Leaf-growth Parameters Associated with Photosynthetic Capacity in Expanding Leaves of Capsicum frutescens L.

The previously reported increase in photosynthetic capacityduring laminar expansion up to an area of 10 cm² is shown, inpart, to be a function of the increasing cell surface area availablefor chloroplast growth. This occurs in a similar manner in thefirst eight leaves despite large differences in cell size. Duringthis phase the increase in ribulose diphosphate activity isgreater than can be accounted for by total chloroplast volumeand develops independently of chlorophyll content. These twochloroplast components also have different developmental patternsafter leaves have attained an area greater than 10 cm².     

聚乙二醇、赤霉素、磷酸氢二钾和低温处理种子后的甜椒幼苗生长

聚乙二醇(PEG)、KH2PO4、赤霉素(GA3)和低温处理可以不同程度上提高甜椒二叶一心、四叶一心和六叶一心期的壮苗指数、根系活力、根系吸收面积和叶绿素含量,改善甜椒幼苗的生长;甜椒壮苗指数、根系活力和根系活跃吸收面积与种子活力指数相关性显著,种子活力指数与甜椒苗龄的相关性大小依次为:二叶一心＞六叶一心＞四叶一心期.     

Clastogenicity of red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) extracts

Extracts from the fruits of Capsicum frutescens L. were tested for their clastogenicity using the mouse-bone-marrow micronucleus (mouse-MN) assay. Results of the mouse-MN, an in vivo method, indicated that the isolate CF-1 is clastogenic at the maximum tolerated dose of 1.22 mg/kg mouse. Statistical analysis using the Wilcoxon two-sample test showed that the null hypothesis, μ_tetracycline = μ_CF-1, is acceptable at 0.05 and 0.01 degrees of significance. Hence, the clastogenicity of CF-1 is statistically similar to that of tetracycline, a known clastogen, at the 5% and 1% levels of significance.     

Capsicum frutescens L. in Southeast and East Asia, and its dispersal routes into Japan

Isozyme analyses were conducted to study the geographic variation ofCapsicum frutescens L. in Southeast and East Asia, and to investigate its dispersal routes into Japan. Eight enzymes (EST, EM, G6PD, GR, ME(A), PGI, PGM, ShDH) were variable among accessions ofC. frutescens in Southeast and East Asia. Accessions from the Ryukyu Islands were closely related to those in Indonesia, whereas accessions from the Bonin Islands showed exactly the same isozyme patterns as those from Indonesia and Northern Thailand. Accessions in the Ryukyu Islands were different from those in the Bonin Islands, suggesting that there may be two independent dispersal routes into Japan. One route was from Indonesia via the Philippines or Taiwan, or directly to the Ryukyu Islands, and another was from Indonesia via the Mariana Islands, or other islands in the Pacific, to the Bonin Islands.     

高粱、紫苏叶脉密度与光合特性的关系

叶脉是植物叶片光合作用水分输送的重要结构。为阐述叶脉与光合特性之间的关系,以C4植物高粱(Sorghum bicolor)、C3植物紫苏(Perilla frutescens)为实验材料研究了叶脉密度和光合特性之间的关系。结果表明,与紫苏相比,高粱叶片叶脉密度大,导水能力强,蒸腾速率高,但气孔密度小。进一步分析表明,高粱叶片近轴侧气孔密度占总气孔的比例明显高于紫苏。叶脉密度大的高粱具有较高的净光合速率;而紫苏叶脉密度小,净光合速率也较低。由此表明,较高的叶脉密度有利于支持较高的光合速率,但研究表明叶脉密度和气孔密度可能不存在严格的协同变异关系。研究结果对理解植物光合作用适应有重要意义。     

Control of Ribulose-1,5-diphosphate Carboxylase Activity During Expansion of Leaves of Capsicum frutescens L.

The activity of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylase per unitlaminar area increases rapidly during early stages of leaf expansionin Capsicum frutescens L. cv. California Wonder. This is followedby a decrease to a level that is constant until expansion stops. A previous suggestion that the expansion of younger leaves inthe same phyllotactic sector controlled the decrease in enzymeactivity in older expanding leaves has not been verified byexperiments involving the selective excision of leaves and cotyledons.Decrease in enzyme activity was accompanied by a fall in FractionI protein content but another chloroplastic enzyme, -aminolevulinicacid dehydrase, did not exhibit a decrease in activity. Intra-chloroplasticmechanisms, rather than the influence of other plant organs,are suggested as controlling ribulose-1,5-diphosphate carboxylaseactivity during later stages of leaf expansion.     

辣椒矮化及果皮皱缩突变体鉴定RAPD初步分析

从‘怀椒六号'60Co-γ射线辐射后代中选得一株突变体,该突变体株高较矮,侧枝较少.野生型果皮光滑,而突变体果皮皱缩.经连续两年种植比较发现,该突变性状能稳定遗传,经RAPD分子标记比较发现,该突变性状是基因突变引起,并且从F1代表型分析发现,决定突变性状的基因为隐性基因.野生型与突变体花朵性状、果长、叶长、坐果能力、单果重、果肉厚、心室数等性状方面无显著性差异.     

Multivariate optimisation of microwave-assisted extraction of capsaicin from Capsicum frutescens L. and quantitative analysis by 1H-NMR

A simple and rapid microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) procedure combined with 1H-NMR spectrometry was developed and optimised for the extraction and quantitative determination of capsaicin in Capsicum frutescens. The influence of experimental variables, including irradiation power, extraction temperature and dynamic extraction time before reaching the selected extraction temperature, on the performance of the extraction procedure was systematically studied using a Box-Behnken experimental design followed by a conventional central composite design approach. Statistical treatment of the results together with results from some additional experiments suggested optimum extraction conditions as 120 degrees C and 150 W, for 15 min with acetone as extractant. The optimised MAE method provides extracts that can be analysed quantitatively using 1H-NMR without any preliminary clean-up or derivatisation steps. In the 1H-NMR spectrum of the crude extracts the doublet signal in the delta range 4.349-4.360 ppm was well separated from other resonances in deuterated chloroform. The quantity of the compound was calculated from the relative ratio of the integral value of the target peak to that of a known amount of dimethylformamide as internal standard. In comparison with traditional Soxhlet extraction, the proposed method is less labour-intensive and provides a drastic reduction of extraction time and solvent consumption. In addition, MAE showed higher extraction yield and selectivity, with comparable reproducibility and recovery, relative to both conventional Soxhlet and sonication methods.     

The synthetic potential of immobilised cells of Capsicum frutescens Mill cv. annuum

Cells of Capsicum frutescens Mill. cv. annuum, immobilised in reticulate polyurethane foam, produced higher yields of capsaicin, the pungent principle of Chilli pepper fruits, than did freely-suspended cells, when batch-cultured in a medium conducive to culture growth. In the absence of specific precursors to capsaicin, immobilised cells produced between two and three orders of magnitude higher yields than did suspended cells over 5-d or 10-d culture periods (typically up to 4 or 5 mg capsaicin g^-1 dry weight l^-1 medium compared with up to 30 g g^-1l^-1, respectively). These results were reflected by an increased rate and extent of incorporation of L-[U-¹⁴C]phenylalanine into capsaicin in immobilised as compared with freely-suspended cells, and evidence is presented for an inverse relationship between incorporation of [¹⁴C]phenylalanine into protein and capsaicin. The accumulation of capsaicin can be experimentally manipulated and increased by supplementing the medium with precursors of capsaicin such as phenylalanine and isocapric acid and by reducing the growth rate of immobilised cells by omitting growth regulators from the medium. The importance of these observations is discussed.Abbreviations HPLC high-performance liquid chromatography - Phe phenylalanine - TLC thin-layer chromatography     

Rhodotorula matritense sp. nov., isolated from powdered red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.)

A new species of Rhodotorula Harrison was recovered in May 1978 from Spanish powdered red pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) in Madrid, Spain. It could not be identified with any hitherto described species of yeast and it was assigned to the genus Rhodotorula Harrison as representative of a new species on the bases of both its morphological and physiological characteristics, for which the name of Rhodotorula matritense is proposed.     

水稻剑叶取向对其光合功能的影响

水稻的水平剑叶净光合速率 (Pn)和羧化效率(CE)显著高于直立剑叶 ,其胞间CO2 浓度 (Ci)显著低于直立剑叶 ,但两者的气孔导度 (Gs)没有明显差别。这表明剑叶取向对水稻叶片的光合能力有重要影响。水平剑叶的高Pn可能同其RuBP羧化酶含量和活性高有关。这可能是水平叶生长期间吸收光量较多的结果。     

大棚辣椒最佳钾肥用量及运筹

以台湾‘长香’辣椒Capsicum frutescens品种为材料,通过设置钾肥横向与纵向施肥的田间试验,探讨辣椒最佳钾肥用量及其运筹。结果表明,在设定氮、磷肥施用量分别为15.0、3.5 kg·667m-2的条件下,钾肥不同施用量对辣椒的株高、幅宽、茎粗的长势及果长、果粗、单果重等品质均有明显的影响,辣椒产量(y)与钾肥施用量(x)两者呈y = -2.2743x2 + 53.402x + 802.45的相关性(r2 = 0.973),钾肥最佳施用量为11.74 kg·667m-2;在同样条件下,钾肥施用量12.00 kg·667m-2,按基肥与追肥不同比例进行施用,辣椒株高、幅宽、茎粗的长势及果长、果粗、单果重等品质与产量均有所差异,其基肥∶追肥按2∶8的配比进行运筹施用,辣椒品质与产量均明显优于其他配比。     

Nematicidal Activity of Some Phenolics on Root Knot, Growth and Yield of Capsicum frutescens cv. California Wonder

Abstract Free living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was used as a test system for screening anthelmintic phenolics. The most effective concentrations (100, 500 and 1000 μg ml⁻¹) were used against root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Effect of these phenolics was determined on growth and development of host plant Capsicum frutescens cv. California Wonder, Second stage juveniles of M. incognita were hatched from egg masses collected from roots of host plant and subjected to similar phenol concentrations for 48 h. Mortality of M. incognita was recorded on the basis of parameters used for test organism bioassay. Both healthy and inoculated plants of C. frutescens cv. California Wonder were treated withsolutions of salicylic acid (SA) and p-betahydroxy benzoic acid (BA) so that each pot received 100, 500 and 1000 mg phenol. Control plants were supplied with distilled water, Plants were uprooted 21 days after inoculation and roots were gall indexed. Some plants were left in the pots for further growth and development. Surface sterilised seedlings of host plant were raised and inoculated with second stage Juveniles of M. incognita. Thereafter observations were recorded on the vegetative and reproductive parameters of the plants. Drench application of SA and BA were found quite effective with no apparent phytotoxic effect.     

The Viability and Biosynthetic Activity of Cells of Capsicum frutescens Mill. cv. annuum Immobilized in Reticulate Polyurethane

Cells of C. frutescens Mill. cv. annuum, immobilized in reticulatepolyurethane foam, retained a high level of viability aftera 23 d period of entrapment, as determined by respiratory activity,esterase activity (staining with fluorescein diacetate), nutrientuptake and secondary metabolic activity (capsaicin production).Esterase activity and the ability to accumulate capsaicin wereretained during prolonged culture periods (of up to 12 weeks'duration), and although certain precursors to capsaicin (phenylalanine,ferulic acid and isocapric acid), when supplied to immobilizedcells at a concentration of 1.0 mol m ^–3 were found toreduce respiratory activity, this could be restored by the sequentialchemical treatment of the cells, using precursor-free medium.The ability of immobilized pepper cells to produce capsaicinunder such conditions was examined. Evidence is presented whichsuggests that the immobilization in polyurethane acts to stabilizecells (in terms of the retention of esterase, respiratory andsecondary metabolic activity) when subjected to storage at 3°C. Key words: Immobilization, Viability, Secondary metabolism     

Rates of Leaf Initiation and Leaf Growth in Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.

Rates of leaf initiation, emergence, and growth have been measuredduring the period between the production of one and of ten matureleaves on the primary shoot of Agropyron repens. There is aprogressive decline in the growth rate of successively formedleaves so that at the time of formation of the next leaf primordiumeach primordium is smaller than its predecessor at a comparablestage of development. There is also a trend towards a diauxicpattern of growth with a lag phase apparently coinciding withthe transition from apical to intercalary growth of the youngleaf. Up to the six-leaf stage the rate of leaf formation exceedsthe rate of emergence and leaf primordia accumulate on the shootapex. Thereafter the rate of emergence exceeds the rate of formation.These changes in rates of leaf formation and growth are interpretedin terms of competition for assimilates between expanding leavesand leaf primordia, and between the primary and axillary shootapices.     

群体中叶片光合能力的分布及其对群体光合作用的影响

利用数学变分原理分析了群体中叶片光合能力对环境适应和有限氮资源利用的最优分布。叶片光合能力呈现与光强相同的负指数衰减分布时,“群体的光合速率和对氮的利用率最高;叶片对环境光强适应的优越性随群体消光系数和叶面积指数增加而增加。由此推导了叶片光合能力最优分布下的群体光合模型。     

Pepper veinal mottle virus-a new member of the potato virus Y group from peppers (Capsicum annuum L. and C. frutescens L.) in Ghana

Pepper veinal mottle virus (PVMV), a previously undescribed virus widespread in Capsicum annuum and C. frutescens in the Eastern Region of Ghana, is acquired and inoculated in 2 min feeding periods by aphids (Myzus persicae and Aphis gossypii); it is transmissible by inoculation of sap to eleven of fifteen Solanaceae and to five of forty-six other species within three of seventeen other families. The virus was propagated in Nicotiana clevelandii and Petunia hybrida, and assayed in Chenopodium quinoa, C. amaranticolor and C. murale. Sap from Capsicum annuum was infective after dilution to 10^-3 but not 10^-4, after 10 min at 55 but not 60^oC, and after 7 but not 8 days at 25^oC. Lyophilized sap from P. hybrida was infective after 6 years in vacuo. Yields of 10–25 mg of virus per kg of leaf tissue were consistently obtained from P. hybrida or N. clevelandii by extracting systemically infected leaves in 0.5 M borate (pH 7.8) containing 0.2% mercaptoethanol and chloroform, followed by repeated precipitation with 50 g polyethylene glycol (M.W. 6000) per l, several cycles of differential centrifugation and centrifugation in sucrose density-gradient columns. Virus preparations had ultraviolet absorption spectra typical of a nucleoprotein containing c. 6% nuclei acid (A 260/280 = 1.25; A 260/246 = 1.27) and contained numerous unaggregated and unbroken filamentous particles c. 770 times 12 nm which sedimented as a single component with a sedimentation coefficient (s^o_20,w) of 155 S. PVMV contained RNA (moles %: G = 24, A = 23, C = 27, U = 26), and a single protein species with a molecular weight of 32000–33000 daltons. PVMV was not serologically related to potato virus Y (three strains), or to twelve other morphologically similar viruses, and seems to be a distinct member of the potato virus Y group. The cryptogram of PVMV is R/(I):*/(6):E/E:S/Ap.     

Plant Regeneration and Transformation of Sweet Papper (Capsicum frutescens)

Three strains of sweet pepper, (Capsicum frutescens) “Shuang Feng”, “Zhong Jiao No. 2” and “Zhong Jiao No.3” were screened out of six Chinese cuhivars for their high capacity of regeneration. The normal flowering and fertile regenerated plants have been obtained from cotyledons of seedlings from 10 to 16 days old by a four-step culture procedure; short induction, shoot elongation, rooting of excised shoot and transplanting into soil. MS was the basal medium in all steps, supplemented with different kind and different concentration Of phytohomores. Optimal shoot ioduction medium is MS +4–6mg/LBA+0.5mg/LIAA which gives rise a shoot regeneration frequency of 100%. 35% of the induced shoots elongated on the medium of MS+2mg/L Zeatin or 2mg/L. BA+l–3mg/L GA, and subsequently rooted on MS medium or in addition of 0.1–0.5mg/LNAA. The regenerants were transplanted into soil and developed into normal plants. In the transformation of sweet pepper using the leaf disc method, two kinds of wild type Agrobacterium tumefaciens, C58 and GV3111, have been screened out in regard to their high infection capacity. The transient expression of GUS gene was detected and Kanamycin-resistant shoots from infected cotyledons have been obtained. Further assay and transfering the TMV-resistant and CMV-resistant genes into sweet pepper are in progress.     

灌木辣椒——涮辣的组织培养

1植物名称 涮辣（Capsicum frutescens L．cv．Shuanlaense L．D．Zhou,H．Liuet P．H．Li,cv．nov．）。