糖链及其蛋白质糖基化

基因和蛋白质是生物统一性的重要标志,而糖链则是生物多样性最重要的标志分子。糖基化作为蛋白质翻译后重要的修饰方式,有其重要的生物学意义。本文综述了糖链的结构、功能及其蛋白质糖基化的类型、影响因素、表达系统等相关问题。     

脱落酸和赤霉素调控种子休眠与萌发研究进展

种子的休眠与萌发是高等植物生长发育进程中非常重要的环节,是维系物种繁衍的重要过程。而激素在这一过程中扮演着非常重要的角色。而在这个过程中脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)和赤霉素(gibberellin GA)发挥着尤其重要的作用。本文综述了当前对复杂分子网络的理解,这些分子网络涉及脱落酸和赤霉素在调节种子休眠和萌发中的关键作用,其中含AP2结构域的转录因子起着关键作用。     

Compost bacteria and fungi that influence growth and development of Agaricus bisporus and other commercial mushrooms

Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology - Mushrooms are an important food crop for many millions of people worldwide. The most important edible mushroom is the button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus),...     

Divergent temperature-specific metabolic and feeding rates of native and invasive crayfish

Biological Invasions - Temperature is one of the most important factors governing the activity of ectothermic species, and it plays an important but less studied role in the manifestation of...     

Isobaric protein and peptide quantification: perspectives and issues

An important challenge for proteomics is the ability to compare protein levels across biological samples. Since their introduction, isotopic and isobaric peptide labeling have played an important role in relative quantitative comparisons of proteomes. One important drawback of most of the isotopic-labeling techniques is an increase in sample complexity. This problem was successfully addressed with the construction of isobaric labeling strategies, such as isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), tandem mass tagging, the cleavable isobaric affinity tag, dimethylated leucines and isobaric peptide termini labeling. Furthermore, numerous applications for multiplexing using iTRAQ and tandem mass tagging have been reported.     

Mechanical plasticity and contractile properties of airway smooth muscle

Smooth muscle has the unique ability to adapt easily and quickly to length changes without compromising its ability to generate force. This ability is referred to as mechanical plasticity and is now considered to be an important aspect of smooth muscle that affects both its contractile and relaxation behaviour. It is therefore important to incorporate knowledge of plasticity into further studies of smooth muscle behaviour. It is also important that future studies be focused on deciphering the mechanism of smooth muscle length adaptation and plasticity. This review outlines some of the proposed mechanisms determining plasticity. However, it should be said that there are other proposed mechanisms not touched upon here, which may be equally as important. This review also focuses on the relevance of smooth muscle plasticity in asthma, but it is important to remember that there are other places where smooth muscle plasticity may play an equally important role.     

实验动物与出入境检验检疫

实验动物科学已成为现代科学技术的重要组成部分,是生命科学的基础和重要支撑条件.实验动物被广大科学工作者称为“活的试剂”、“活的精密仪器”,可以满足各种不同研究要求和生产需要,在诸多领域都有广泛的应用.随着生命科学的发展和经济全球化的深入,实验动物的应用领域更加广泛,相关产业和国际贸易与交流方兴未艾,并日臻成为出入境检验检疫工作的重要内容.本文对实验动物的应用现状、进出口情况、相关出入境检验检疫政策、面临的问题和相关建议等做一综述.     

Isobaric protein and peptide quantification: perspectives and issues

An important challenge for proteomics is the ability to compare protein levels across biological samples. Since their introduction, isotopic and isobaric peptide labeling have played an important role in relative quantitative comparisons of proteomes. One important drawback of most of the isotopic-labeling techniques is an increase in sample complexity. This problem was successfully addressed with the construction of isobaric labeling strategies, such as isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), tandem mass tagging, the cleavable isobaric affinity tag, dimethylated leucines and isobaric peptide termini labeling. Furthermore, numerous applications for multiplexing using iTRAQ and tandem mass tagging have been reported.     

Effects of fire on central Australian rangelands. I Fire and fuel characteristics and changes in herbage and nutrients

Results of fire experiments in two important rangeland types in central Australia showed that a winter fire was effective in reducing fuel and was easily controlled. Composition of pasture plants palatable to cattle was either maintained or improved. A summer fire significantly decreased the grass component white increasing the proportion of forbs, particularly unpalatable species. Rainfall, season of burning and reduction of cover appeared to be important factors in controlling the composition of post-fire herbage. There was no important effect of fire on nutrients in either season of burning.     

Protein modification and its biological role

The modifications present on a polypeptide play an important role in determining its eventual fate. Modifications, particularly proteolysis, are important in the generation of biological activity. Modifications are used to "target" particular polypeptides to specific cellular locations. Protein modification also plays a role in determining the rate of polypeptide degradation. Cells have developed elaborate systems for the modification of their proteins because these modifications serve important biological functions.     

血红素氧合酶-1 与肺纤维化

血红素氧合酶-1(Hene Oxygenase-1)是一种氧化应激反应蛋白,广泛存在全身各组织器官。HO-1及催化产物组成了重要的内源性保护系统,具有调控炎症、抗氧化损伤及抗细胞凋亡等作用,对于组织器官具有保护作用。肺纤维化发病机制复杂,氧化应激是肺纤维化的致病机制之一。HO-1是一种重要的抗氧化剂,其通过多种途径参与致病,在肺纤维化致病过程中发挥重要作用。     

生物多样性重要区域识别——国外案例、国内研究进展

生物多样性丧失已经成为全球重大环境问题之一,重要区域或重要物种的识别是制定和实施保护计划的首要步骤,生物多样性保护的优先性研究成为保护生物学研究的焦点之一。优先保护的概念很早就被提出,保护国际(Conservation International,CI)一直倡导的热点地区途径受到国际社会的重视,生物多样性重要区域(KBAs)可以是综合的,也可以是单一类群的重要区域,如不同的国家已经开展了鸟类重要区域(important bird areas,IBAs)、植物重要区域(important plants areas,IPAs)、蝴蝶重要区域(prime butterfly areas,PBAs)和两栖爬行动物重要区域(important amphibians and reptiles areas,IARAs)等的识别研究工作。集中力量优先保护一些重要的地区是目前生物多样性保护较为现实和高效的途径。以佛得角群岛(the Cape Verde Islands)、意大利(Italy)、荷兰(the Netherlands)分别依据动物、植物单一类群或多个类群组合进行生物多样性重要区域识别为例,介绍了几个国家的生物多样性重要区域识别经验,概述国内在生物多样性重要区域识别领域的研究现状,详细介绍了海南岛生物多样性保护优先区识别案例,同时以国务院2010年批准实施的《中国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划(2011—2030年)》划定的32个陆地生物多样性保护优先区为例,提出中国未来应全面开展生物多样性本底调查,在充分获取生物多样性分布数据的基础上,依据植被类型和物种多样性以及受威胁因素等,在32个陆地生物多样性保护优先区内进一步客观准确地识别生物多样性重要区域(热点中的热点或重要区域中的重要区域),为中国未来的保护地规划、生物多样性监测、政策制定等提供科学支撑。     

Tillering and panicle branching genes in rice

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple food crops in the world, and rice tillering and panicle branching are important traits determining grain yield. Since the gene MONOCULM 1 (MOC 1) was first characterized as a key regulator in controlling rice tillering and branching, great progress has been achieved in identifying important genes associated with grain yield, elucidating the genetic basis of yield-related traits. Some of these important genes were shown to be applicable for molecular breeding of high-yielding rice. This review focuses on recent advances, with emphasis on rice tillering and panicle branching genes, and their regulatory networks.     

Genetic and molecular basis of grain size and grain number and its relevance to grain productivity in higher plants.

Grain size and grain number constitute 2 important components of grain yield. In particular, the grain size also influences the end-use quality (e.g., flour yield and protein content) and attracts consumer preference. These 2 traits are also the components of the domestication syndrome of crop plants. A number of important studies have recently been conducted to understand the genetic and molecular basis of these 2 important yield-contributing traits. Information generated from these studies was collected and synthesized for the benefit of plant biologists, particularly plant breeders. In the present article, this information is briefly reviewed and the prospects of using this information for improvement of grain productivity in crop plants are discussed.     

血红素氧合酶-1与肺纤维化

血红素氧合酶-1（Hene Oxygenase-1）是一种氧化应激反应蛋白,广泛存在全身各组织器官。HO-1及催化产物组成了重要的内源性保护系统,具有调控炎症、抗氧化损伤及抗细胞凋亡等作用,对于组织器官具有保护作用。肺纤维化发病机制复杂,氧化应激是肺纤维化的致病机制之一。HO-1是一种重要的抗氧化剂,其通过多种途径参与致病,在肺纤维化致病过程中发挥重要作用。     

整联蛋白与口蹄疫病毒感染

整联蛋白是一类重要的细胞表面分子,除介导细胞与胞外基质及细胞间的粘附外,还对细胞的识别、生长和分化具有重要作用。FMDV对细胞的侵染依赖于宿主细胞受体,整联蛋白作为口蹄疫病毒侵入细胞的关键决定簇,在致病机制、组织和器官嗜性中具有重要作用。本文就整联蛋白的结构、功能及在FMDV感染中的作用等方面进行了综述,以期阐明FMDV侵染细胞的机制。     

PACAP and PDF signaling in the regulation of mammalian and insect circadian rhythms

Endogenous circadian clocks are inherent to all living organisms. They are needed to guarantee successful life since they regulate very important biological processes such as behavior and reproduction. Secretin-like G-protein coupled receptors are very important factors in the signal transduction pathways of circadian clocks. In this review, we will focus on the role of two secretin-like signaling pathways that play an important role in the regulation of the mammalian and the insect clock, respectively: the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and pigment dispersing factor (PDF) signaling pathways. Both pathways are most likely related although their function in the biological clock differs.     

Schistosome biology and proteomics: progress and challenges

The recent availability of schistosomal genome-sequence information allows protein identification in schistosome-derived samples by mass spectrometry (proteomics). Over the last few years, several proteome studies have been performed that addressed important questions in schistosome biology. This review summarizes the applied experimental approaches that have been used so far, it provides an overview of the most important conclusions that can be drawn from the performed studies and finally discusses future challenges in this research area.     

长江口及其陆架春季小型底栖生物丰度和生物量

2007年4—5月对长江口及其陆架海域小型底栖生物进行了调查。结果表明:调查海域有18个类群小型底栖生物,平均丰度为(1117.19±820.36)个/10 cm2,平均生物量为(754.87±546.37)(μg.干重)/10 cm2,其中线虫是绝对优势类群,占小型底栖生物总丰度的95.42%,占总生物量的55.35%。其他优势类群分别是桡足类、多毛类和动吻类。垂直分布研究表明:小型底栖生物丰度随着深度的增加而减少,其数量的65%分布于0—2 cm层,其中线虫分布于0—2 cm层的数量约占64%;桡足类集中分布于0—2 cm层,占该类总量的88%以上;多毛类分布于0—2 cm层的数量约占61%。各区块小型底栖生物总丰度从高到低依次为东海陆架深水区长江口近岸杭州湾。与环境因子相关分析表明:盐度与小型底栖生物丰度,线虫丰度成显著的正相关,与多毛类,桡足类丰度以及小型底栖生物生物量呈极显著的正相关。近底溶解氧与小型底栖生物丰度,多毛类,线虫丰度以及小型底栖生物生物量呈显著的负相关,与桡足类丰度呈极显著的负相关。调查海域沉积物的中值粒径,粘土粉砂含量与小型底栖生物丰度,多毛类,线虫丰度以及小型底栖生物生物量的相关性不显著。位沉积物叶绿素a和脱镁叶绿素含量与小型底栖生物丰度,线虫丰度、多毛类丰度,桡足类丰度相关不显著;沉积物中异养细菌含量与多毛类丰度呈显著负相关。     

Factors Affecting Degradation of Aldicarb and Ethoprop

Chemical and microbial degradation of the nematicides-insecticides aldicarb and ethoprop has been studied extensively in both laboratory and field studies. These studies show that temperature is the most important variable affecting the degradation rate of aldicarb and its carbamate metabolites in surface soils. Temperature and organic matter appear to be the most important variables affecting degradation rates of ethoprop in soils under normal agricultural conditions, with organic matter being inversely related to degradation, presumably due to increased binding to soil particles. Soil moisture may be important under some conditions for both compounds, with degradation reduced in low-moisture soils. The rate of degradation of aldicarb residues (aldicarb + aldicarb sulfoxide + aldicarb sulfone) does not seem to be significantly affected by depth from soil surface, except that aldicarb residues degrade more slowly in acidic, coarse sand subsoils. Degradation of ethoprop also continues in subsurface soils, although field data are limited due to its lower mobility. Both compounds degrade in groundwater. Because microbial activity decreases with depth below soil surface, chemical processes are important components of the degradation of both aldicarb residues and ethoprop. For aldicarb, transformation to carbamate oxides in surface soils is primarily microbial, while degradation to noncarbamate compounds appears to be primarily the result of soil-catalyzed hydrolysis throughout the soil profile. For ethoprop, both chemical and microbial catalyzed hydrolysis are important in surface soils, with chemical hydrolysis becoming more important with increasing depth.