天花粉蛋白及其与抗体的复合物对蛋白质合成的抑制作用(简报)(英文)

天花粉蛋白在无细胞系统中显示强烈的抑制蛋白质生物合成的能力,其活性与经巯基试剂还原开裂的蓖麻毒蛋白相当。天花粉蛋白对BEL-7402人肝癌细胞的毒性甚低,但当它通过二硫键与抗肝癌单抗Hepama-1偶联后,其毒性增强五十倍。张学军和王家槐不久前发现天花粉蛋白与蓖麻毒蛋白A链的一级结构有很大的相似性~[5]。我们的实验结果与他们的发现互相印证。天花粉蛋白与抗体偶联后,可能通过抗体与细胞表面抗原的结合而内化,从而增强了它的细胞毒性。考虑到天花粉蛋白与其他植物单链致核糖体失活蛋白(RIPs)有不少特性十分相似,我们推断天花粉蛋白是RIP家族中的一员。天花粉蛋白与抗体偶联过程中,双功能试剂SPDP的修饰使天花粉蛋白的活性降低一个数量级,似乎意味着天花粉蛋白上的某些氨基可能对其活性至关紧要。发展新的偶联方法的工作正在进行。如能在双功能试剂修饰后保留其大部分活性,天花粉蛋白作为免疫毒素的“弹头”药物可能颇具潜力。     

小鼠抗天花粉蛋白IgE单克隆抗体的制备、分离和鉴定(英文)

天花粉蛋白是中药天花粉的有效引产成份,在应用中它偶尔也引起过敏反应。我们用杂交瘤技术建立了一株分泌抗天花粉蛋白特异性IgE单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞系。在实验中,二次免疫的C57 BL/6 J小鼠的肠系膜淋巴结细胞和脾细胞分别被用来同NSI骨髓瘤细胞进行融合。虽然在融合前动物血清IgE抗体效价仅为40～160 PCA滴度,但用肠系膜淋巴结细胞进行的4次融合都产生了IgE杂交瘤。阳性率为1.0-6.7%。对比之下,用脾细胞进行的另外两次融合却没有观察到IgE杂交瘤产生,统计结果说明差异显著(P<0.05)。该IgE单克隆抗体可以在体内和体外诱发大鼠肥大细胞脱颗粒。56℃热处理2小时能使该抗体诱导PCA反应的能力完全丧失,然而却不影响其结合抗原的能力。对该单克隆抗体的特异性的鉴定表明,它可以特异性地识别精制天花粉蛋白和结晶天花粉蛋白上的抗原决定簇。     

天花粉蛋白引起敏感细胞膜上G蛋白激活的初步研究

天花粉蛋白(Trichosanthin,TCS)是一种单链核糖体失活蛋白,具引产、抗肿瘤、抗HIV等多种生物学功能。天花粉蛋白专一性杀伤敏感细胞的机制一直未被研究清楚。本文首次以生物分子相互作用分析(BIA)证明在天花粉蛋白敏感的细胞膜上存在着能与天花粉蛋白专一结合的组分。我们进一步利用[~(35)S]GTPγS结合实验发现天花粉蛋白能够激活敏感细胞膜上的G蛋白,而对不敏感细胞没有相应的G蛋白激活。这些结果表明了在敏感细胞膜上天花粉蛋白特异受体的存在。     

天花粉蛋白诱发白血病细胞K562凋亡的研究

天花粉蛋白(Trichosanthin,TCS),是一种从栝楼块根内提取的核糖体失活蛋白,具有流产、抗肿瘤和抗HIV等多种生物活性。本文利用FACS检测到天花粉蛋白可使K562白血病细胞产生明显的凋亡小峰、DNA区带电泳成典型的“梯状”条带,电镜检测可观察到明显的细胞凋亡形态。这些结果表明天花粉蛋白可以诱发K562白血病细胞产生凋亡。     

天花粉蛋白对滋养层细胞专一损伤机制的研究

在体外培养条件下,天花粉蛋白胶体金以受体介导的内吞方式进入滋养层细胞和绒癌细胞,最终进入胞质溶胶附着在核糖体上。经相同处理的肝癌细胞,绿猴肾细胞和正常鼠胚肝细胞,金颗粒既不与这些细胞表面结合,也没有被专一内吞的现象。分别用BSA,转铁蛋白活化的胶体金处理滋养层细胞和绒癌细胞的比较观察,也证明滋养层细胞和绒癌细胞对天花粉蛋白的专一亲和性。更有趣的是:天花粉蛋白肝癌单抗胶体金结合物进入绒癌细胞的方式与天花粉蛋白的结果相同;先以旰癌单抗处理也不影响天花粉蛋白肝癌单抗结合物进入绒癌细胞。然而,对于旰癌细胞,天花粉蛋白肝癌单抗胶体金颗粒则专一地结合在细胞的微绒毛表面,这种结合因先以肝癌单抗处理而明显地被竞争抑制。这些实验结果相互印证地提供天花粉蛋白对滋养层细胞和绒癌细胞高度专一的亲和性,并证明天花粉蛋白对靶细胞的原初损伤部位是核糖体。进一步探讨天花粉蛋白在靶细胞表面结合位点的化学性质以及这种蛋白在靶细胞内的转运机制将是重要的问题。     

天花粉蛋白对滋养层细胞专一损伤机制的研究

在体外培养条件下,天花粉蛋白胶体金以受体介导的内吞方式进入滋养层细胞和绒癌细胞,最终进入胞质溶胶着在核糖体上,经相同处理的肝癌细胞,绿猴肾细胞和正常鼠胚肝细胞,金颗粒既不与这些细胞表面结合,也没有被专一内吞的现象。分别用ＢＳＡ,转铁蛋白活化的胶体金处理滋养层细胞和绒癌细胞的方式与天花粉蛋白的结果相同,先以肝癌单抗处理也不影响天花粉蛋白的结果相同,先以肝癌单抗处理也不影响天花粉蛋白的肝癌单抗结合物进     

小鼠对天花粉蛋白体内及体外免疫应答的基本特点

C 57 BL/6 J小鼠在应用弗氏全佐剂或铝矾为佐剂结合天花粉蛋白免疫后都能引起抗原特异的IgE类抗体的反应以及其它Ig类抗体的反应;IgE的滴度和总的抗天花粉蛋白抗体的滴度的动态变化趋势基本一致,但并不完全同步。IgE类上升得较IgG等类抗体为慢,但上升的速度要快。脾和肠系膜淋巴结细胞分泌抗体的动态变化也和血清并不完全一致。天花粉蛋白在一定浓度下能抑制小鼠T淋巴细胞在体外的抗原特异的增殖反应和ConA反应。这抑制并不限于增殖过程的启动。补充外源性的IL-2也不能消除这抑制作用。天花粉蛋白加热变性后丧失了对小鼠淋巴细胞的毒性,并能引起经未变性天花粉蛋白体内致敏的小鼠的T淋巴细胞在体外的明显增殖。应用微量的天花粉蛋白为抗原,以及少量的无凝集素的conA条件培液等能在体外诱发致敏的B淋巴细胞产生二次抗体应答。     

天花粉蛋白引产原理的探讨

天花粉粗提物是从葫芦科植物栝楼的根提取出的中期引产药物,其纯化的引产有效成分为分子量约18,000的碱性蛋白质,称为“天花粉蛋白”。经鉴定对中期妊娠有很好的引产效果。同时,对宫外孕、葡萄胎、恶性葡萄胎有独特的疗效,对绒毛膜上皮癌也有一定的疗效, 根据对天花粉蛋白的原初作用部位,胎盘和离体培养的人滋养层细胞的形态和功能损伤,以及抑制前列腺素合成对天花粉蛋白引产的影响等方面的研究结果,互相印证,初步阐明了天花粉蛋白引产作用原理:(1)天花粉蛋白直接作用于胎盘的滋养层细胞,并有一定的细胞专一性:(2)天花粉蛋白能选择地使胎盘绒毛合体滋养层细胞变性坏死,解体的细胞碎片留在血窦中,引起凝血,造成循环障碍和进一步的大量组织坏死,胎盘绒毛坏死是原发的,循环障碍是继发的:(3)胎盘绒毛的损伤反映在功能方面,HCG和甾体激素迅速下降到先兆流产的临界水平以下。由于胎盘形态和功能严重损伤的结果,破坏了母体和胎儿之间的内分泌关系和代谢物的交换,并假定可能通过尚未弄清楚的机制,引起前列腺素合成的增加,发动宫缩而导致流产。总之,天花粉蛋白是从中草药发掘出来的一个植物蛋白性的中期引产和抗增生性滋养层细胞疾病的药物。天花粉蛋白引产作用原理的初步阐明,在实践上为提高和扩大天花粉蛋白的     

MNNG诱发的遗传不稳定vero细胞中错配修复功能的研究

在MNNG诱发的延迟发生的,以非定标性突变形成为特征的遗传不稳定vero细胞抽提物中,应用凝胶阻滞和体外错配修复技术,发现仍存在特异性针对G·T的错配结合蛋白,能选择性识别并结合DNA中的G·T错配;同时发现在该细胞核抽提物中G·T错配能被有效、特异地修复成G·C。经与正常vero细胞比较,证实二者功能均无缺陷。从而排除了MNNG通过对错配结合蛋白及G·T错配修复功能的损伤而诱发细胞遗传不稳定的可能机制。     

InlA和InlB介导单核细胞增生李斯特菌入侵宿主细胞分子机制的研究进展

单核细胞增生李斯特菌(Listeria monocytogenes)是一种革兰氏阳性食源性致病菌。在造成宿主食源性感染的过程中, 单核细胞增生李斯特菌能凭借其独特的表面蛋白入侵宿主的非吞噬细胞。内化素蛋白家族(Internalins)是介导单核细胞增生李斯特菌入侵宿主非吞噬细胞的主要因子。本文根据国内外一些最新的研究成果, 结合作者近几年的工作, 综述了在侵染宿主的过程中, 单核细胞增生李斯特菌主要的内化素蛋白InlA和InlB介导细菌入侵宿主细胞的分子机制, 以期为阐明食源性致病菌致病机理、预防和治疗食源性疾病提供理论基础。     

Hydrocortisone-mediated inhibition of monocyte antigen presentation: Dissociation of inhibitory effect and expression of DR antigens

The suppressive effects of hydrocortisone (HC) on the human immune system are well known. The mediation of the immunosuppressive effects of HC on lymphocyte responses via inhibition of monocyte function has been examined by monocyte-dependent, antigen-induced lymphocyte proliferation. Monocytes that were first treated with HC and then washed were unaffected in their subsequent ability to present antigen. However, there was a dramatic inhibition of lymphocyte proliferative responses if HC was present while monocytes were pulsed with antigen. This was directly related to the dose of HC present. HC-mediated inhibition of monocyte antigen presentation could not be overcome by the addition of interleukin-1 (IL-1) to the cultures, and thus inhibition of monocyte IL-1 secretion cannot totally account for the inhibition of monocyte antigen presentation. Although HC inhibits monocyte antigen presentation, HC increases the expression of HLA-DR antigens on monocytes. Other monocyte stimulants, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lymphokine, and gamma interferon, were examined for their effect on monocyte DR expression and their effect on monocyte antigen presentation. No correlation was found between the ability to increase monocyte DR antigen expression and the effect on antigen presentation. While HC, lymphokine, and gamma interferon all increased the expression of DR antigens on monocytes, HC, LPS, and lymphokine, but not gamma interferon, inhibited monocyte antigen presentation. Although HC can exert profound immunosuppressive effects via monocytes, it is not the only mechanism of inhibition. HC added to cultures after monocytes had been pulsed with antigen was also inhibitory.     

Defective antigen presentation by monocytes in ESRD patients not responding to hepatitis B vaccination: impaired HBsAg internalization and expression of ICAM-1 and HLA-DR/Ia molecules

This study was undertaken to evaluate the monocyte function of uraemic non-responders to hepatitis B vaccination. Therefore, some parameters concerning antigen processing by monocytes (Mo) as antigen presenting cells (APC) were analysed. It was found that in uraemic non-responders, (1) the internalization of HBsAg by monocytes was significantly decreasjed-HBsAg complexed with specific IgG or as immune complex isolated from patients is better internalized compared with free HBsAg; (2) during antigen presentation the expression of adhesion (ICAM-1) and accessory (HLA-DR/Ia) molecules was significantly decreased in uraemic patients, especially in non-responders; and (3) impaired internalization of HBsAg as well as a decrease in ICAM-1 and HLA-DR/Ia expression, correlated well with the blunted proliferation of CD4(+) T cells stimulated by autologous monocytes induced by HBsAg.     

Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection affects the expression of proteins related to professional antigen presentation in bovine monocytes

The complete annotation of the cattle genome allows reliable protein identification by tandem mass spectrometry (MS(2)) and greatly facilitates proteomics. Previously, we reported that differential detergent fractionation (DDF) analysis of bovine monocytes reveals proteins related to antigen pattern recognition, uptake and presentation to immunocompetent lymphocytes. Here we have identified 47 bovine proteins, involved in immune function of professional antigen-presenting cells (APC) that have been significantly altered after cytopathic (cp) Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) infection. In particular, proteins related to immune responses such as cell adhesion, apoptosis, antigen uptake, processing and presentation, acute phase response proteins, MHC class I- and II-related proteins and other molecules involved in immune function of professional antigen presentation have been significantly altered after BVDV infection. Our data suggest that cp BVDV, while promoting monocyte activation and differentiation, is inhibiting their antigen presentation to immunocompetent T cells, thus resulting in the uncontrolled inflammation mediated by activated macrophages, enhanced viral spread, and impaired anti-viral defense mechanisms in the host.     

Characterization of Programmed Death-1 Homologue-1 (PD-1H) Expression and Function in Normal and HIV Infected Individuals

Chronic immune activation that persists despite anti-retroviral therapy (ART) is the strongest predictor of disease progression in HIV infection. Monocyte/macrophages in HIV-infected individuals are known to spontaneously secrete cytokines, although neither the mechanism nor the molecules involved are known. Here we show that overexpression of the newly described co-stimulatory molecule, PD1 homologue (PD-1H) in human monocyte/macrophages is sufficient to induce spontaneous secretion of multiple cytokines. The process requires signaling via PD-1H as cytokine secretion could be abrogated by deletion of the cytoplasmic domain. Such overexpression of PD-1H, associated with spontaneous cytokine expression is seen in monocytes from chronically HIV-infected individuals and this correlates with immune activation and CD4 depletion, but not viral load. Moreover, antigen presentation by PD-1H-overexpressing monocytes results in enhanced cytokine secretion by HIV-specific T cells. These results suggest that PD-1H might play a crucial role in modulating immune activation and immune response in HIV infection.     

Hepatitis C virus present in the sera of infected patients interferes with the autophagic process of monocytes impairing their in-vitro differentiation into dendritic cells

Autophagy has a pivotal role in the in-vitro monocyte differentiation into macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), the most powerful antigen presenting cells (APC) with the unique capacity to initiate an adaptive immune response. Autophagy is also a mechanism by which these cells of innate immunity may degrade intracellular pathogens and mediate the antigen processing and presentation, essential to clear an infection. For these reasons, pathogens have learned how to manipulate autophagy for their own survival. In this study we found that hepatitis C virus (HCV), derived from sera of infected patients, blocked the autophagic process in differentiating monocytes, seen as LC3 II and p62 expression levels. The suppression of autophagy correlated with a reduction of cathepsins D, B and proteolytic activity, and resulted in impairment of monocyte differentiation into DCs, as indicated by the reduction of CD1a acquirement. These data suggest that the block of autophagy might be one of the underlying mechanisms of the HCV-mediated immune subversion that frequently leads to viral persistence and chronic hepatitis.     

Differential effect of monoclonal anti-DR antibody on monocytes in antigen- and mitogen-stimulated responses: Mechanism of inhibition and relationship to interleukin 1 secretion

A differential role for DR antigens on monocytes in antigen-stimulated as opposed to mitogen-stimulated human lymphocyte responses has been observed. A monoclonal anti-DR antibody used to treat monocytes caused inhibition of antigen-induced T-cell responses and of T-cell-dependent B-cell responses. However, anti-DR antibody treatment of monocytes did not inhibit mitogen-induced responses. Anti-DR treatment of monocytes did not induce suppression, as antigen-induced responses could be reconstituted with untreated monocytes. Anti-DR treatment of monocytes did not merely block interleukin 1 (IL-1) secretion since addition of IL-1 could not restore antigen-induced responses. Monoclonal anti-DR antibody did not directly inhibit monocyte secretion of IL-1. DR-negative monocytes, selected by antibody and complement, could not present antigen, even though they were capable of secreting IL-1. Thus, this monoclonal anti-DR antibody sterically blocks antigen presentation by monocytes without induction of suppression or inhibition of IL-1 secretion. Monocyte DR antigens appear essential for stimulation of antigen-induced responses, but DR antigens on monocytes may not be essential for mitogen-stimulated responses and do not appear to be related to the ability of monocytes to secrete IL-1.     

Brave Little World: Spheroids as an in vitro Model to Study Tumor-Immune-Cell Interactions

Multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) are a well established 3-D in vitro model system that reflects the pathophysiological in vivo situation in tumor microregions and of avascular micrometastatic sites. Because monocytes and other immune cells infiltrate into MCTS of different origin, such spheroid co-cultures are a valuable, still underestimated tool to systematically study heterologous interactions between tumor and immune cells. The present article gives a brief overview on work that has been published on tumor - immune cell interactions in MCTS and also summarizes mechanisms of immune suppression in the tumor milieu focussing on myeloid cells. Using the co-culture model, we recently demonstrated that tumor-derived lactic acid is a potent modulator of human monocyte as lactic acid inhibited the differentiation of monocytes (MO) into dendritic cells (DC) and also impaired antigen presentation. We show herein, that the capacity of various tumor cells in MCTS to secrete lactic acid differs up to tenfold, suggesting that this capacity is dependent on the tumor cell type. It is further demonstrated that lactic acid disturbs the migration of MO into MCTS as infiltration could be increased by blocking lactic acid production. We therefore discuss lactic acid which accumulates in many tumors and tumor microregions as a potent immune suppressor for MO/DC in the tumor milieu and conclude that these data are highly relevant for adoptive immunotherapy protocols with DC.     

Recognition of HIV glycoprotein gp120 by T cells. Role of monocyte CD4 in the presentation of gp120

The HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120 binds with high affinity to CD4 and is responsible for the tropism of HIV for CD4+ T cells and monocytes. Efforts to develop HIV vaccines have focused on gp120 and, therefore, a detailed molecular understanding of human immune responses to gp120 is essential. In this report, we have used human T cell clones specific for gp120 to examine the processing and presentation of gp120 to T cells. In particular, we examined the role of the CD4 that is expressed at low levels on the surfaces of human monocytes in the presentation of gp120 by monocytes. The presentation of gp120 to gp120-specific human T cell clones was blocked by pretreatment of monocytes with anti-CD4 mAb. Blocking of monocyte CD4 with anti-CD4 did not inhibit presentation of other Ag or of synthetic peptides representing epitopes within gp120 recognized by gp120-specific T cell clones. These results indicated that the anti-CD4-mediated inhibition occurred at the level of the monocyte, was specific for the gp120 response, and was operative at the initial Ag uptake phase of the Ag-processing pathway. Definitive confirmation that monocyte CD4 functions in the initial uptake step of the gp120-processing pathway was obtained by using soluble CD4 to block the interaction of gp120 with monocyte CD4. These results demonstrate that gp120 expressed by human monocytes plays an important role in the initial uptake of gp120 by monocytes and that gp120 taken up via CD4 is subsequently processed to allow for exposure of epitopes recognized by gp120-specific human T cells. At limiting gp120 concentrations, uptake via CD4 is essential for the presentation of gp120.     

Selective activation of immunoregulatory T-cell circuits by an Ia+ antigen-presenting cell line

ORA I-a, a cloned Ia+ monocyte tumor line, interacts with distinct immunoregulatory T-cell subsets. ORA cells present soluble and alloantigen to primed lymph node T cells and alloantigen to antigen-activated T-cell clones. However, they induce dose-dependent suppression during primary mixed lymphocyte cultures. Activation of a mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) suppressor pathway is mediated by Ly 1+ T cells. This T-cell subset proliferates in response to ORA when Ly 2+ cells are depleted. Furthermore, once activated, Ly 1+ T cells induce effectors of suppression within fresh T-cell populations. These studies indicate that antigen presentation to distinct T-cell subsets during different stages of an immune response may be mediated by unique antigen-presenting cell subpopulations. Immune homeostasis may thus be controlled not only by regulatory T cells, but also by unique antigen-presenting cells which are responsible for their selective activation.     

天花粉蛋白通过抗原加工提呈调节T细胞免疫应答

用三种抗原加工阻断剂预处理抗原提呈细胞（ＡＰＨ）１ｈ后再用天花粉蛋白（Ｔｋ）脉冲处理,观察经由ＡＰＣ递呈的Ｔｋ对ＰＭＡ和Ａ２３１８７诱发Ｔ细胞增殖的作用。结果表明,这些药物均能不同程度地阻断Ｔｋ的抑制效应,以氯喹和Ｌｅｕｐｅｐｔｉｎ的作用更为明显。用胶体金标记Ｔｋ（Ｔｋ－Ｇ）,电镜下观察Ｔｋ在Ｔ细胞和ＡＰＣ内的定位,发现Ｔｋ－Ｇ仅与ＡＰＣ发生细胞表面粘附,继而内化,先后出现在ＡＰＣ的内体和溶酶体中