Cigarette waste: Assessment of hazard to the environment and health in Riyadh city

Cigarette waste/litter is considered a major environmental contamination problem worldwide as trillions of cigarettes are smoked worldwide and a large part of that, cigarette waste, is disposed of in the open areas including roads, parks, and streets, etc. cigarette litter is the most commonly found litter. It is mainly cigarette filter, made of cellulose acetate, and unburnt part of the tobacco filler. Filters from smoked cigarettes contain a significant amount of tar trapped in it. The tar contains thousands of chemicals and heavy metals. Both of these organic and inorganic constituents have been reported to be toxic to humans and cause a variety of diseases including inflammatory lung diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancers. Cigarette litter is a significant environmental concern as the chemicals and heavy metals can leach into the soil or water sources and pose threat to animals and plants, from there they can enter into the food chain as well. Several reports indicate toxicities to aquatic and terrestrial animals as they consumed cigarette litter. In the present investigation, cigarette litter was collected from 28 randomly selected locations in the Riyadh city to assess the risk to the environment. Cigarette litter, in the form of cigarette butts, was collected, counted, weighed and analyzed for heavy metal content. Data indicate the presence of a significant amount of cigarette litter on roadsides, streets, and parks in the Riyadh city. However, the investigation had its limitations as it did not focus on the absolute amount of cigarette litter vs the time. It also did not consider the amount of cigarette litter percent in the total waste discarded. The investigation presents the results of the screening of the cigarette litter present on the Riyadh city roads, streets, and parks. The findings raise concerns regarding the hazards the cigarette litter poses to the environment and human health. The investigation sheds the light on this unexplored aspect of smoking-associated issues in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.     

Aspergillus bombycis genotypes (RFLP) from silkworm cultivation

 Eighteen isolates of Aspergillus bombycis from samples of dust, insect frass, and soil collected from eight silkworm rearing facilities in Japan, as well as single silkworm rearing facilities in Indonesia and Malaysia, were subjected to DNA fingerprinting. PstI digests of total genomic DNA from each isolate were probed using the pAF 28 repetitive sequence. Among 18 isolates analyzed, 7 distinct DNA fingerprint groups were identified, including GTAb-2 isolated from rearing facilities in four prefectures of Japan. Aspergillus bombycis isolates share several features in common with domesticated yellow-green aspergilli, the koji molds used in traditional Oriental food fermentations, including a loose and deep colony texture, smooth-walled stipes, and the absence of sclerotia. Although aflatoxin is unknown from koji molds, all isolates of A. bombycis produced B and G aflatoxins. Aflatoxin has been linked to increased virulence in Aspergillus disease of silkworms, and there should be strong selection for aflatoxin production among clonal populations of A. bombycis adapted to silkworm cultivation. A hypothesis is offered that A. bombycis isolates from silkworm cultivation represent highly adapted forms of yet to be discovered “wild” populations that may infect Bombyx mandarina. Received: December 24, 2002 / Accepted: March 10, 2003 RID="*" ID="*" Disclaimer: Names are necessary to report factually on available data; however, the USDA neither guarantees nor warrants the standard of the products, and the use of the name by USDA implies no approval of the product to the exclusion of others that may also be suitable Acknowledgments We thank Dr. Akira Nakagiri, Institute for Fermentation, Osaka, for providing Aspergillus cultures isolated from diseased silkworms.     

Nutritive value of poultry wastes for sheep

The present study included four successive experiments to determine the chemical composition of the manures and the effects of including varying levels of poultry manure in sheep rations on nutrients digestibility, nitrogen balance and the possible adaptation to the experimental diets as the experimental period was prolonged. Four different poultry wastes were used. These wastes were: pure layer droppings, HELWAN (Experiment I); pure layer droppings, SAKHA (Experiment II); layer litter (Experiment III); and broiler litter (Experiment IV). Three levels of each waste (0, low and high) were tested in the rations of six mature Ossimi fat-tailed rams (two animals for each treatment).Results showed a wide variation in ash and crude protein contents of the different wastes. Layer droppings (HELWAN) contained the highest ash percentage (43·9), while broiler litter contained the lowest (18·8). For crude protein content, broiler litter had the highest value (34·0%) and layer droppings (SAKHA) the lowest (15·4%).Feed intake (g OM per kg^0.75 day⁻¹) decreased with increasing level of manure. Water intake and excretion were, in general, related to food and minerals intake. Feed intakes sometimes improved with advancing experimental period. In most experiments, digestibilities of ash and crude fiber increased while those of other components decreased with the inclusion of the waste materials in the diets.In vitro DMD or OMD were lower for diets containing waste materials than the control diets.Results of some rumen liquor parameters are tabulated and discussed.     

Quantification of prairie restoration for phytostability at a remediated defense plant

In June 2008 and 2009, cover, density, and species diversity were measured on two areas of the prairie at the U. S. Department of Energy Weldon Spring Site to begin quantification of the prairie establishment and the effects of a prairie burn. Sampling began by testing for the most appropriate transect length (cover) and quadrat size (density) for quantification of vegetation. Total cover increased in the first growing season after burning. Conversely, total cover decreased in the unburned area in one year. The trend in litter cover is the opposite with litter decreasing after burning, but increasing in one year in the unburned area. Bare ground decreased in one year in the unburned area, but was unchanged after burning. Species diversity tripled after fire, but was unchanged in one year in the unburned area. The results show that litter and fire both affect plant cover. If land reclamation activities are to be an integral part of hazardous waste remediation at contaminated sites, then the success of reclamation efforts needs to be quantified along with success criteria for waste remediation of the sites. The results show that plant cover can be easily quantified, but that density measures are more biased which makes it more difficult to achieve adequate sample size for plant density.     

Nutritive value of ensiled broiler litter for cattle

Broiler litter, consisting of bedding material (chopped wheat straw or rice hulls), excreta, wasted feed and feathers was ensiled at 40 or 50% moisture for 42 days. Cheddar cheese whey was added to adjust the moisture level in some of the silage. The dry matter digestibility in vitro (IVDMD), after 21 days of ensiling was greater for silage containing the wheat straw base than for that with the rice hull base. Whey improved the IVDMD of the wheat straw base silage but not that of the rice hull base silage. Moisture levels did not influence the IVDMD. In a second trial, broiler litter consisting of chopped wheat straw bedding, excreta, wasted feed and feathers was ensiled for 28 days at approximately 45% dry matter. The litter was ensiled as: (1) litter alone; (2) litter plus Irish potato cannery waste (IPW); (3) litter plus ground maize, and (4) litter plus ground grain sorghum. The materials added supplied 33% of the dry matter of the silages. The pH of the silages 1 and 4 weeks after ensiling was (1) 6.00, 5.83; (2) 5.00, 4.56; (3) 4.96, 4.80; and (4) 4.92, 4.78. Total faecal and urine collection trials were conducted using 12 Holstein steers having an average body weight of 200 kg. Dry matter digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) for silages 2, 3 and 4. Digestible energy and protein were 61.2, 70.6; 65.3, 74.6; 65.2, 71.2; and 68.2, 76.4% for silages 1 through 4.     

Slaughterhouse by-products preserved by Lactobacillus plantarum fermentation as feed for mink and foxes

Lactic acid fermentation was evaluated as a method to preserve abattoir waste for use in fur animal diets. The method used involved grinding, acidifying to pH 5–5.2 by formic acid and propionic acid, addition of 6% molasses as a carbohydrate source and a starter culture of Lactobacillus plantarum. Fermentation was completed after 2–3 days at 25°C. The final pH of the fermented product was 3.8–4.1.

Storage experiments revealed satisfactory stability. The fermented products could be kept for weeks at room temperature (20°C) and for months in a cold room (4°C).

The amino acid composition of the 4 types of abattoir waste tested was not significantly changed by fermentation. Digestibility studies with mink revealed slight, but significant (P < 0.05), effects of fermentation. The digestibility of cystine and threonine was reduced and that of glycine and proline increased.

Two types of fermented abattoir waste were investigated in 2 long-term feeding experiments with mink and blue foxes. In the mink trial, diets with 10 or 20% fermented abattoir waste supported normal reproduction, kit mortality and body growth. In one experiment, there was a significant reduction in mink kit body weights with 20%, but not with 10% fermented abattoir waste in the diet. In the fox trial, litter sizes and kit viability tended to improve with 20% fermented abattoir waste, while kit body weights were unaffected. It is concluded that fermentation could be an acceptable process for the preservation of abattoir waste intended for the feeding of fur animals.     

Potential of 2D crosslinked sericin membranes with improved biostability for skin tissue engineering

Silk sericin protein is a natural, hydrophilic, macromolecular glycoprotein mainly synthesized in the middle silk gland of the silkworm. It constitutes 25–30% of the silk cocoon. Sericin proteins have antioxidant, antimicrobial, UV-resistant properties, promote wound healing and support cell proliferation even in serum-free media. Most of the sericin is discarded as waste in silk processing industries. This study aims at improving the mechanical strength and stability of sericin extracted from the silk cocoons during processing and utilize it as a biocompatible natural biopolymer in biomedical applications. Crosslinked sericin membranes, from the cocoon of non-mulberry tropical silkworm, Antheraea mylitta, were prepared using gluteraldehyde as the crosslinking agent. Physical and structural characteristics of the membranes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction along with swelling and degradation studies. The secondary structure of the membrane indicates that crosslinking provides a more integrated structure that significantly improves the stability and mechanical strength of the membranes. In vitro cytocompatibility of the membranes was evaluated by MTT assay and cell cycle analysis of feline fibroblast cells. The adherence, growth and proliferation patterns of cells on membranes were assessed by confocal microscopy, which demonstrated that the latter is non-toxic and supports cell growth. Cell cycle analyses indicate cytocompatibility with normal cell cycle pattern. This study reveals that silk sericin protein can be used as a biocompatible natural biopolymer for various applications in the biomedical field.     

Glucose and ecdysteroid increase apyrene sperm production in in vitro cultivation of spermatocysts of Bombyx mori

Two types of sperm, nucleate eupyrene and anucleate apyrene, occur in the silkworm as in other lepidopteran species. Hormones and other substances have been assumed to play important roles in sperm dimorphism. We established an in vitro cultivation system for silkworm spermatocytes, and found that apyrene sperm are not produced when spermatocytes from larval testes are cultivated, though eupyrene spermatocytes develop normally into mature sperm. Based on the fact that ecdysteroid titers increase rapidly and peak 1 day after spinning, and that the amount of glycogen reaches its peak 1 day before the spinning stage, we studied the effects of adding glucose and/or 20-hydroxyecdysone to the culture medium. The experiments disclosed a significant additive effect of both substances on apyrene sperm production.     

Capacity of various experimental diets to support biomass and reproduction of Perionyx excavatus

Biomass production and reproduction of a group of four adult Perionyx excaratus were studied in limited supplies of four experimental diets; cowdung alone and its mixtures with straw, bamboo leaf litter or kitchen waste, in order to select a suitable diet medium for vermiculture. P. excavatus showed maximum rate of biomass increase and reproduction in the mixtures with straw and bamboo leaf litter. In spite of achieving the highest final biomass value. P. excavatus showed the lowest rate of biomass increase and reproduction in the mixture with kitchen waste. Cowdung, a natural food of P. excavatus, was marginally better than the mixture with kitchen waste with regard to the rate of biomass increase and reproduction.     

Validation of thermal composting process using olive mill solid waste for industrial scale cultivation of Agaricus bisporus

The production of a substrate containing destoned olive mill solid waste for the cultivation of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach on an industrial scale was studied. A standard mushroom compost (C) mainly made from straw and poultry manure was compared with the experimental compost (EC) containing the same ingredients as (C) but with added olive mill solid waste (10.6% w/w). Microbial indicators such as counts of heterotrophic microbes and actinomycetes were higher in EC than in C. In addition, compost selectivity as indicated by higher mushroom yield and biological efficiency of EC was higher than that of C. Market quality of the mushrooms produced in both C and EC were comparable. These findings support our work that olive mill solid waste can be used safely in thermal composting process to produce a selective substrate for industrial-scale cultivation of A. bisporus. This study also demonstrates an environmentally sustainable system to manage solid waste from olive oil extraction processes thus overcoming environmental pollution brought about by irrational disposal of the waste on farm lands.     

Trichoderma pseudokoningii for hastening the decomposition of various sericultural wastes and impact of enriched composts on disease suppression in mulberry (Morus spp.)

Abstract

A biofungicide “Nursery-Guard” containing Trichoderma pseudokoningii as a biocontrol agent hastened the decomposition of various sericultural wastes viz., silkworm litter + rearing waste, biogas slurry (a spent slurry from silkworm waste-based biogas plant) and weeds of mulberry gardens. The farm-yard manure (FYM - unfortified) was also enriched with Nursery-Guard for comparison. The decomposition process was very well completed within a period of 105 days. All the decomposed materials had a significantly higher percentage of NPK contents over the check sericultural wastes (non-enriched with Nursery-Guard). A high population of T. pseudokoningii was observed in the compost prepared from biogas slurry when compared to other decomposed materials. The compost enriched with Nursery-Guard had a greater impact on sprouting of mulberry stem-cuttings, survivability of saplings and plant growth. Among the different decomposed materials, the biogas slurry and FYM recorded significantly higher sprouting of cuttings and survivability of saplings. The percentage increase, over the check, in sprouting was 19.3 and 15.7 and survival was 29.4 and 23.5, respectively for both the decomposed materials. The failure of cuttings in nursery was generally observed due to the attack of soilborne diseases viz., stem canker, cutting rot and die-back. The lesser incidence of these diseases was observed in biogas slurry (34.0%), followed by FYM (37.0%), silkworm litter + rearing waste (42.0%) and weeds (46.0%).     

炼锌废渣-修复植物-凋落物体系的生态化学计量学研究

为揭示金属冶炼废渣堆场生态修复多年后,废渣-植物-凋落物系统中养分循环和系统维持机制。该研究以实现生态修复6 a的黔西北铅锌冶炼废渣堆场上土荆芥(Dysphania ambrosioides)、芦竹(Arundo donax)、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、构树(Broussonetia papyrifera)和柳杉(Cryptomeria fortunei)五种优势修复植物为对象,分析它们的主要营养器官(细根、粗根、茎/干、枝、叶片)、地表凋落物、植被下方表层废渣(0～10 cm)中碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量及化学计量特征,探讨它们之间的相互关系。结果表明:不同植物、不同营养器官间C、N、P的含量具有显著差异(P<0.05),C平均含量在两种草本植物中为茎>叶片>根>凋落物,在三种乔木中为干>枝>细根>粗根>叶片>凋落物; N和P的分布在草本植物中分别为叶片>凋落物>根>茎和叶片>根>凋落物>茎,在三种乔木中均为叶片>细根>凋落物>粗根>枝>干。五种植物中,柳杉各营养器官及凋落物中C含量均高于其他植物,N、P含量呈相反的规律; 刺槐中N含量最高。C:N和C:P在五种植物营养器官与凋落物中的变化规律跟N、P的分布相反,说明C:N和C:P分别主要受N和P含量影响。相关性分析指出,草本植物的N:P受N和P共同影响,三种乔木的N:P主要由N的分布决定,同时受到枝和叶片中P含量影响。五种植物中,仅豆科类刺槐的叶片N:P大于16,在系统中生长受P限制,其他植物生长均受N限制,说明刺槐更能适应贫瘠的废渣环境,建议在修复贫瘠的废渣堆场时优先选择豆科类植物作为先锋植物,改善基质养分条件。植被下方表层废渣中C、N、P含量基本都低于植物各营养器官及凋落物,不同修复植物下方对应的表层废渣中C、N、P含量间具有显著差异(P<0.05),草本植物修复下的废渣中C、N、P含量低于乔木修复下的含量。废渣-植物-凋落物体系中N、P、N:P之间的相关性分析显示,植物细根和凋落物中N、P含量与废渣中N、P含量及化学计量比关系更密切。     

Microbial Properties of Composts That Suppress Damping-Off and Root Rot of Creeping Bentgrass Caused by Pythium graminicola

Composts prepared from a variety of feedstocks were tested for their ability to suppress seedling and root diseases of creeping bentgrass caused by Pythium graminicola. Among the most suppressive materials in laboratory experiments were different batches of a brewery sludge compost and a biosolids compost from Endicott, N.Y. Batches of these composts that were initially not suppressive to Pythium damping-off became more suppressive with increasing compost age. Leaf, yard waste, food, and spent mushroom composts as well as certain biosolids, cow manure, chicken-cow manure, and leaf-chicken manure composts were not suppressive to Pythium damping-off. In some cases, turkey litter, chicken manure, chicken-leaf, and food waste composts were inhibitory to creeping bentgrass seed germination in laboratory experiments. Microbial populations varied among all of the composts tested. Bacterial populations were high in all composts except the turkey litter compost, in which populations were 1,000- to 10,000-fold lower than in the other composts tested. Among the highest populations of heterotrophic fungi and antibiotic-producing actinomycetes were those found in all batches of the brewery sludge compost, whereas the lowest populations were found in turkey litter, chicken manure, and food waste composts. Heat treatment of suppressive composts reduced populations of bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes in all composts tested. Disease suppressiveness was also reduced or eliminated in heated composts. Amending heated composts with small amounts of nonheated compost restored suppressive properties and partially restored microbial populations to wild-type levels. A strong negative relationship between compost microbial activity (as measured by the hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate) and Pythium damping-off severity was observed. When composts were applied to creeping bentgrass in field experiments, a significant level of suppressiveness was evident with some composts when disease pressure was high (i.e., disease ratings high in uninoculated plots). A 1991 batch of turkey litter compost and the 1990 batch of Endicott biosolids were consistently suppressive to foliar symptoms of Pythium root rot on creeping bentgrass. This study indicates that suppression of Pythium diseases of creeping bentgrass in batches of brewery sludge and Endicott biosolids composts, and possibly in other suppressive composts examined in less detail in this study, is related directly to the microbial activities in the composts. On the other hand, the mechanisms of Pythium suppression in turkey litter and perhaps other poultry-based composts is not related directly to the compost microbial activity. Although turkey litter showed a lack of suppressiveness in laboratory bioassays and low microbial populations and activity, it resulted in a significant and consistent level of suppressiveness in field experiments. Therefore, the microbiological properties of Pythium-suppressive composts may differ substantially, and measurements of microbial populations and activity may not be predictive of the level of disease suppression in all composts.     

Generation of transgenic silkworms for production of erythropoietin in Bombyx mori

There have been many attempts to generate various essential proteins using transformed E. coli systems. However, prokaryote systems are not equipped with the protein maturation mechanisms necessary to generate eukaryotic proteins. In this sense, among the eukaryotes, silkworms have major merits in overcoming the difficulties. Such protein maturation mechanisms are available in silkworms. In this study, a transgenic silkworm producing rhEPO in the cocoon was generated and purified. Specifically, we constructed a transgenic silkworm using a vector system that could be controlled to the next generation. To accomplish this, we microinjected the system into eggs laid during the preblastoderm stage. The rhEPO was then purified from transgenic silkworm cocoons using a Con A affinity column. The biological activity of rhEPO isolated from the cocoon of transgenic silkworms was then assessed in a cell culture system using an EPO-dependent cell line, F-36E. Next, PCR analysis was used to demonstrate that stable gene expression can occur in the embryos of the silkworm, Bombyx. mori. Transgenic silkworms were then selected and observed to ensure that the transgenic silkworm was maintained and transmitted to their progeny. The rhEPO was subsequently purified from the transgenic silkworm cocoon and the electrophoretic pattern of the purified rhEPO revealed a protein band with a molecular weight of approximately 20 kDa. A total of 3 mg of rhEPO was eluted from 10 g of cocoons. The proliferation of F36E cells for 25 ng/ml rhEPO was 1.32, while the proliferation for 2.5 IU/ml hEPO was 1.32. The proliferation of these cells could be induced by commercial hEPO, as well as by rhEPO from transgenic silkworm cocoons. An in vivo test of mice treated with rhEPO revealed relatively high RBC values when compared to normal mice. These results indicated that purified glycosylated EPO from transgenic silkworms had biological activities. Overall, the transgenic silkworm technique will be very useful for the large scale production of proteins for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.     

Using tea waste as a new casing material in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus (L.) Sing.) cultivation

In this study, the possibility of using tea production waste as a new casing material in mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) cultivation was investigated. Some physical and chemical characteristics of tea waste, fermented tea waste and a mixture of tea waste with peat were compared with that of peat casing, as were their effects on yield. The highest yield was obtained from peat casing. Using tea production waste alone as a casing was not acceptable for assured yield when it was compared with peat. But, a mixture of tea production waste with peat in 1:1 (v:v) ratio increased the yield. There was no significant difference between the mushroom yields of tea production waste+peat and peat casing materials at the end of 30 and 40 days. High salt content, organic and inorganic compounds in casing materials caused reduction of yields. However, a high iron content in casing material gave a significant positive correlation with total yield at 40 days.     

转植酸酶基因家蚕的制作及表达检测

家蚕Bombyx mori丝腺具有高效合成蛋白质的特性,开发在丝腺特异表达外源蛋白质的生物反应器具有重要的意义。本研究利用piggyBac来源的两种载体pPIGA3GFP和pBac{3×P3-EGFPaf},建立了稳定的家蚕转基因技术体系; 然后,利用一株黑曲霉来源的植酸酶基因,构建了在家蚕后部丝腺特异表达的融合表达载体pBac [3×P3-EGFP+ FibLphyADsRed],注射蚕卵后,在53个G1蛾区中检测到3个有荧光蚕的蛾区。经Southern blot和反向PCR验证,转基因表达盒整合到家蚕染色体上。RT-PCR结果显示,植酸酶基因特异性地在后部丝腺表达,其表达模式与家蚕轻链丝素基因一致。结果表明我们成功获得了在后部丝腺特异表达植酸酶融合蛋白的转基因蚕,这为进一步开发家蚕生物反应器,利用转基因蚕生产各种重组蛋白具有积极的促进作用。     

Cloning and expression of a cellulase gene in the silkworm, Bombyx mori by improved Bac-to-Bac/BmNPV baculovirus expression system

Cellulases catalyze the hydrolysis of cellulose which are mainly three types: endoglucanases, cellobiohydrolases and β-glucosidases. It can be used in converting cellulosic biomass to glucose that can be used in different applications such as production of fuel ethanol, animal feed, waste water treatment and in brewing industry. In this paper, we cloned a 1380-bp endoglucanase I (EG I) gene from mycelium of filamentous fungus Trichoderma viride strain AS 3.3711 using PCR-based exon splicing methods, and expressed the recombinant EG I mature peptide protein in both silkworm BmN cell line and silkworm larvae with a newly established Bac-to-Bac/BmNPV mutant baculovirus expression system, which lacks the virus-encoded chitinase (chiA) and cathepsin (v-cath) genes of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). An around 49-kDa protein was visualized after mBacmid/BmNPV/EG I infection, and the maximum expression in silkworm larvae was at 84 h post-infection. The ANOVA showed that the enzymes from recombinant baculoviruses infected silkworms exhibited significant maximum enzyme activity at the environmental condition of pH 7.0 and temperature 50°C. It was stable at pH range from 5.0 to 10.0 and at temperature range from 50 to 60°C, and increased 24.71 and 22.84% compared with that from wild baculoviruses infected silkworms and normal silkworms, respectively. The availability of large quantities of EG I that the silkworm provides maybe greatly facilitate the future research and the potential application in industries.     

The nanos gene of Bombyx mori and its expression patterns in developmental embryos and larvae tissues

The nanos gene encodes a zinc-finger protein which is required for the migration and differentiation of primordial germ cells as well as for their fate maintenance. In this study, a 1913 bp nanos gene was cloned and characterized in silkworm (Bombyx mori). RT-PCR and Western blot analysis showed that the nanos was expressed in developing embryos and various silkworm larval tissues. The expression patterns of Nanos and Vasa in silkworm larval gonads were analyzed using immunohistochemistry. It was found that, in silkworm larval ovaries, the Nanos and Vasa proteins were expressed in oocytes. While in testes, high expression of Nanos and Vasa was detected in spermatogonia and relatively weaker expression was found in spermatocytes at latter stages.     

响应面法优化蝙蝠蛾拟青霉发酵培养基配方

为了提高虫草无性型蝙蝠蛾拟青霉(Paecilomyces hepiali)菌丝体中的腺苷含量,采用响应面法对其液体发酵培养基配方进行了优化。首先采用Plackett-Burman设计法对影响蝙蝠蛾拟青霉腺苷收率的8个相关因素进行了筛选,从中确定其主要影响因子为马铃薯和蚕蛹粉。然后用最陡爬坡试验逼近上述2个因素的最大响应区域,并通过中心组合设计和响应面分析法,确定了主要影响因子的最佳浓度。优化后的培养基组成为:马铃薯8.25%,蔗糖1%,玉米粉1%,蛋白胨0.5%,蚕蛹粉0.81%,KH2PO40.1%,MgSO4.7H2O 0.1%,(NH4)2 SO40.1%。该配方所产生的蝙蝠蛾拟青霉菌丝体中腺苷含量由优化前的2.15 mg/g(干重)提高到3.44 mg/g(干重)。