧基－9β－肉桂酰基－β－二氢沉香呋喃（2）,1α－乙酰氧基－6β,9β－二苯甲酰氧基－β－二氢沉香呋喃（3）,1α,2α－二乙酰氧基－9β－肉桂酰氧基－β－二氢沉和时呋喃（4）,1α－羟基－2α－乙酰氧基－9β－肉桂酰氧基－β－二氢沉香呋喃（5）和1α－乙酰氧基－2α羟基－9β－肉桂酰氧基－β－二氢沉香呋喃（6）。化合物2,5和6是首次从南蛇藤中分离得到。     

从天然产物到新农药创制——杀虫植物苦皮藤研究进展

天然产物是新农药创制的重要资源。苦皮藤(Celastrus angulatus)是一种传统杀虫植物,广泛分布于我国长江和黄河流域的丘陵浅山地区。1980年以来作者对苦皮藤进行系统的研究,获得下列重要成果:(1)从苦皮藤根皮和叶子的提取物中分离、鉴定出54个化合物,其中37个为新化合物,这些化合物都属于倍半萜多元醇酯,具有二氢沉香呋喃的骨架结构。(2)以苦皮藤素V和双呋喃二氢沉香呋喃为起始化合物,修饰合成一系列衍生物,其中一些化合物的杀虫活性高于天然产物苦皮藤素V。(3)作用机理研究结果表明:阻断昆虫神经-肌肉兴奋性接点电位的传导及对钙通道的抑制可能是麻醉成分苦皮藤素IV的主要作用机理;而和昆虫中肠肠细胞的特异性受体结合,从而改变细胞膜的结构,破坏细胞膜的正常功能可能是毒杀成分苦皮藤素V的主要作用机理。(4)研制出0.2%苦皮藤素乳油、0.15%苦皮藤素微乳剂及0.15%苦皮藤素微粉剂,其中0.2%苦皮藤素乳油于2001年投入批量生产,取得明显的经济效益和环境生态效益。     

小果博落回中2种杀虫活性成分的分离及鉴定

以粘虫(Mythimna separata)3龄幼虫为试虫,采用生物活性示踪法从小果博落回(Macleaya microcarpa)乙醇提取物中分离纯化出2种活性成分,经MS1、H-NMR1、3C-NMR分析鉴定为二氢血根碱和二氢白屈菜红碱。采用小叶碟添加法测试了2种化合物对粘虫3龄幼虫的拒食及毒杀活性。结果表明,2种化合物对粘虫3龄幼虫均具有较高的拒食活性,48 h的拒食AFC50分别为0.168和0.231 mg.mL-1,同时,二氢血根碱对粘虫3龄幼虫具有一定的毒杀活性,96 h的LC50为0.085 mg.mL-1。分析认为二氢血根碱可能是小果博落回的主要杀虫活性成分之一。     

细雀梅藤的黄酮类成分及其初步活性筛选

从鼠李科雀梅藤属植物细雀梅藤(Sageretia gracilis)根茎中分离得到9个化合物,经波谱分析鉴定了它们的结构。除十八烷酸、三十羧酸甲酯和胡萝卜苷外还有6个黄酮类成分,其结构分别鉴定为：maesopsin(1),maesopsin-6-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(2),5,7,4′-三羟基-二氢黄酮醇（3）,5,7,4′-三羟基-二氢黄酮醇-3-O-α-L-阿拉伯呋喃糖苷(4),5,7,4′-三羟基-二氢黄酮醇-3-O-α-L-鼠李吡喃糖苷(5),5,7,4′-三羟基-黄酮醇(6),其中化合物4为一新化合物。分别对其乙醇提取物、水提取物、石油醚萃取部位、乙酸乙酯萃取部位、正丁醇萃取部位和化合物1、5、6进行了抗细菌、抗真菌、抗肿瘤、抗骨质疏松和溶血栓等、6个模型的活性筛选,结果表明正丁醇萃取部位具有一定的抗细菌活性,其IC50为74．9μg／ml,水提取物具有一定的抗真菌活性,其IC50为13．8μg／ml。     

金边黄杨与大叶黄杨光合特性的比较

在田间条件下,比较金边黄杨与大叶黄杨光合生理特性的结果表明：（1）金边黄杨的叶绿素含量极显著低于大叶黄杨,类胡萝卜素和花色素苷含量无显著差异;（2）金边黄杨的光合能力显著低于大叶黄杨,表现量子效率、羧化效率分别为大叶黄杨的54％和50％;（3）二者的净光合速率日变化均为单峰曲线,金边黄杨净光合速率和蒸腾速率日积分值分别为大叶黄杨的60％和75％。     

Isolation and characterization of insecticidal activity of (Z)-asarone from Acorus calamus L.

The insecticidal activity of Acorus calamus L. rhizome‐derived material against adults of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky was examined by using repellency method and contact toxicity. The biologically active constituent of the A. calamus rhizome was separated and identified. The results showed that the ethanol extract of A. calamus had strong repellency and contact effect to S. zeamais and the active constituent of the A. calamus was characterized as (Z)‐asarone by spectroscopic analysis. Responses from the tests varied with exposure times and doses. In the repellency test, ethanol extract of A. calamus had 93.92% repellency at 629.08 μg/cm² but only 71.38% at 157.27 μg/cm² 12 h after treatment. As a contrast, (Z)‐asarone showed 84.50% repellency at 314.54 μg/cm² and 77.02% at 78.63 μg/cm² 12 h after treatment. In the filter paper diffusion test, ethanol extract of A. calamus caused 95.56% and 17.78% mortality to S. zeamais at 314.54 μg/cm² and 78.63 μg/ cm² 4 days after treatment, while (Z)‐asarone brought about 100.00% and 15.56% mortality at 40.89 μg/cm² and 15.73 μg/cm² respectively. These results indicate that the insecticidal activity of the A. calamus extract may be due to (Z)‐asarone.     

Synthesis and insecticidal activity of new deoxypodophyllotoxin derivatives modified in the D-ring

In continuation of our program aimed at the discovery of new natural-product-based insecticidal agents, twenty-six deoxypodophyllotoxin derivatives modified in the D-ring were synthesized and evaluated as insecticidal agents against the pre-third-instar larvae of oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) in vivo at 1 mg/mL. The configuration of three compounds 3, 4, and IIIi was unambiguously determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. It demonstrated that aminolysis of deoxypodophyllotoxin in the presence of pyrrolidine and piperidine could result in complete inversion of the configuration of the carbonyl group at its C-2 position. Five compounds IIa, IIi–k, and IIIh showed the equal or higher insecticidal activity than toosendanin. Especially IIj displayed the most potent insecticidal activity with the final mortality rate of 65.5%.     

Natural-product-based insecticidal agents 14. Semisynthesis and insecticidal activity of new piperine-based hydrazone derivatives against Mythimna separata Walker in vivo

In continuation of our program aimed at the discovery and development of natural-product-based insecticidal agents, twenty-six new piperine-based hydrazone derivatives were synthesized from piperine, an alkaloid isolated from Piper nigrum Linn. The single-crystal structures of 6c, 6q and 6w were unambiguously confirmed by X-ray crystallography. Their insecticidal activity was evaluated against the pre-third-instar larvae of Mythimna separata Walker in vivo. Especially compounds 6b, 6i and 6r, the final mortality rates of which, at the concentration of 1 mg/mL, were 62.1%, 65.5% and 65.5%, respectively, exhibited more pronounced insecticidal activity compared to toosendanin at 1 mg/mL, a commercial botanical insecticide isolated from Melia azedarach. It suggested that introduction of the substituents at the C-2 position on the phenyl ring of the hydrazone derivatives was important for their insecticidal activity.     

Semisynthesis and insecticidal bioactivities of benzoxazole and benzoxazolone derivatives of honokiol,a naturally occurring neolignan derived from Magnolia officinalis

Honokiol, a natural bioactive neolignan isolated from the bark and leaf of Magnolia officinalis and Magnolia obovata, exhibits many important biological properties. In continuation of our interest in discovery of the agrochemicals derived from the natural sources, thirty-seven new 8/8′-alkylthiol-benzoxazole and N-alkyl/sulfonyl-benzoxazolone derivatives of honokiol were prepared and their insecticidal activities were evaluated against the larvae of Mythimna separata Walker and Plutella xylostella Linnaeus. The results showed that eleven derivatives exhibited potent insecticidal activity against M. separata when compared with the positive control. Particularly, compound 5h displayed the most promising insecticidal activity against M. separata with the final mortality rate (FMR) of 58.6%. Meanwhile, compounds 7n (FMR = 65.3%), 7p (FMR = 61.5%), and 8c (FMR = 65.3%) demonstrated a greater insecticidal activity against P. xylostella than toosendanin, a well-known botanical insecticide. Additionally, the preliminary structure-activity relationships (SARs) were also discussed. This study indicates that these honokiol derivatives could be used as leads for the further derivation and development of the potential pesticide candidates for crop protection.     

Synthesis and insecticidal activity of novel hydrazone compounds derived from a naturally occurring lignan podophyllotoxin against Mythimna separata (Walker)

In continuation of our program aimed at the discovery and development of natural-product-based insecticidal agents, a series of novel hydrazone derivatives of podophyllotoxin, which is a naturally occurring aryltetralin lignan and isolated as the main secondary metabolite from the roots and rhizomes of Podophyllum species, were synthesized and evaluated as insecticidal agents against the pre-third-instar larvae of oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) in vivo at 1 mg/mL. Especially compounds 8i, 8j, 8t, and 8u showed the more potent insecticidal activity with the final mortality rates greater than 60%.     

Anatomical Studies on Secondary Phloem of Euonymus bungeanus

The anatomical structures, especially the type, distribution and arrangement of the constituent elements in the secondary phloem of Euonymus bungeanus Maxim. have been studied. The results showed that the secondary phloem was thicker, consisted of sieve-tube elements, companion ceils ,phloem parenchyma cells ,secretory ceils and rays. Sieve-tube elements, phloem parenchyma cells and secretory cells were alternately arranged in tangential bands, forming a conspicuous zone-like constitution. There was no obvious boundary between the functional phloem and the non-functional phloem. Sieve-tube elements were long, slender cells with very oblique end walls and compound sieve plates. Sieve areas on lateral wall were highly differentiated. Companion cells were triangular in transection and slender in radial section. Mostly,two or three companion cells stayed along with one sieve-tube element. In the functional phloem, phloem parenchyma cells were also slender, containing a few starch grains;but in the nonfunctional phloem they enlarged and contained abundant starch grains. Secretory cells were longer than sieve-tube elements, consisting of rubber-like material. Rays were uniseriate. Finally, the authors also discussed the phylogenetic position of E. bungeanus, which may provide some references for further study of the classification of different genera of Celastraceae.     

卫矛不同有效部位总黄酮含量及抗氧化性的研究

采用溶剂法及大孔树脂法提取卫矛中降血糖及抗心肌缺血有效部位的总黄酮,通过紫外分光光度法测定总黄酮含量,利用抑制邻苯三酚自氧化试验考察抗氧化性。结果表明,卫矛中降血糖和抗心肌缺血有效部位的总黄酮含量分别为:3.055%±0.068%和38.80%±0.066%,两种部位均显示出抗氧化活性。卫矛降血糖和抗心肌缺血作用可能都与其抗氧化作用有关。     

中国卫矛属植物叶表皮微形态特征及其分类学意义

利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对中国卫矛属(Euonymus L.)24种以及沟瓣属（Glyptopetalum Thw.）3种植物的叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察研究,测量并统计了气孔器长宽比、密度和气孔指数。结果显示,两属植物叶表皮微形态特征基本一致：叶上、下表皮细胞形状多为多边形,垂周壁平直-弓形;气孔器通常仅分布在叶下表皮;均具有无规则型气孔器,部分种还具环列型气孔器。扫描电镜下角质膜纹饰、表皮细胞界限及气孔特征在一些种间存在差异,可以作为区分部分近缘种类的参考依据。