应用凝集素芯片检测肝癌细胞膜表面糖链变化

利用凝集素糖链特异亲和原理构建对细胞膜表面糖链进行即时检测的凝集素芯片体系,检测肝癌发生过程中细胞膜糖链的变化.从H22细胞系、正常小鼠和肝癌模型鼠肝组织中提取细胞进行荧光标记,激光扫描仪检测凝集素位点捕获的细胞,根据凝集素特异亲和性确定细胞膜表面糖表达谱,显微镜下观察捕获细胞的形态.对凝集素芯片捕获细胞的最佳条件进行探讨,用甘露糖抑制试验、流式细胞仪和不同血型红细胞验证了凝集素捕获细胞的特异性.结果显示:正常和肝癌小鼠肝细胞膜表面糖链存在较大差异,正常组只有PSA、DSL、STL、NPL凝集素位点捕获到细胞,实验组只有LTL和DBA位点没有捕获到细胞,提示小鼠肝癌组织细胞膜表面糖链显著增加,细胞膜上唾液酸、乙酰葡萄糖、乙酰半乳糖、甘露糖和半乳糖糖链表达增加,这些糖链及其相关糖蛋白可能在肝癌的发生和发展中起一定作用.该凝集素芯片有较好的稳定性和特异性,可以对细胞膜表面糖链进行动态、即时、通量的检测,为研究细胞膜表面聚糖在细胞发育和癌变等过程中的变化提供了一个技术平台.     

凝集素亲和层析研究人血清肝型碱性磷酸酶的糖链结构

用麦胚凝集素将人血清肝型和骨型碱性磷酸酶分离，再将肝型ＡＬＰ通过蔓陀萝凝集素亲和层析柱作醋酸梯度洗脱，发现正常人、急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、肝硬化和原发性肝癌各组各自的混合血清ＡＬＰ的层析行为有明显差异。正常人只有不结合，而各种良性肝病出现数目不同（２－３个）的弱结合组分，肝癌则还出现３个强结合组分，各组分ＡＬＰ在不同肝病血清中的出峰时间基本恒定。这种ＡＬＰ洗脱峰的不均一性在单个病人血清中依然存在，是Ａ     

基于凝集素芯片的不同转移潜能肝癌细胞膜蛋白糖谱比较

评估采用凝集素芯片技术寻找肝癌细胞表面侵袭和转移相关特征性糖谱的适用性．首先选取一对模式细胞株(中华仓鼠卵巢细胞CHO和其N-乙酰葡萄糖胺转移酶Ⅰ缺陷株Lec1)验证凝集素芯片系统的可靠性．然后通过凝集素芯片比较正常肝细胞L02、非转移肝癌细胞Hep3B、高转移肝癌细胞HCCLM3的细胞表面糖谱,同时采用细胞凝集素组织化学的方法验证芯片结果．细胞Hep3B和L02相比,对凝集素PHA-L、ConA、AAL、MPL的亲和作用增强而对凝集素WGA的亲和作用减弱,提示在肝癌细胞表面可能出现了增多的复杂寡糖分支、高甘露糖、末端岩藻糖、黏蛋白T抗原和减少的N-乙酰葡萄糖胺和/或多价唾液酸结构．细胞HCCLM3和Hep3B相比,对凝集素LCA、MAL-Ⅰ、MAL-Ⅱ、WGA、PHA-E的亲和作用增强而对凝集素RCA-I的亲和作用减弱,提示在高转移肝癌细胞HCCLM3的表面可能出现了增多的核心岩藻糖、唾液酸(主要是α2-3链接方式)、N-乙酰葡萄糖胺、平分型GlcNAc结构以及减少的末端β1-4链接半乳糖结构．细胞凝集素组织化学的结果支持芯片结果．研究证明,凝集素芯片技术是解析生物学进程中糖谱改变的适用工具．     

肿瘤与正常细胞表面糖链结构的流式细胞术分析

为了比较正常与肿瘤细胞表面的糖链结构差异,凝集素用荧光素标记后作为研究细胞膜糖链结构的探针,采用流式细胞技术在分子水平上分析。结果显示正常与肿瘤肝细胞与同一浓度的凝集素探针结合量有明显的不同。与凝集素ConA-FITC结合后,正常肝细胞的荧光峰较肿瘤肝细胞的荧光峰明显右移;与凝集素WGA-FITC、PHA-FITC结合后,正常肝细胞的荧光峰较肿瘤肝细胞的荧光峰明显左移。由于凝集素可识别特定糖链结构,该方法说明肿瘤肝细胞的糖链结构与正常肝细胞相比具有特征变化,即平分型糖链和唾液酸含量丰富,可能出现偏二天线以及天线数的增加。     

凝集素亲和层析研究人血清肝型碱性磷酸酶的糖链结构

用麦胚凝集素(WGA)将人血清肝型和骨型碱性磷酸酶(ALP)分离,再将肝型ALP通过蔓陀萝凝集素(DSA)亲和层析柱作醋酸梯度洗脱,发现正常人、急性肝炎、慢性肝炎、肝硬化和原发性肝癌各组各自的混合血清ALP的层析行为有明显差异。正常人只有不结合组分,而各种良性肝病出现数目不同(2—3个)的弱结合组分,肝癌则还出现3个強结合组分,各组分ALP在不同肝病血清中的出峰时间基本恒定。这种ALP洗脱峰的不均一性在单个病人血清中依然存在,是ALP糖链结构不同而引起的。由此推测肝病时ALP上N糖链的天线数增加,肝病越发展成慢性或恶性,血清ALP和DSA的亲和力也越強。这些结果有可能在临床上鉴别各类不同的肝病。     

糖芯片技术在肿瘤研究中的应用

糖基化修饰是蛋白质常见的翻译后修饰之一,通过与糖结合蛋白如凝集素、抗体等相互作用调节肿瘤细胞侵袭、转移的能力及肿瘤异质性。通过化学合成法、化学-酶合成法或释放天然聚糖构建的糖芯片是分析聚糖与糖结合蛋白相互作用的重要工具。文中综述了常见的点制糖芯片的技术及糖芯片在癌症疫苗、单克隆抗体及诊断标志物中的广泛运用。由于肿瘤发生的各个环节都伴随着聚糖结构的改变,利用糖芯片探究肿瘤细胞特异表达的聚糖所参与的生理病理过程具有重大意义。     

凝集素芯片对体液细胞进行检测方法的建立和初步应用

建立对体液细胞进行自动捕获的凝集素芯片体系,利用凝集素对糖链的特异亲和作用捕获细胞,提取白血病患者外周血、肺癌胸水和肝腹水中细胞进行荧光标记,凝集素芯片捕获,激光扫描仪检测捕获细胞的荧光信号,常规HE染色后光学显微镜下观察细胞的形态并进行免疫化学反应,流式细胞仪验证凝集素芯片的特异性．结果表明：凝集素芯片可以对体液中的癌细胞进行自动捕获,对癌细胞膜表面糖链进行识别．芯片检测的细胞浓度最少可达每mL10^4个左右．芯片有较好的重复性和特异性．这种凝集素芯片可用于临床体液中癌细胞的检测分析,对癌细胞膜表面凝集素亲和位点进行即时、高通量的检测,为了解细胞膜表面聚糖在癌变过程中的变化提供了一个技术平台．     

凝集素芯片技术检测糖蛋白方法的建立及初步应用

建立了凝集素芯片技术检测糖蛋白的方法,对实验条件进行了优化,应用凝集素芯片初步检测分析了Chang?蒺s liver正常肝细胞总蛋白中的糖蛋白糖链构成．将凝集素ConA、GNA固定于环氧化修饰的玻片表面,用Cy3标记标准糖蛋白RNaseB,利用凝集素识别特异糖链的原理建立凝集素芯片检测糖蛋白的方法．摸索出最佳封闭剂是含1% BSA的磷酸缓冲液,最佳孵育时间及温度为3 h和室温,最佳孵育缓冲液为含1% BSA和0.05% Tween-20的磷酸缓冲液,并用甘露糖抑制实验验证了凝集素芯片结合的特异性．用包含10种凝集素的芯片,成功解析了标准糖蛋白RNaseB、Fetuin的糖链构成,证实了凝集素芯片检测糖蛋白糖链的可行性．最后用凝集素芯片初步检测分析了Chang?蒺s liver正常肝细胞总蛋白中的糖蛋白糖链构成,发现 Chang's liver正常肝细胞总蛋白中的糖蛋白可能有多价 Sia或GlcNAc、terminalα-1,3 mannose、GalNAc、Galβ-1,4GlcNAc这些糖链结构的存在．蛋白质糖基化是一种重要的翻译后修饰,它在微生物感染、细胞分化、肿瘤转移、细胞癌变等生命活动中起着重要作用,因此近年来蛋白质的糖基化研究受到广泛的重视,但由于缺乏一种简便、快速、高通量的检测手段,蛋白质糖基化修饰的研究发展缓慢．凝集素芯片技术的出现实现了对糖蛋白的快速、准确、高通量的检测 分析．     

半夏凝集素的糖结合活性研究

半夏凝集素(PTL)可与甘露聚糖结合。本文以PTL与~(125)I标记的甘露聚糖的结合活性为指标,观察了一些金属离子对PTL的糖结合活性的影响,井对PTL的糖结合专一性作了较系统的研究。结果表明常见的金属离子或EDTA对其糖结合活性无显著影响,但K~+可明显增加PTL的糖结合活性。大多数单糖,二糖不抑制PTL与甘露聚糖的结合,但一些疏水配基形成的糖苷可产生显著的抑制效应。PTL专一与高甘露糖型糖链结合。     

Colorectal Cancer Cell Surface Protein Profiling Using an Antibody Microarray and Fluorescence Multiplexing

The current prognosis and classification of CRC relies on staging systems that integrate histopathologic and clinical findings. However, in the majority of CRC cases, cell dysfunction is the result of numerous mutations that modify protein expression and post-translational modification¹.A number of cell surface antigens, including cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens, have been identified as potential prognostic or metastatic biomarkers in CRC. These antigens make ideal biomarkers as their expression often changes with tumour progression or interactions with other cell types, such as tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs).The use of immunohistochemistry (IHC) for cancer sub-classification and prognostication is well established for some tumour types^2,3. However, no single ‘marker’ has shown prognostic significance greater than clinico-pathological staging or gained wide acceptance for use in routine pathology reporting of all CRC cases. A more recent approach to prognostic stratification of disease phenotypes relies on surface protein profiles using multiple ''markers''. While expression profiling of tumours using proteomic techniques such as iTRAQ is a powerful tool for the discovery of biomarkers4, it is not optimal for routine use in diagnostic laboratories and cannot distinguish different cell types in a mixed population. In addition, large amounts of tumour tissue are required for the profiling of purified plasma membrane glycoproteins by these methods. In this video we described a simple method for surface proteome profiling of viable cells from disaggregated CRC samples using a DotScan CRC antibody microarray. The 122-antibody microarray consists of a standard 82-antibody region recognizing a range of lineage-specific leukocyte markers, adhesion molecules, receptors and markers of inflammation and immune response⁵, together with a satellite region for detection of 40 potentially prognostic markers for CRC. Cells are captured only on antibodies for which they express the corresponding antigen. The cell density per dot, determined by optical scanning, reflects the proportion of cells expressing that antigen, the level of expression of the antigen and affinity of the antibody⁶. For CRC tissue or normal intestinal mucosa, optical scans reflect the immunophenotype of mixed populations of cells. Fluorescence multiplexing can then be used to profile selected sub-populations of cells of interest captured on the array. For example, Alexa 647-anti-epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM; CD326), is a pan-epithelial differentiation antigen that was used to detect CRC cells and also epithelial cells of normal intestinal mucosa, while Phycoerythrin-anti-CD3, was used to detect infiltrating T-cells⁷. The DotScan CRC microarray should be the prototype for a diagnostic alternative to the anatomically-based CRC staging system.     

Glycan analysis of therapeutic glycoproteins

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are glycoproteins produced by living cell systems. The glycan moieties attached to the proteins can directly affect protein stability, bioactivity, and immunogenicity. Therefore, glycan variants of a glycoprotein product must be adequately analyzed and controlled to ensure product quality. However, the inherent complexity of protein glycosylation poses a daunting analytical challenge. This review provides an update of recent advances in glycan analysis, including the potential utility of lectin-based microarray for high throughput glycan profiling. Emphasis is placed on comparison of the major types of analytics for use in determining unique glycan features such as glycosylation site, glycan structure, and content.     

Lectin histochemistry of normal human gastric mucosa

Information about the saccharides expressed in gastric mucosa is mostly limited to the glycan content of gastric mucins and there are only a few studies of the glycoprofiling of the constituent cells and their components. Knowledge of the glycan expression of normal gastric mucosa is necessary for the interpretation of the significance of changes of expression in disease. A lectin histochemical study of normal human gastric (body) mucosa was performed using 27 lectins chosen to probe for a wide range of oligosaccharide sequences within several categories of glycoprotein glycans. There were marked differences in staining reactions in the various microanatomical structures of the mucosa, particularly between pits and glands with the former more closely resembling the surface epithelium. A notable feature was the degree of difference in the staining between a substantial sub-population of cells within the neck region and the epithelium of both the pits and glands. These neck cells resembled the pit cells with some lectins, glandular cells with some others and neither with some other lectins. Overall, the differences between the pit, gland and neck epithelia were diverse and numerous, and could not be explained by altered activity of a small set of glycosyltransferases. Widespread alterations of glycans must have occurred (affecting terminal and internal parts of their structures) and the very different glycotypes of the pit, neck and gland epithelia are, therefore, suggestive of the existence of three cell lineages within normal gastric epithelium. Published in 2004. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

基因表达谱微阵列网络数据库在肿瘤研究中的应用

基因表达谱微阵列数据库是一类可提供存储、查询、下载分析的在线网络数据库,在肿瘤相关领域的研究中提供了大量的数据来源。由于微阵列分析对于无生物/医学信息学专业背景的研究人员仍然有较多困难,致使该数据库的使用尚未普及。本文从数据查询、下载分析和使用方法等方面对常用基因表达谱微阵列数据库进行概述,并对现阶段基因表达微阵列数据库的应用策略进行总结,旨在帮助该领域研究的初学工作者了解数据库的基本知识并推动其在科研工作中的应用。     

三齿草藤(Vicia bungei Ohwi)凝集素的细胞表面受体研究

应用亲和层析法从三齿草藤(Vicia bungei Ohwi)种子中纯化的三齿草藤凝集素(VBL),可以凝集兔和豚鼠的红细胞,也可凝集人、牛和羊的精细胞,说明这些细胞表面存在有VBL的受体。用FITC和~(125)I进行标记,可得到FITC-VBL和~(125)I-VBL,其生物学活性不受影响。氯胺T法的标记率可达55％;应用FITC-VBL研究牛精细胞和兔红细胞膜上VBL受体的分布,发现二者由胞膜上受体分布据不一致。VBL与牛精细胞结合条件的正交试验表明细胞浓度的影响最大。用不同量的未标记的VBL对~(125)I-VBL与兔红细胞和人精细胞的结合实验,以Scatchard法作图,兔红细胞得一类似于双曲线的凹形曲线,提示该细胞膜上受体的性质有所不同,而人精细胞却有很大差异。若以兔红细胞膜上存在有高低亲和力两种受体进行计算,可求得结合常数和每个细胞上的受体数。应用几种单糖和外源凝集素影响~(125)I-VBL与兔红细胞的结合,当单糖(D-Man,D-Glc)浓度为0.01M时,相对结合率开始急剧下降,单糖浓度若增至0.1M时,其相对结合率仅为40％,而PHA-P和SML浓度为1mg/ml时,相对结合率开始下降,当浓度达10mg/ml时,相对结合率下降至30％左右。     

The Immunome of Colon Cancer: Functional In Silico Analysis of Antigenic Proteins Deduced from IgG Microarray Profiling

Characterization of the colon cancer immunome and its autoantibody signature from differentially-reactive antigens (DIRAGs) could provide insights into aberrant cellular mechanisms or enriched networks associated with diseases. The purpose of this study was to characterize the antibody profile of plasma samples from 32 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and 32 controls using proteins isolated from 15,417 human cDNA expression clones on microarrays. 671 unique DIRAGs were identified and 632 were more highly reactive in CRC samples. Bioinformatics analyses reveal that compared to control samples, the immunoproteomic IgG profiling of CRC samples is mainly associated with cell death, survival, and proliferation pathways, especially proteins involved in EIF2 and mTOR signaling. Ribosomal proteins (e.g., RPL7, RPL22, and RPL27A) and CRC-related genes such as APC, AXIN1, E2F4, MSH2, PMS2, and TP53 were highly enriched. In addition, differential pathways were observed between the CRC and control samples. Furthermore, 103 DIRAGs were reported in the SEREX antigen database, demonstrating our ability to identify known and new reactive antigens. We also found an overlap of 7 antigens with 48 “CRC genes.” These data indicate that immunomics profiling on protein microarrays is able to reveal the complexity of immune responses in cancerous diseases and faithfully reflects the underlying pathology.