罗氏真养菌W50的D-木糖代谢途径工程改造

【目的】拓宽高产聚-β-羟基丁酸酯(poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)罗氏真养菌(Ralstonia eutropha)W50的碳源使用范围,使其获得D-木糖代谢能力。【方法】运用PCR技术扩增大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)K-12W3110来源的D-木糖转运蛋白基因xylE,利用同源重组技术将xylE基因整合到R.eutropha W50的染色体上构建菌株W50-E。运用PCR技术扩增E.coli K-12 W3110来源的D-木糖代谢基因xylAB和R.eutropha H16来源的PHA合酶基因phaC1的启动子片段P pha C1,同表达载体连接后构建重组质粒p1-AB。将重组质粒分别转入菌株R.eutropha W50和W50-E中构建工程菌株W50-AB和W50-EAB。通过摇瓶发酵研究W50-AB和W50-EAB的D-木糖代谢特性。【结果】酶活分析结果表明,xylA和xylB基因在菌株R.eutropha W50中得到表达。摇瓶发酵结果表明,W50-AB在含0.1 mol/L D-木糖的基础发酵培养基中的最大比生长速率为0.025 h-1,在含0.01 mol/L D-木糖的基础发酵培养基中没有生长;W50-EAB在含0.01 mol/L D-木糖的基础发酵培养基中表现出一定生长,在含0.1 mol/L D-木糖的基础发酵培养基中最大比生长速率为0.035 h-1。PHB含量分析结果表明,摇瓶发酵终点时,W50-AB和W50-EAB菌株内的PHB含量分别为细胞干重的15.07±1.01%和15.07±1.64%,其相应的D-木糖-PHB转化率分别为0.0920 g·g-1和0.0838 g·g-1,低于两重组菌株利用葡萄糖发酵的糖-PHB转化率(0.22 g·g-1)。另外,重组菌株W50-AB和W50-EAB在含葡萄糖(0.01 mol/L)和D-木糖(0.09 mol/L)的混合糖培养基中的发酵结果表明,两重组菌株均表现出更高的生长速率和D-木糖消耗速率以及胞内PHB积累量。【结论】来源于E.coli K-12W3110菌株的xylAB基因的表达使R.eutropha W50获得了一定的D-木糖代谢能力,通过D-木糖转运蛋白基因xylE的表达能提高菌株的D-木糖代谢能力,同时重组菌株利用D-木糖能积累一定量PHB。     

罗氏真养菌W50的L-阿拉伯糖代谢途径工程改造北大核心CSCD

【目的】在产聚-β-羟基丁酸酯(Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate,PHB)的罗氏真养菌(Ralstonia eutropha)H16突变株W50中建立完整的阿拉伯糖代谢途径,引入高亲和力阿拉伯糖转运蛋白,获得能利用L-阿拉伯糖的重组菌株,为获得能高效利用纤维质降解物并积累PHB的工程菌株奠定基础。【方法】利用PCR技术扩增R.eutropha H16的PHB合酶启动子P pha C1、大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)W3110的阿拉伯糖代谢酶基因araBAD和高亲和力阿拉伯糖转运蛋白基因araFGH。将P pha C1、araBAD与表达载体pBBR1MCS连接,构建带有阿拉伯糖代谢酶基因的表达载体,转化R.eutropha W50得到重组菌株W50-1。利用双质粒和染色体重组两种方法将araFGH导入W50-1菌,分别得到重组菌株W50-2和W50-3。通过摇瓶发酵研究重组菌株W50-1、W50-2和W50-3的发酵特性。【结果】酶活分析结果表明,阿拉伯糖代谢酶基因实现了表达。重组菌株W50-1、W50-2和W50-3均能利用L-阿拉伯糖,并且表达了转运蛋白基因的重组菌利用L-阿拉伯糖的能力提高。摇瓶发酵结果表明,W50-1可以在含0.1 mol/L阿拉伯糖的发酵培养基中生长,但不能利用低浓度(0.01 mol/L)阿拉伯糖。W50-2、W50-3菌株能够利用低浓度阿拉伯糖生长,并且在含0.1 mol/L阿拉伯糖的培养基中,W50-3的生物量是W50-1的2.5倍,合成的PHB占菌体干重的38.6%。【结论】在R.eutropha W50中表达阿拉伯糖代谢酶基因及转运蛋白基因,可以使其高效利用L-阿拉伯糖生长并积累一定水平的PHB。     

北京棒杆菌转酮酶:基因克隆、序列分析与表达

【目的】转酮酶是非氧化磷酸戊糖途径中的关键酶。从北京棒杆菌(Corynebacterium pekinense PD-67)中克隆转酮酶(transketolase,EC2.2.1.1,TK)基因,并将转酮酶基因在C.pekinense PD-67中进行表达,研究增加转酮酶活性对C.pekinense PD-67生理特性的影响。【方法】分别以C.pekinense野生株AS1.299和突变株PD-67的基因组为模板,用PCR方法扩增tkt的全基因序列和前端控制序列;通过pAK6载体提高tkt基因在C.pekinense PD-67中的拷贝数,从而提高C.pekinense PD-67中转酮酶的活性。【结果】tkt基因核苷酸序列及其编码的氨基酸序列与结构分析结果表明,C.pekinense突变株PD-67与野生株AS1.299相比较,二者调控序列及结构基因核苷酸序列完全一致。与谷氨酸棒杆菌ATCC13032相比较,突变株PD-67的氨基酸序列有5个氨基酸差异,其中4个位于与辅因子硫胺素焦磷酸结合的结构域内。突变株PD-67来源的tkt基因在北京棒杆菌PD-67中得到了表达,重组菌转酮酶比活力比对照菌株提高了2倍。C.pekinense PD-67(pTK3)与对照菌株PD-67(pAK6)相比,生长加快,L-色氨酸的最终积累量也较高。【结论】本工作从C.pekinense1.299和PD-67中克隆到tkt基因,并实现tkt基因的同源表达。适当提高菌株转酮酶活力,有助于菌体生长和色氨酸积累。     

不同宿主来源的重组酿酒酵母混合糖代谢比较

【目的】研究不同工业酿酒酵母宿主背景对重组酵母木糖利用效率的影响。【方法】将木糖利用途径的木糖还原酶(XR)、木糖醇脱氢酶(XDH)和木酮糖激酶(XK)编码基因串联后分别转入3株不同的工业酿酒酵母中,得到重组酵母ZQ1、ZQ5和ZQ7。分别对3个木糖途径代谢基因的表达水平、酶活和重组菌株的木糖发酵效率进行比较。【结果】重组菌株在木糖代谢基因转录、酶活性和木糖利用性能方面有很大差异,其中ZQ5木糖代谢能力最强,ZQ7其次,ZQ1木糖利用能力最弱。ZQ7在初始木糖浓度为20 g/L时木糖利用速率快于ZQ5,表明木糖浓度对重组菌发酵性能评价具有影响。【结论】不同菌株的遗传背景和木糖浓度对重组菌木糖利用的影响很大,评价重组酵母的木糖利用需考虑宿主的遗传背景和底物浓度的影响。     

利用不同启动子控制木糖代谢关键酶基因构建可共代谢葡萄糖木糖重组酿酒酵母

利用不同强度的启动子调控木糖代谢关键酶活性,构建稳定代谢葡萄糖和木糖产乙醇的重组酿酒酵母。以本实验室专利菌株Saccharomyces cerevisiae Y5为宿主菌,将树干毕赤酵母Pichia stipitis CBS6054的木糖还原酶基因XYL1和木糖醇脱氢酶基因XYL2置于磷酸甘油酸激酶基因启动子(PGKp)控制下,酿酒酵母Y5内源的木酮糖激酶基因XKS1分别由己糖激酶基因启动子(HXK2p)及其内源启动子(XKS1p)控制。这3个基因连同各自表达元件导入宿主细胞中,打通其木糖上游代谢途径。酶活测定结果显示,HXK2p对木酮糖激酶表现出更强的启动效率。重组菌Y5-X3-1中木糖还原酶/木糖醇脱氢酶/木酮糖激酶(XR/XDH/XK)的酶活比值为1∶5∶4,其木糖消耗量是宿主菌的5倍,最高乙醇产量为24.35 g/L,达到理论值的73%。结果表明,通过调节XYL1、XYL2及XKS1启动子的强度,调控其表达水平,进而改变3种酶的活性水平,对于提高重组酿酒酵母利用木糖发酵产乙醇有明显效果。     

树干毕赤酵母木糖还原酶基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的表达

根据NCBI中的木糖还原酶基因序列设计引物,利用高保真聚合酶克隆树干毕赤酵母木糖还原酶基因,加A后克隆到质粒pGM-T中,测序验证.然后将目的基因克隆到舍有强启动子的穿梭表达载体p424GPD中,构建含有XYL1基因的重组质粒p424GPD-XYL1.将p424GPD-XYL1转化到大肠杆菌中,提取总蛋白,聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分析.酶活测定确定木糖还原酶基因XYL1在大肠杆菌中得到活性表达,表明表达载体构建成功.表达载体的成功构建为后续构建重组酿酒酵母利用木糖发酵奠定基础.     

木酮糖激酶表达水平对酿酒酵母木糖代谢产物流向的影响

在酿酒酵母中分别引入真菌和细菌的木糖代谢关键酶,木糖还原酶基因XYL1、木糖醇脱氢酶基因XYL2和木糖异构酶基因xylA. 并在此基础上以共转化策略超表达下游关键酶木酮糖激酶基因XKS1. 与亲本菌株相比,用pMA91和YEp24质粒表达XKS1的重组菌株,木酮糖激酶（xylulokinase,XK）活性分别提高了14和6.7倍. 在限氧条件下,重组菌株对木糖和葡萄糖的共发酵结果显示,表达XYL1,XYL2以及XKS1的重组菌株HSXY-251木糖消耗为12.4 g/L,提高了120.9%,乙醇产量达到9.4 g/L,提高了36%,副产物木糖醇产量为0.7 g/L,下降了84.9%.     

一种基因工程改造的NADH高亲和力木糖还原酶突变基因可促进酿酒酵母发酵木糖生成乙醇

在导入表达毕赤酵母(Pichia stipitis)木糖还原酶(xylose reductase,XR)和木糖醇脱氢酶(xylitol dehydrogenase,XDH)基因的重组酿酒酵母中,木糖还原酶活性主要依赖辅酶NADPH,木糖醇脱氢酶活性依赖辅酶 NAD+,两者的辅助因子不同导致细胞内电子氧化还原的不平衡,是造成木糖醇积累,影响木糖代谢和乙醇产量的主要原因之一.将经过基因工程改造获得的NADH高亲和力的木糖还原酶突变基因m1,与毕赤酵母木糖醇脱氢酶(PsXDH)基因xyl2共转染酿酒酵母AH109,以转染毕赤酵母木糖还原酶(PsXR)基因xyl1和xyl2重组质粒的酵母细胞为对照菌株,在SC/-Leu/-Trp营养缺陷型培养基中进行筛选,获得的阳性转化子分别命名为AH-M-XDH和AH-XR-XDH.重组酵母在限制氧通气条件下对木糖和葡萄糖进行共发酵摇瓶培养,HPLC检测发酵底物的消耗和代谢产物的产出情况.结果显示,与对照菌株AH-XR-XDH相比,AH-M-XDH的木糖利用率明显提高,乙醇得率增加了16%,木糖醇产生下降了41.4%.结果证实,通过基因工程改造的木糖代谢关键酶,可用于酿酒酵母发酵木糖生产乙醇,其能通过改善酿酒酵母细胞内氧化还原失衡的问题,提高木糖利用率和乙醇产率.     

酿酒酵母Saccharomyces cerevisiae重组菌株木糖醇发酵的初步研究

木糖还原酶催化木糖为木糖醇的反应,是木糖代谢的第一步。将木糖还原酶的原因ＸＹＬ１引入酿酒酵母中,构建得到儿表达ＸＹＬ１基因的重组酿酒酵母菌株ＨＹＥＸ２,该重组菌株的木糖还原酶比活力为７．４７Ｕ／ｍｇ。研究表明,该菌株获得转化木糖产生木糖醇的能力,当辅助碳源葡萄糖的浓度为２％,并在发酵３０ｈ左右添加木糖,木糖醇的转化率可达到０．９７ｇ／ｇ。     

木酮糖激酶基因整合表达载体构建及在酿酒酵母中的过表达

【目的】以载体p406ADH1为构建骨架,构建一个酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)工业菌株的整合表达载体。【方法】通过酶切连接的方式,将4个元件片段:作为筛选标记的G418抗性基因KanR,用于基因表达的ADH1终止子片段,酿酒酵母W5自身木酮糖激酶基因,18S rDNA介导的同源整合区,插入到骨架质粒p406ADH1中,得到多拷贝整合表达载体pCXS-RKTr。将该载体线性转化酿酒酵母后,对转化子中木酮糖激酶酶活进行测定,检测其表达情况。【结果】重组质粒在酿酒酵母体内实现了木酮糖激酶的高水平稳定表达,其酶活力是初始菌株的2.87倍。【结论】本实验构建了一个酿酒酵母工业菌株整合表达载体,并用此载体过表达了其自身的木酮糖激酶基因。该重组质粒载体的构建可以有效解决酿酒酵母中自身木酮糖激酶酶活较低的情况,这为利用木糖高产乙醇酿酒酵母基因工程菌株的构建和其它酵母重组质粒载体的构建奠定基础。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.