盐胁迫对枸杞光合作用的气孔与非气孔限制

NaCl胁迫后,枸杞叶片的Pn,gs,Tr随盐浓度的增加呈现下降趋势。在0．08％－0．6％的NaCl胁迫范围内,枸杞叶片的Ci降低,Ls升高,gs下降主要受气孔限制,这可能由于盐刺激根系产生的某些物理或化学信号运输到地上部所致;而在盐分浓度大于0．6％的胁迫条件下,枸杞叶片的Ci则升高,Ls降低,gs下降的原因是由于Na^ ,Cl^-的大量积累对光合酶活性产生直接的毒害作用,从而使非气孔限制因素成为主要限制因子。     

油菜素内酯对NaCl胁迫下棉花叶片生理特征和基因表达谱的影响

研究了外源油菜素内酯(BL)对NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗的钠累积、叶片生理特征及叶片差异基因表达水平的影响.结果表明： NaCl胁迫下2个棉花品种各部位钠含量升高,叶片丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸含量上升,叶绿素含量下降,叶片基因表达水平受到影响.外源施用油菜素内酯可降低NaCl胁迫下棉花幼苗根、茎、叶的钠含量,降低叶片中MDA含量,提高脯氨酸含量,并且NaCl胁迫下苏棉12号棉花品种更易受油菜素内酯调控.对苏棉12号的叶片进行数字表达谱分析结果表明,NaCl胁迫下苏棉12号叶片中的差异基因表达水平受到油菜素内酯调控,BL+NaCl处理棉花叶片的基因表达模式与CK(正常生长棉株)更为一致.说明外源油菜素内酯可减轻NaCl胁迫下棉花叶片受抑制程度,从而使NaCl胁迫下棉花叶片生理功能增强(叶绿素含量升高),最终使生物量增加.     

NaCl胁迫对菠菜叶片中水分和光合气体交换的影响(简报)

NaCl胁迫下,菠菜幼苗叶片的净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）下降。短期处理的叶片中CO2浓度（Ci）降低,气孔限制值（Is）升高,水分利用效率（WUE）增大,而长期处理的叶片中Ci升高,Is下降,WUE降低。NaCl短期处理下,菠菜光合降低以气孔限制为主,而在长期处理下光合的非气孔限制因素增大。     

铝胁迫对接种丛枝菌根真菌樟树幼苗光合作用的影响

在实验室条件下用低(0.5 mmol·L-1)、中(8 mmol·L-1)、高(15 mmol·L-1)浓度Al3 溶液胁迫接种和未接种丛枝菌根(AM)的樟树幼苗,10周后测定植株叶片的叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn),气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和气孔限制值(Ls).结果表明:未接种和接种樟树幼苗叶片叶绿素含量在低浓度Al3 胁迫时与相应对照无显著差异,而在中、高浓度Al3 胁迫下均显著低于相应对照,并均随Al3 浓度增加而逐渐下降;接种植株的叶绿素含量在对照和中、低浓度Al3 胁迫下均高于相应未接种植株,而在高浓度Al3 胁迫下显著低于未接种植株.未接种和接种樟树幼苗叶片Pn在低浓度Al3 胁迫时均显著高于对照(P<0.05),在中、高浓度时均显著低于对照,且在Al3 浓度间差异显著;末接种和接种樟树幼苗叶片Ci均随Al3 胁迫浓度增加逐渐提高,而其余参数则逐渐下降;在同一Al3 浓度处理下,接种和未接种植株的叶片光合参数均无显著差异.研究发现,中、高浓度Al3 胁迫能显著降低樟树幼苗的净光合速率,且光合机构活性降低是主要原因;接种AM真菌能显著增加中、低浓度Al3 胁迫樟树幼苗的叶片叶绿素含量,但不能显著减轻中、高浓度Al3 胁迫对樟树幼苗光合速率的抑制作用.     

NaCl胁迫对马齿苋光合作用及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

以马齿苋为材料,采用温室盆栽法研究了14d NaCl胁迫处理对其幼苗生长、光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果表明：(1) 马齿苋幼苗的鲜重和株高在25mmol?L-1Nacl胁迫时与对照无显著差异,但其随着NaCl浓度的继续增加均显著降低,且其生物量受到的抑制早于株高。(2) NaCl胁迫下,马齿苋幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)降低,胞间二氧化碳(Ci)浓度增大,且两者的变化幅度随着NaCl浓度增加而增大。(3) NaCl胁迫下,马齿苋幼苗叶片的初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光(Fm)、可变荧光(Fv)、恒态荧光(Fs)、恒态荧光与初始荧光差值(△Fo)、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率( Fv/Fo ) 和PSⅡ最大光化学效率( Fv/Fm) 均降低,叶片光化学荧光猝灭系数(qP) 也在NaCl胁迫下降低,而非光化学荧光猝灭系数(NPQ)则上升;在0-50 mmol?L-1NaCl胁迫下,幼苗叶片各荧光参数下降幅度小于其他高浓度NaCl胁迫。可见,在NaCl胁迫条件下,马齿苋幼苗叶片的光合作用受光抑制伤害,但其在低浓度NaCl下能够较多地将光能用于光化学反应,光抑制程度较低,保持了较高的净光合速率,明显减轻盐胁迫对植株生长的影响,表现出一定的耐盐性。     

Na+吸收对干旱导致的棉花叶片光合系统损伤的缓解作用

以盆栽棉花为材料,在植株高约20 cm时用不同浓度Na Cl溶液浇透后进行持续干旱处理。在干旱处理期间测定叶片叶绿素荧光参数、光合气体交换参数的变化以及植株水分状况和Na+含量,以分析土壤Na Cl施入引起的棉花Na+吸收和积累量的增加对干旱胁迫导致的叶片光合系统损伤的缓解作用及可能原因。结果表明,未用Na Cl处理的棉花植株,其叶片净光合速率随着干旱的延续而持续下降、光合机构在干旱处理后期出现了严重损伤;而Na Cl处理的棉花植株,其叶片净光合速率下降幅度明显小于未用Na Cl处理的,光合机构受损伤程度也较轻或无明显损伤。对各处理棉花植株Na+的吸收和水分状况的测定分析表明,Na Cl处理的植株,其叶片Na+积累显著增加、渗透势降低,细胞膨压显著高于未用Na Cl处理的植株。由此可见,在土壤浇灌Na Cl溶液后的持续干旱条件下,棉花植株吸收和积累Na+增加,降低了组织渗透势、维持了一定的细胞膨压,从而有效缓解了干旱胁迫对叶片光合机构的损伤。     

NaCl胁迫对嫁接黄瓜膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质含量及光合特性的影响

以日本引进的耐盐品种‘帝王新土佐’南瓜为砧木,以‘津研4号’黄瓜品种为接穗,研究了NaCl胁迫对黄瓜嫁接植株和自根植株的膜脂过氧化、渗透调节物质含量及光合特性的影响。结果表明:在NaCl胁迫下,黄瓜嫁接植株叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性均显著高于自根植株,O·2-产生速率及丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于自根植株,嫁接植株膜脂过氧化轻于自根植株;嫁接植株叶片游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质等渗透物质含量均显著高于自根植株;嫁接植株的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)、叶绿素含量均显著高于自根植株;虽然NaCl胁迫抑制光合作用,但嫁接植株仍表现出优势。以上结果证明,嫁接植株耐盐性优于自根植株。     

盐分和水分胁迫对芦荟幼苗渗透调节和渗调物质积累的影响

用不同浓度NaCl和等渗聚乙二醇(PEG 6000)处理芦荟(Aloe vera L.)幼苗,10 d后测定叶片相对生长速率和厚度、叶片中主要有机溶质、无机离子含量及渗透调节能力.结果表明,-0.44、-0.88 MPa NaCl和PEG处理使芦荟叶片的相对生长速率和叶片厚度明显下降,且盐胁迫对幼苗生长的抑制和叶片含水量降低的效应明显高于等渗的水分胁迫,其叶片渗透调节能力随处理渗透势的降低而增加, -0.88 MPa PEG胁迫的芦荟幼苗的渗透调节能力高于等渗盐分胁迫.在主要渗透调节物质可溶性糖、有机酸、K 、Ca2 和Cl-中,-0.88 MPa PEG处理下含量比相同渗透势的NaCl处理下显著增加的是有机溶质,因此推断有机溶质含量高是PEG胁迫下渗透调节能力较强的主要因素.     

喷施多效唑提高麻疯树幼苗耐盐性的生理机制

研究了600 mg?L-1 PP333喷施对200 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫处理下麻疯树幼苗干重、含水量、叶片细胞超微结构、光合作用、叶片渗透调节能力、叶片丙二醛含量和叶片抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明：600 mg?L-1 PP333喷施处理能显著提高200 mmol?L-1 NaCl胁迫下植株的干重、根冠比和叶片含水量,同时显著降低叶片电解质外渗率（ELP）,降低叶片细胞超微结构的伤害程度,显著提高了其叶绿素含量、净光合速率、渗透调节能力、SOD酶活性和CAT酶活性,显著降低了MDA含量和POD酶活性。可见,PP333喷施能显著提高麻疯树幼苗对盐渍的适应,主要因为其提高了植株的抗氧化能力、光合作用、渗透调节能力。     

油菜素内酯对盐渍下油菜幼苗生长的调控效应及其生理机制

为了探讨油菜素内酯对植物耐盐性的调控,以甘蓝型油菜"南盐油1号"为试验材料,研究了外源24-表油菜素内酯(24-EBL)对100、200 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下油菜幼苗干重(DW)、相对含水量(RWC)、渗透调节能力(OAA)、叶片气体交换参数、气孔限制值(Ls)等的调节效应,还测定了不同器官的Na+、K+、Cl-含量,并计算各器官的K+/Na+和SK,Na。结果表明:(1)在不同浓度的盐胁迫下,油菜幼苗DW显著下降,胁迫下外源喷施10-12、10-10、10-8、10-6mol/L 24-EBL作用下,油菜植株干重均不同程度的上升,且植株干重都在10-10mol/L 24-EBL(EBL2)处理下达到最大值,分别比100、200 mmol/L Na Cl胁迫下增加29%和20%。与对照相比,非盐胁迫下外源喷施10-12、10-10、10-8、10-6mol/L 24-EBL,油菜幼苗植株干重与对照相比均无显著变化。(2)不同Na Cl浓度胁迫下,油菜叶片的RWC显著下降,外施EBL2可显著提高油菜叶片的RWC和OAA。(3)不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下,油菜幼苗叶片净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)均不同程度下降,而Ls显著上升,而外喷EBL2可不同程度的提高Pn、Gs、Ci、Tr,降低Ls。(4)与对照相比,Na Cl胁迫下油菜幼苗叶片、叶柄和根的Na+和Cl-含量均显著上升,Na Cl浓度愈高,Na+和Cl-含量上升愈显著。而K+含量均下降,外源EBL2可显著降低幼苗各器官的Na+和Cl-含量,对幼苗叶片K+含量没有影响,但提高了叶柄和根中的K+含量。上述表明,合适浓度的24-EBL外喷可明显提高油菜的耐盐水平,且不同浓度Na Cl胁迫下,最适24-EBL浓度均为10-10mol/L。主要是因为外源喷施24-EBL能显著改善离子稳态和渗透调节能力,从而改善盐胁迫下油菜幼苗的光合作用、水分状况,提高其耐盐性。而24-EBL对盐处理下油菜植株气孔限制的显著改善是其促进其光合、水分利用的重要原因,也是其对100 mmol/L Na Cl处理的油菜生长调控效果优于200 mmol/L Na Cl处理的重要原因之一。结果还显示,在叶片中,24-EBL外施可通过排Na+和Cl-来维持植株离子稳态,而对K+影响不大;在根、茎中可通过排Na+、排Cl-、吸K+维持稳态。     

壳聚糖酶的克隆表达与壳寡糖的制备分析

目的:克隆壳聚糖酶基因于大肠杆菌中实现高表达,制备壳寡糖。方法:以枯草芽孢杆菌总DNA为模板扩增壳聚糖酶基因(CSN),克隆至载体pET23a(+)上,转化菌株BL21(DE3)。重组子经0.5 mmol/L IPTG诱导后,SDS-PAGE和质谱检测与鉴定重组酶。酶纯化后水解壳聚糖,薄层色谱分析其水解产物。结果:质谱证明壳聚糖酶(31.5kDa)成功表达,表达量占菌体总蛋白的45%左右。纯化后重组酶浓度为900 mg/L,纯度95%、回收率85%,酶活力为10 000 U/mg。壳聚糖降解产物为壳二糖至壳四糖。结论:原核表达载体pET23a(+)-CSN构建正确,壳聚糖酶表达量与活性高,适用于水解壳聚糖制备壳寡糖。     

国内外蝗害治理技术现状与展望

本文首先概述了国内外蝗虫发生与为害的态势,总结了现阶段我国蝗虫发生与为害的主要特点:即农田飞蝗暴发频繁而且严重,草原土蝗的发生时常造成严重的经济损失,而且侵入城市干扰市民生活,我国与周边国家之间蝗虫过境迁移频繁,使用化学农药污染环境和农产品;分析了国内外蝗虫防治对策与技术的发展现状,重点介绍了应急防治和可持续治理对策、...     

Synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phosphatidylserine of myelin and microsomal fractions of adult and developing rat brain.

The synthesis and turnover of cerebrosides and phospholipids was followed in microsomal and myelin fractions of developing and adult rat brains after an intracerebral injection of [U-14C]serine. The kinetics of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal and myelin cerebrosides indicate the possibility of a precursor-product relationship between cerebrosides of these membranes. The specific radioactivity of myelin cerebrosides was corrected for the deposition of newly formed cerebrosides in myelin. Multiphasic curves were obtained for the decline in specific radioactivity of myelin and microsomal cerebrosides, suggesting different cerebroside pools in these membranes. The half-life of the fast turning-over pool of cerebrosides of myelin was 7 and 22 days for the developing and adult rat brain respectively. The half-life of the slowly turning-over pool of myelin cerebrosides was about 145 days for both groups of animals. The half-life of the rapidly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was calculated to be 20 and 40 h for the developing and adult animals respectively. The half-life of the intermediate and slowly turning-over microsomal cerebrosides was 11 and 60 days respectively, for both groups of animals. The amount of incorporation of radioactivity into microsomal cerebrosides from L-serine was greatly decreased in the adult animals, and greater amounts of the precursor were directed towards the synthesis of phosphatidylserine. In the developing animals, considerable amounts of cerebrosides were synthesized from L-serine, besides phosphatidylserine. The time-course of incorporation indicated that a precursor-product relationship exists between microsomal and myelin phosphatidylserine. The half-life of microsomal phosphatidylserine was calculated to be about 8 h for the fast turning-over pool in both groups of animals.     

Identification and composition of the tonsillar and anal enterococcal and streptococcal flora of dogs and cats

Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequently isolated enterococcal species from anal swabs and tonsils of dogs and cats, although in the anal samples from dogs Ent. hirae was found almost as often as Ent. faecalis. Most Ent.faecium strains from dog tonsils differed from those associated with humans and other animals in that they fermented sorbitol. Typical Ent. avium as well as atypical Ent. avium -like strains were seen in dogs, while the related species Ent. raffinosus was associated with cat tonsils. Enterococcus cecorum also occurred mainly in cats. Certain atypical strains, presumptively identified as Ent. cecorum , shared characteristics with Ent. columbae.
The most frequent streptococcal species in tonsils of cats and dogs were Streptococcus suis and Strep. canis. Streptococcus canis and Strep. bovis predominated in anal swabs. The canine Strep. suis differed from the common porcine strains in fermenting mannitol.
Forty-seven of the 288 isolates examined could not be identified or related to known species. The characteristics of two groups of these bacteria, provisionally called 'Ton 31 group' and 'O7 group' are described.     

Molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia and assessment of zoonotic transmission

The molecular characterisation of species and genotypes of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is essential for accurately identifying organisms and assessing zoonotic transmission. Results of recent molecular epidemiological studies strongly suggest that zoonotic transmission plays an important role in cryptosporidiosis epidemiology. In such cases the most prevalent zoonotic species is Cryptosporidium parvum. Genotyping and subtyping data suggest that zoonotic transmission is not as prevalent in the epidemiology of giardiasis. Molecular characterisation of Cryptosporidium and Giardia is a relatively recent application that is evolving as new genes are found that increase the accuracy of identification while discovering a greater diversity of species and yet unnamed taxa within these two important genera. As molecular data accumulate, our understanding of the role of zoonotic transmission in epidemiology and clinical manifestations is becoming clearer.     

白术同源四倍体的诱导和鉴定及其与二倍体过氧化物酶的比较

以白术（Atractylodes macrooephala Koidz.）二倍体组培苗为材料,对其四倍体诱导方法进行研究,共获得45个白术同源四倍体株系,为优良株系的选育提供了材料。此外,还分析比较了其中8个白术四倍体株系与二倍体的过氧化物酶同工酶（POD）的酶谱差异,发现四倍体各株系过氧化物酶同工酶谱比二倍体的均多了Rf0.310的谱带,且总过氧化物酶比活力也发生了很大改变,对探讨白术四倍体优良株系的生理生化机理具有一定的参考价值。     

Kinetics and thermodynamics of peroxidase- and laccase-catalyzed oxidation of N-substituted phenothiazines and phenoxazines

N -substituted phenothiazines (PTs) and phenoxazines (POs) catalyzed by fungal Coprinus cinereus peroxidase and Polyporus pinsitus laccase were investigated at pH 4–10. In the case of peroxidase, an apparent bimolecular rate constant (expressed as k _cat/K _m) varied from 1 ×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹to 2.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 7.0. The constants for PO oxidation were higher in comparison to PT. pH dependence revealed two or three ionizable groups with pK _a values of 4.9–5.7 and 7.7–9.7 that significantly affected the activity of peroxidase. Single-turnover experiments showed that the limiting step of PT oxidation was reduction of compound II and second-order rate constants were obtained which were consistent with the constants at steady-state conditions. Laccase-catalyzed PT and PO oxidation rates were lower; apparent bimolecular rate constants varied from 1.8×10⁵M⁻¹s⁻¹ to 2.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ at pH 5.3. PO constants were higher in comparison to PT, as was the case with peroxidase. The dependence of the apparent bimolecular constants of compound II or copper type 1 reduction, in the case of peroxidase or laccase, respectively, was analyzed in the framework of the Marcus outer-sphere electron-transfer theory. Peroxidase-catalyzed reactions with PT, as well as PO, fitted the same hyperbolic dependence with a maximal oxidation rate of 1.6×10⁸M⁻¹s⁻¹ and a reorganization energy of 0.30 eV. The respective parameters for laccase were 5.0×10⁷M⁻¹s⁻¹ and 0.29 eV. Received: 20 September 1999 / Accepted: 24 February 2000