Influence of GA3 and 4-PU-30 on Leaf Protein Composition, Photosynthetic Activity, and Growth of Maize Seedlings

The effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) and N1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N2 phenylurea (4-PU-30) on maize seedling growth, photosynthetic parameters, and leaf protein composition were investigated. The agents used alone or in combination increased leaf growth and photosynthetic rate of the seedlings. Chlorophyll and total nitrogen contents in leaves as well as the quantity of individual protein fractions increased simultaneously. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of soluble proteins (albumins and globulins) revealed quantitative differences between 4-PU-30-treated plants and the other experimental variants. They differed in polypeptide composition associated with changes in soluble proteins and amino acids. However, GA3 did not induce similar changes in polypeptide composition of soluble proteins. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

呲效隆对花生光合作用及产量的影响

花生结荚期施用0.1～10 mg/L吡效隆(4PU-30)溶液,能增加叶片的厚度,提高叶片叶绿素含量和光合速率,促使叶片中的同化物向荚果运输和积累增多,从而促进了荚果生长和发育,使结荚率、饱果率以及百果重和百仁重增加,最终使单株荚果产量增产12.6％左右,吡效隆的最适浓度为 1 mg/L。     

不同活力玉米种子胚萌发期间热激蛋白的合成

玉米（Ｚｅａ ｍａｙｓ Ｌ．）种子在萌发期间热激处理（４２℃）时蛋白质合成率低于对照（２５℃）;高活力种子胚热激蛋白的合成率最高。在４２℃热激处理时玉米种胚子合成的热激蛋白的分子量分别为７３、６５、６２、５４、１８ｋＤ等５种。高活力种胚合成的热激蛋白在最上高于低活力种子,高活力种胚合成的特异性热激蛋白５６ｋＤ可以作为衡量种子活力的指标。双向电泳表明高低活力种子间热激蛋白的合成有更多质上的差异。     

4PU—30提高水稻花药培养的效率

4PU-30是Takahashi等首先合成的一种具有细胞分裂素活性的生长调节物质,化学名称为N-苯基-N′-(2-氯-4-吡啶基)脲,属苯脲类衍生物。它在多种生理反应中的活性高于嘌呤类衍生物。在田间试验中,应用4PU-30可明显地增加小麦、大麦等多种作物的产量,在烟草和菜豆等组织培养中,4PU-30也表现出较高的活性。本试验(1987～1991)探索了4PU-30对水稻花药培养的效应。     

4PU-30对水稻叶片衰老与内源激素的调控

4PU－30能显著地延缓水稻叶片衰老。根据叶片衰老过程中内源激素含量的变化,可明确减缓水稻叶片衰老期间内源ABA含量的增加和内源ZRs、GAs和IAA含量的减少,使叶片中保持有较低水平的ABA与较高水平的ZRs、GAs和IAA,是4PU－30延缓水稻叶片衰老的主要调控机理。     

The Influence of Leaf Water Status and ABA on Leaf Growth and Stomata of Phaseolus Seedlings with Hypoxic Roots

The objective of this study was to assess the relative rolesof leaf water status and root-sourced signals in mediating beanleaf responses to root hypoxia. To do so, the roots of beanplants under varied VPD (0.95 kPa to 0.25 KPa) were made hypoxic.Under all conditions, leaf growth rates and stomatal conductanceswere reduced. There was a transitory decline in leaf water potentialat high VPD which accounted for the initial reduction in leafgrowth rates and stomatal conductance. At low VPD, no waterdeficits were detected. Leaf growth inhibition and reduced stomatalconductance under low VPD treatments were unrelated to leafwater status and must be induced by some other factor. In vitrogrowth of leaf discs was reduced by xylem sap collected fromhypoxic roots. Exogenously applied ABA, at high concentrationsin KCl and sucrose, or at low concentrations diluted in xylemsap from aerated plants, inhibited in vitro growth of leaf discs.Applications of ABA in the transpiration stream reduced stomatalconductance.     

Effects of the growth regulator 4PU-30 on growth,K+ content,and alkaloid production in tobacco callus cultures

Growth, K⁺ content, and alkaloid production were compared in nonorganogenetic callus cultures ofNicotiana tabacum cv. Burley 21 grown at 25°C in the dark on two different media: a basal medium with 1 M -naphthaleneacetic acid and 1 M kinetin, and one with 1 M -naphthaleneacetic acid and 1 M 4PU-30 (N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea). These callus tissues behaved differently not only in growth and K⁺ content but also in alkaloid production. In comparison to cultures grown with kinetin, those grown with 4PU-30 showed a significantly higher fresh weight and dry weight and K⁺ content during the growth period studied. The data clearly indicate a positive correlation between K⁺ uptake rate stimulated by 4PU-30 and cell enlargement rate. However, the alkaloid biosynthesis in the callus tissues was activated by the supply of kinetin and diminished by that of 4PU-30. It thus appears that cellular enlargement of meristematic tissue stimulated by 4PU-30 limited alkaloid production.     

胡桃醌对小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长的化感效应

以小麦种子为试验材料,采用培养皿药膜法、生化分析法研究了胡桃醌对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感效应。结果显示:(1)与对照相比,低浓度胡桃醌(4和20μmol.L-1)处理能促进小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,种子α-淀粉酶活性增大,幼苗中可溶性蛋白含量升高,丙二醛(MDA)含量减少,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性无显著变化。(2)当胡桃醌浓度大于100μmol.L-1时,对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长开始呈现抑制作用,种子α-淀粉酶活力降低,幼苗相对含水量、可溶性蛋白含量降低,MDA含量升高,SOD活性先增大后减小。(3)在最大浓度胡桃醌(1 250μmol.L-1)处理下,小麦幼根的细胞形状不规则,排列混乱,层次不分明,维管束模糊不清,幼苗细胞质壁分离,叶绿体萎缩坏死,细胞核变形。研究表明,高浓度胡桃醌通过抑制受体小麦保护酶活性,加重膜脂过氧化程度,导致幼根、幼苗细胞结构的破坏,从而产生化感效应,且化感效应随浓度的增加不断增强。     

Effects of Cadmium Stress on Growth,Morphology, and Protein Expression in Rhodobacter capsulatus B10

The effects of cadmium stress on growth, morphology, and protein expression were investigated in Rhodobacter capsulatus B10 using two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and a scanning electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer. The bacterium grew in the presence of 150 μM CdCl₂ and highly induced heat-shock proteins (GroEL and Dnak), S-adenosylmethionine synthetase, ribosomal protein S1, aspartate aminotransferase, and phosphoglycerate kinase. Interestingly, the ribosomal protein S1 was proportionally expressed as the amount of cadmium in the medium, suggesting that S1 may be required for the repair of cadmium-mediated cellular damage. On the other hand, we identified five cadmium-binding proteins: 2-methylcitrate dehydratase, phosphate peripalsmic binding protein, inosine-5′-monophosphate dehydrogenase/guanosine-5′-monophosphate reductase, inositol monophosphatase, and lytic murein transglycosylase. The cadmium-treated cells had a filamentous structure and contained less phosphorous than the untreated cells. We propose that these characteristics of the cadmium-treated cells may be due to the inactivation of the phosphate peripalsmic binding protein and lytic murein transglycosylase by cadmium.     

Effect of Radiation Spectral Composition on Nicotiana spp. Seedlings Grown in vitro

The aim of this work was to assess the responses of seedlings of five species of Nicotiana genus to red and far red radiation. N. acuminata exhibits positive photoblastic behaviour and germination was completely inhibited under far red and darkness. In N. glauca germination was reduced under far red and darkness, but the other species showed neutral behaviour. The hypocotyl elongation was inhibited in N. glauca and N. tabacum under white and far red radiation. In N. langsdorffii and N. debneyi hypocotyl was elongated under far red radiation. Only in N. acuminata red radiation promote greater hypocotyl elongation than dark condition. On the phylogenetic tree obtained from restriction analysis N. glauca and N. acuminata are grouped in one branch, while the other species, N. langsdorffii, N. debneyi and N. tabacum, are grouped in the other branch cluster. Moreover, the N. debneyi behaviours under different radiation treatments were similar to those of N. tabacum. These two species are allopolyploid members of the genus Nicotiana, as also was confirmed by this study. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

外源一氧化氮对铅胁迫下小麦种子萌发及幼苗生理特性的影响

利用室内水培实验,研究了外源一氧化氮（NO）供体硝普钠（SNP）对Pb²⁺处理下小麦（Triticum aestivum L.）种子萌发、幼苗生长及相关生理指标变化的影响。结果表明,Pb²⁺处理使小麦种子发芽势、发芽率、幼苗根长和茎长均显著降低,诱导叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量减少及叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o的比值减小,25 μmol·L^-1 SNP明显缓解Pb²⁺胁迫对种子萌发及幼苗生长的抑制作用,提高Pb²⁺胁迫下叶绿素a、叶绿素b含量及F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o的比值,而100 μmol·L^-1SNP无明显缓解作用。此外,25和100 μmol·L^-1SNP诱导Pb²⁺胁迫下小麦幼苗叶片过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性增强和可溶性蛋白含量增多,但100 μmol·L^-1SNP处理降低了过氧化物酶（POD）活性。结果说明,外源NO促进Pb²⁺胁迫下小麦种子萌发及幼苗生长,提高叶绿素和可溶性蛋白含量,诱导CAT活性升高,从而增强小麦对Pb²⁺胁迫的适应性。     

Correlation of the Activities of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase and Pyruvate,Orthophosphate Dikinase with Biomass in Maize Seedlings

The relations of three carbon-assimilating enzymes in maizeto biomass productivity were studied. There was no significantcorrelation between biomass and the amount of fraction I protein(RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase protein). In contrast, both theactivities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and pyruvate,P₁dikinase were highly correlated to the biomass. (Received February 7, 1983; Accepted March 26, 1983)     

褪黑素对玉米幼苗根系发育和抗旱性的影响

褪黑素是一种在生物体内广泛存在的吲哚胺类化合物,参与植物的多种生理和生化过程.近年来研究认为褪黑素可以不同程度地增强植物的抗逆性,但对其作用机理仍知之甚少.通过两种褪黑素的施用方法,详细研究了褪黑素对于玉米根系发育和抗旱性的影响.首先,采用水培根灌褪黑素的方法对玉米幼苗的根系和生长状况进行分析,结果表明施加褪黑素显著提...     

Thermotolerance of Pearl Millet and Maize at Early Growth Stages: Growth and Nutrient Relations

Thermotolerance of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum cv. ICMV-94133) and maize (Zea mays cv. Golden) was assessed at germination and vegetative stage. Final percentage of germinated seeds and rate of germination (number of days to 50 % germination) decreased due to high temperature (45 °C) similarly in the both species. In contrast, at the vegetative stage, high temperature (38/27 °C) caused a significant reduction in shoot dry mass of maize, whereas this attribute remained almost unchanged in pearl millet. Relative growth rate and net assimilation rate (NAR) increased significantly in pearl millet due to high temperature, but in contrast, in maize NAR was slightly reduced. Concentrations of N, P, and K in the shoots of both species increased at high temperature, but N accumulation was more pronounced in pearl millet than in maize. High temperature caused a marked increase in both shoot and root Ca²⁺ concentration in maize, but it did not affect that of pearl millet. S concentration in the shoots of maize decreased significantly due to high temperature, whereas that in pearl millet remained unaffected. Shoot Na⁺ concentration of both species was not significantly affected by high temperature. High temperature caused a significant increase in uptake of N, P, and K⁺ in pearl millet, but the uptake of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺ and S remained unaffected in this species. In contrast, in maize, a significant increase in uptake of K⁺ and Ca²⁺, and a decrease in uptake of N, S, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺ were found at high temperature. Overall, maize showed lower tolerance to high temperature compared with pearl millet.     

Influence of extracellular proteins,proteases and protease inhibitors on grapevine somatic embryogenesis

An embryogenic grapevine rootstock cell suspension, continuously grown in the presence of auxin, was predominantly composed of proembryogenic masses. When transferred to an auxin-free medium, grapevine somatic embryos developed but were rapidly blocked at the heart stage. This inhibition has been related to the presence of extracellular macromolecules (Coutos-Thévenot et al., 1992a). In this study, the initial cell population density has been found to influence markedly embryo development. Inoculations below 5·10³ cells per ml were required to obtain fully grown cotyledonary embryos. Interestingly, extracellular proteins of molecular weights of 32, 34, 48 and 52 kDa accumulated in cultures grown at high population cell densities and disappeared in cultures inoculated at densities below 5·10³ cells per ml. Protein fractions partially purified by ion exchange chromatography caused both an early inhibition of embryogenesis and a stimulation of secondary embryogenesis. Moreover, to test for the possibility of modulating embryo development through alterations of extracellular proteins, cultures were supplemented with proteases and protease inhibitors. The addition of trypsin increased the rate of embryo development only in cultures inoculated at a low cell population density. Conversely, the protease inhibitor aprotinin inhibited development, arresting embryos at globular and heart stages. Together, these results provide evidence that extracellular proteins modulate somatic embryogenesis and suggest that an extracellular proteolitic mechanism could be implicated in development. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

微囊藻毒素对油菜幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

以'秦优9号'油菜为材料,研究不同浓度藻毒素(MC)对油菜种子萌发和幼苗生长、叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响,以及并对MC-LR和-RR在幼苗体内的积累进行分析.结果表明:仅5 000 ng/mL MC处理的油菜种子发芽率和发芽势显著低于对照和其余浓度处理,而其他处理及对照间无显著差异;在高浓度(1 000～5 000 ng/mL)MC处理下,幼苗出现植株矮化、叶片呈黄褐色、叶面积减小,以及主根变短、变粗且根系呈现黄褐色等毒害症状;叶绿素含量随着藻毒素浓度的递增表现为先上升后下降趋势;MC对SOD活性具有抑制作用,但对POD的活性具有促进作用,CAT活性随MC浓度的增加表现为先上升后下降的趋势;单位鲜重幼苗体内MC-LR和-RR含量随MC处理浓度的升高而增加,但MC-LR和-RR的积累率随MC浓度的增加而减小.研究发现,高浓度微囊藻毒素能显著抑制油菜幼苗生长,同时显著改变其体内保护酶活性,且MC可被油菜植株吸收并在其体内积累.     

外源一氧化氮供体浸种对玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响

外源一氧化氮供体硝普钠浸种可以提高玉米种子的发芽率,浓度为10、100、1000、2000μmol·L-1时,促进幼苗地上部和根的伸长生长,且有利于玉米侧根发生,幼苗叶片中的硝酸还原酶的活性也提高.以100μmol·L-1的硝普钠处理的综合效果最好.     

Influence of Temperature,pH and Selected Growth Media on Germination,Growth and Sporulation of Aschersonia placenta and Hypocrella raciborskii

Tween 70 at 0.1% provided the best conditions for germination of Aschersonia placenta. Optimum germination and growth of the germ tube occurred over a temperature range of 25–30°C and a pH range of 5.0–6.0. A temperature of 30°C resulted in the longest germ tube at 45 μm. Apparently, temperature and pH did not affect the type of germination, with polar germination being consistently recorded for in excess of 60% of conidia. In general, growth and sporulation seemed to be much better in semi‐solid than in liquid media. Amongst several plant media tested, pumpkin consistently gave the most mycelial growth and sporulation. The ability of A. placenta to sporulate on the surface of liquid culture has increased the possibilty of its mass production for the purpose of formulating a microbial pesticide against the indigenous scale insects of tropical fruits such as durian and guava in Malaysia.     

镉胁迫对矮牵牛种子萌发、幼苗生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响

采用营养液培养的方法研究了不同浓度镉Cd（0、1、2和4 mmol·L^-1）处理对矮牵牛（Petunia hybrida）种子萌发、幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果发现：与对照相比,较低浓度（1 mmol·L^-1）Cd处理下矮牵牛种子萌发和幼苗生长均显著被抑制,当Cd浓度增至4 mmol·L^-1时完全抑制了矮牵牛种子的萌发。Cd胁迫在低浓度时激活矮牵牛幼苗叶片过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性,而高浓度产生抑制效应;抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性与对照相比均显著升高,丙二醛（MDA）含量无显著变化。不同浓度的乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)的加入使4 mmol·L^-1 Cd胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗叶片POD和APX活性增加,但不影响SOD和CAT活性;此外,6 mmol·L^-1 EDTA使Cd胁迫下矮牵牛幼苗叶片中MDA含量增加。结果表明,Cd胁迫抑制矮牵牛种子萌发和幼苗生长,却使幼苗叶片POD、CAT和APX活性增加,EDTA的加入能够进一步提高Cd胁迫幼苗POD和APX活性。因此,矮牵牛幼苗在Cd胁迫下具有较强的抗氧化损伤的能力。