提高胞外钾引起的蛙骨骼肌咖啡因挛缩增强

用蛙胫前肌小束为材料, 研究了提高胞外钾[K+]O对咖啡因挛缩的作用.[K+]O从2 mmol/L提高到10或25 mmol/L, 由3 mmol/L咖啡因引起的挛缩明显增强.以PKC/PC (PKC和PC分别为在高钾和正常钾条件下的咖啡因挛缩)表示的咖啡因挛缩增强, 依赖[K+]O和高钾作用时间.随着10 mmol/L [K+]O作用时间延长, 直至10 min, 增强逐渐增加.但是, 25 mmol/L [K+]O作用1 min时增强达到最大, 然后下降到对照.PKC/PC变化时程不能用高钾引起的去极化解释, 而与由相似[K+]O引起的胞浆自由钙变化时程相符.提示, 至少在蛙骨骼肌, 高钾引起的咖啡因挛缩增强主要是由胞浆自由钙升高引起的.     

咖啡因引起的蛙骨骼肌二酰基甘油累积和蛋白激酶C激活

以前的工作表明,高钾暴露可以导致蛙骨骼肌细胞二酰基甘油（ＤＡＧ）累积和蛋白激酶Ｃ（ＰＫＣ）激活。为探讨其作用机制,进一步研究了咖啡因对ＤＡＧ／ＰＫＣ信号转导途径的影响。结果表明。咖啡因能马浓度和时间依赖的方式卢蛙骨骼肌ＤＡＧ累积和ＰＫＣ激活。在乐自由钙升高达到相同峰值条件下,咖啡因引起的ＤＡＧ累积程度和时相明显不同于高钾。与此同时,咖啡因引起的ＰＫＣ激活也不同于高钾。咖啡因与高钾作用的差别进一步证     

高钾暴露引起的蛙骨骼肌二酰基甘油累积和蛋白激酶C的激活

高钾暴露引起的蛙骨骼肌二酰基甘油累积和蛋白激酶Ｃ的激活孙俊辉,董政,朱培闳（中国科学院上海生理研究所,上海２０００３１）关键词二酰基甘油;蛋白激酶Ｃ;细胞信号转导;兴奋收缩耦联肌醇磷脂水解产生两种重要信使——三磷酸肌醇（ＩＰ３）和二酰基甘油（ＤＡＧ）...     

胞外钙对豚鼠耳蜗Deiters细胞钾电流的调制

为观察胞外钙对豚鼠耳蜗单个离体Deiters细胞钾电流的调控作用并探讨其机制,实验记录了Deiters细胞在正常细胞外液和无钙外液中的全细胞钾电流(whole cell K^ currents,IK),并分析了其电生理学特性的改变。结果观察到,Deiters细胞与在正常细胞外液中相比,在祛除细胞外液中的Ca^2 后Ik电流幅值明显增加,弦电导值亦明显增加,但其平衡电位未明显改变。在无钙外液中Ik电流的反转电位向超极化方向明显移位,更接近于按照Ner-nst方程得出的K^ 理论平衡电位;而且其稳态激活曲线亦向超极化方向明显移位,但其激活趋势与正常相比无明显改变。此外,观察了Deiters细胞中钙抑制性钾电流的电流-电压关系和电导-电压关系,发现两者均呈“S”形,提示此钙抑制性钾电流可能存在2种不同的钾电导成分。由此,推测可能有两种机制参与胞外钙对Deiters细胞钾电流的调控：(1)Deiters细胞中的Ik通道可能存在一个Ca^2 敏感结构域,胞外Ca^2 可能通过改变此结构域而对Ik电流产生调制;(2)Deiters细胞中可能存在一种新型的双相门控性钾通道或钾通道耦联型受体或是一种新型的钾通道亚型,祛除胞外Ca^2 可激活此新型钾电导而对L电流产生调制。由此推测,在听觉形成过程中,胞外钙浓度下降可以对Deiters细胞的全细胞钾电流产生调制,从而更有利于Deiters细胞内K^ 外流,进而有效地缓冲外毛细胞周围的K^ 浓度：而且还可以使Deiters细胞产生更快的复极化并有利于维持其静息状态。     

胞外和胞内菌胞外囊泡的功能及应用

细胞外囊泡(Extracellular Vesicles,EVs)是从细胞膜上脱落或者分泌的双层膜结构的囊泡状小体.真核生物、细菌、古细菌和支原体等具有细胞结构的生物均能够释放EVs.细菌分泌的EVs含有DNA、RNA及蛋白质等多种成分,其在细菌毒力保持、免疫逃逸、细菌间物质运输、宿主细胞免疫调节、宿主转录基因调节、耐...     

提高大肠杆菌表达外源蛋白胞外含量的策略

大肠杆菌的蛋白质表达平台在工业和农业中得到了广泛应用,使目的蛋白质表达后释放至胞外更有利于大规模的生产。目前,已经研究出许多改善外源蛋白胞外含量的方法。本文从蛋白质分泌机制、菌株、信号肽、载体和培养条件的选择和优化改造、密码子的优化和蛋白质跨膜转运过程的改善等方面总结了提高大肠杆菌表达外源蛋白的胞外含量的各种策略,指出多因素协同作用才能更全面地提升蛋白质的胞外产量。     

胞外DNA的研究进展

胞外DNA(extracellular occurring DNA,eoDNA)是一种独立于细胞外的DNA,广泛存在于体液中。研究发现,eoDNA的浓度水平及其特异基因的改变能很好地反映疾病的发生和发展。随着生物技术的发展,eoDNA易获得、微创伤、预测早等优点引起了许多学者的关注,使得eoDNA成为非入侵疾病检测生物标记中的一颗新星。相对于健康人,肿瘤患者体内eoDNA浓度明显升高,这一特征已被研究者广泛验证,同时,研究还发现肿瘤患者eoDNA部分起源于肿瘤组织细胞,且这些DNA与肿瘤组织基因组有着相似的分子特征。这些研究成果为eoDNA取代肿瘤组织早期微创诊断肿瘤发生提供了理论基础。此外,在产检方面,从母体血浆中获取胎儿eoDNA并用以观察胎儿健康情况也日益得到学者关注。该文从eoDNA研究背景出发就其作为肿瘤诊断、预后以及产检生物标记的可能性及应用作一简单综述,并展望了eoDNA在临床疾病诊断的应用前景。     

产胞外多糖菌株的筛选及胞外多糖结构分析

筛选产胞外多糖菌株,探究胞外多糖流变学特性,并分析其结构。从土壤中筛选产胞外多糖菌株,通过形态特征观察及16S r DNA序列鉴定菌株。使用黏度计测定不同条件下胞外多糖溶液黏度变化,研究其流变学特性。通过乙醇沉淀、Sevag法和透析分离纯化多糖,再利用气相色谱、红外光谱和核磁共振等手段分析多糖结构。结果显示,筛选到一株产胞外多糖菌株,鉴定为肠杆菌WL113(Enterobacter sp.WL113)。所产胞外多糖黏度随质量浓度升高呈指数增大,浓度为10 g/L时黏度比1 g/L时提高约33倍;该多糖对温度敏感,100℃时黏度比25℃时降低了89.8%;但此多糖在酸性、中性和弱碱性条件下黏度相对稳定,对Na~+、K~+、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)等金属盐离子耐受性能良好。结构分析表明,该多糖主要由阿拉伯糖、甘露糖和葡萄糖组成,摩尔比阿拉伯糖∶甘露糖∶葡萄糖=1.63∶3.16∶2.38,含有α型和β型吡喃糖,存在糖醛酸。     

Hyaluronate degradation in 3T3 and simian virus-transformed 3T3 cells

The cellular control of hyaluronate levels was examined in cultures of simian virus 40-transformed 3T3 (SV3T3) and 3T3 cells which are known to differ in their metabolism of hyaluronate. When [3H]hyaluronate was added to cultures of the two cell lines, four times more ligand was bound per mg of protein by the SV3T3 cells than by the 3T3 cells. Of the bound [3H] hyaluronate, 40% was degraded by the SV3T3 cells to oligosaccharides characteristic of the breakdown of hyaluronate, but only 2% was degraded by 3T3 cells. Hyaluronidase activity was found in the cell layer and medium of the SV3T3 cultures, but was not detectable in 3T3 cells. The SV3T3 enzyme was active only at acidic pH, but at neutral pH the secreted SV3T3 hyaluronidase was thermally more stable then the cell-associated enzyme. In contrast, both cell lines were found to contain similar amounts of beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity. We conclude that the elevated capacity of SV3T3 cells to degrade hyaluronate may be partially responsible for their lack of the hyaluronate-containing pericellular coat which is prominent around 3T3 cells.     

Cell density and amino acid transport in 3T3, SV3T3, and SV3T3 revertant cells

The transport of selected neutral and cationic amino acids has been studied in Balb/c 3T3, SV3T3, and SV3T3 revertant cell lines. After properly timed preincubations to control the size of internal amino acid pools, the activity of systems A, ASC, L, and Ly⁺ has been discriminated by measurements of amino acid uptake (initial entry rate) in the presence and absence of sodium and of transportspecific model substrates. L-Proline, 2-aminoisobutyric acid, and glycine were primarily taken up by system A; L-alanine and L-serine by system ASC; L-phenylalanine by system L; and L-lysine by system Ly⁺ in SV3T3 cells. L-Proline and L-serine were also preferential substrates of systems A and ASC, respectively, in 3T3 and SV3T3 revertant cells. Transport activity of the Na⁺-dependent systems A and ASC decreased markedly with the increase of cell density, whereas the activity of the Na⁺-independent systems L and Ly⁺remained substantially unchanged. The density-dependent change in activity of system A occurred through a mechanism affecting transport maximum (V_max) rather than substrate concentration for half-maximal velocity (K_m). Transport activity of systems A and ASC was severalfold higher in transformed SV3T3 cells than in 3T3 parental cells at all the culture densities that could be compared. In SV3T3 revertant cells, transport activity by these systems remained substantially similar to that observed in transformed SV3T3 cells. The results presented here add cell density as a regulatory factor of the activity of systems A and ASC, and show that this control mechanism of amino acid transport is maintained in SV40 virus-transformed 3T3 cells that have lost density-dependent inhibition of growth, as well as in SV3T3 revertant cells that have resumed it.     

Ether-linked lipids of Balb/c3T3, SV3T3 and concanavalin A-selected SV3T3 revertant cells

Ether-linked lipids were analyzed in Balb/c3T3, SV3T3 and Concanavalin A-selected SV3T3 revertant cells. The three cell lines were found to contain significant quantities of alk-1-enyl- and alkyl-linked phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholine (PC) and small amounts of alkyldiacylglycerols. Compared to 3T3 cells, SV3T3 cells contain a higher amount of alk-1-enyl-linked PC, while in SV3T3 revertant cells the concentrations of the various ether lipids are similar to those of 3T3 cells. The major difference in the composition of ether groups of SV3T3 cells, compared to 3T3 cells, is an increase of 18:0 accompanied by a decrease of 18:1 in the alk-1-enyl-linked PE and PC. Alk-1-enyl-linked PC of SV3T3 revertant cells also shows an increase of 18:0, while the decrease of 18:1 was not statistically significant.     

3-Bromo-3-deazaneplanocin and 3-bromo-3-deazaaristeromycin: Synthesis and antiviral activity

As an outgrowth of our program to explore 3-deazaadenine carbocyclic nucleosides, 3-bromo-3-deazaneplanocin (5) and 3-bromo-3-deazaaristeromycin (6) have been synthesized from a readily available cyclopentenol and cyclopentanone and either 4-amino- or 4-chloro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine (6-amino- or 6-chloro-3-deazaadenine) in 5 steps and 7 steps, respectively. Antiviral analysis found 5 to display significant activity towards a number of (-)-ssRNA and a few dsDNA viruses. Compound 6 was less active than 5 against selected examples of those viruses affected by 5.     

Protein degradation in 3T3 cells and tumorigenic transformed 3T3 cells

To study the relation of overall rates of protein degradation in the control of cell growth, we determined if transformation of fibroblasts to tumorigenicity affected their rates of degradation of short- and long-lived proteins. Rates of protein degradation were measured in nontumorigenic mouse Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts, and in tumorigenic 3T3 cells transformed by different agents. Growing 3T3 cells, and cells transformed with Moloney sarcoma virus (MA-3T3) or Rous sarcoma virus (RS-3T3), degraded short- and long-lived proteins at similar rates. Simian virus 40 (SV-3T3)- and benzo(a)pyrene (BP-3T3)-transformed cells had slightly lower rates of degradation of both short- and long-lived proteins. Reducing the serum concentration in the culture medium from 10% to 0.5%, immediately caused about a twofold increase in the rate of degradation of long-lived proteins in 3T3 cells. Transformed lines increased their rates of degradation of long-lived proteins only by different amounts upon serum deprivation, but none of them to the same extent as did 3T3. Greater differences in the degradation rates of proteins were seen among the transformed cells than between 3T3 cells and some transformed cells. Thus, there was no consistent change in any rate of protein degradation in 3T3 cells due to transformation to tumorigenicity.     

Endogenous hyaluronate-cell surface interactions in 3T3 and simian virus-transformed 3T3 cells

3T3 cells have a large, pericellular coat which contains 30 times more hyaluronate than the amount of cell surface hyaluronate associated with simian virus 40-transformed 3T3 (SV-3T3) cells. On the other hand, SV-3T3 cells have high affinity binding sites for exogenously added hyaluronate, whereas 3T3 cells have much lower affinity sites. Removal of cell surface hyaluronate from SV-3T3 cells by treatment with hyaluronidase caused a reproducible increase in their maximum binding capacity for exogenous hyaluronate but no significant change in binding affinity or specificity. For 3T3 cells, however, the maximum amount of binding decreased and the affinity of binding increased after hyaluronidase treatment. When endogenous cell surface hyaluronate was labeled metabolically and then the cells incubated in the presence of exogenous unlabeled hyaluronate, the labeled cell surface hyaluronate was quantitatively displaced from the SV-3T3 cells but was not displaced from the 3T3 cells. Chondroitin sulfate and heparin did not displace cell surface hyaluronate from either cell type. Membranes isolated from SV-3T3 cells bound hyaluronate specifically and with high affinity, whereas membranes from 3T3 cells did not consistently bind a significant amount of hyaluronate. We conclude from these studies that the retention of endogenous hyaluronate on the surface of SV-3T3 cells is mediated by binding sites similar to those detected by the addition of exogenous hyaluronate, and the mechanism of retention of endogenous hyaluronate on the surface of 3T3 cells differs from SV-3T3 cells.