共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
2.
Jeffrey L. Thorne Hirohisa Kishino Joseph Felsenstein 《Journal of molecular evolution》1992,34(1):3-16
Summary Our previous evolutionary model is generalized to permit approximate treatment of multiple-base insertions and deletions as well as regional heterogeneity of substitution rates. Parameter estimation and alignment procedures that incorporate these generalizations are developed. Simulations are used to assess the accuracy of the parameter estimation procedure and an example of an inferred alignment is included.
Offprint requests to: J.L. Thorne 相似文献
3.
Jasmonate signaling: toward an integrated view 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
4.
5.
6.
《Ethology and sociobiology》1996,17(4):275-280
Gallup (1995) argued that there has been selection for parents to counter any social process that would increase the likelihood of one of their children becoming homosexual, and he indicated that contact between adult homosexuals and children was such a process. He therefore predicted (and found) that homophobia would be exaggerated where there was perceived contact with children. In this commentary, I argue that this hypothesis is based on supposing that sexual orientation occurs through a modeling process, when in fact it operates via an imprinting-like process. The specific findings regarding negative attitudes to homosexuals can be explained in terms of a more general evolved response, xenophobia. I argue that Gallup's hypothesis comes from a general willingness to view specific aspects of contemporary human behavior as adaptive when there are a number of reasons—all consistent with modern Darwinian thinking—why many of these are not themselves adaptive. 相似文献
7.
8.
9.
Understood in their historical context, current debates about psychiatric classification, prompted by the publication of the DSM‐5, open up new opportunities for improved translational research in psychiatry. In this paper, we draw lessons for translational research from three time slices of 20th century psychiatry. From the first time slice, 1913 and the publication of Jaspers' General Psychopathology, the lesson is that translational research in psychiatry requires a pluralistic approach encompassing equally the sciences of mind (including the social sciences) and of brain. From the second time slice, 1959 and a conference in New York from which our present symptom‐based classifications are derived, the lesson is that, while reliability remains the basis of psychiatry as an observational science, validity too is essential to effective translation. From the third time slice, 1997 and a conference on psychiatric classification in Dallas that brought together patients and carers with researchers and clinicians, the lesson is that we need to build further on collaborative models of research combining expertise‐by‐training with expertise‐by‐experience. This is important if we are to meet the specific challenges to translation presented by the complexity of the concept of mental disorder, particularly as reflected in the diversity of desired treatment outcomes. Taken together, these three lessons – a pluralistic approach, reliability and validity, and closer collaboration among relevant stakeholders – provide an emerging framework for more effective translation of research into practice in 21st century psychiatry. 相似文献
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
Journal of Plant Research - A recurring analogy for photosynthesis research is the fable of the blind men and the elephant. Photosynthesis has many complex working parts, which has driven the need... 相似文献
15.
Ewan St. John Smith Gary R. Lewin 《Journal of comparative physiology. A, Neuroethology, sensory, neural, and behavioral physiology》2009,195(12):1089-1106
The ability to react to environmental change is crucial for the survival of an organism and an essential prerequisite is the
capacity to detect and respond to aversive stimuli. The importance of having an inbuilt “detect and protect” system is illustrated
by the fact that most animals have dedicated sensory afferents which respond to noxious stimuli called nociceptors. Should
injury occur there is often sensitization, whereby increased nociceptor sensitivity and/or plasticity of nociceptor-related
neural circuits acts as a protection mechanism for the afflicted body part. Studying nociception and nociceptors in different
model organisms has demonstrated that there are similarities from invertebrates right through to humans. The development of
technology to genetically manipulate organisms, especially mice, has led to an understanding of some of the key molecular
players in nociceptor function. This review will focus on what is known about nociceptors throughout the Animalia kingdom
and what similarities exist across phyla; especially at the molecular level of ion channels. 相似文献
16.
17.
A Carpentier J C Chachques P Grandjean P Perier V Mitz Y Bourgeois 《Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série III, Sciences de la vie》1985,301(11):581-586
Progressive sequential stimulation of a skeletal muscle using trains of 30 Hz impulses with increasing frequencies from 20/min. to 80/min. within 3 months, allowed us to obtain in goats a transformation of the fast twitch glycolytic muscular fibers into fatigue resistant slow twitch oxidative muscular fibers. The conditioned muscle can be used in the treatment of various myocardial lesions or to reinforce cardiac contractility in severe cardiac insufficiencies. The first clinical case successfully operated upon is reported. 相似文献
18.
19.
20.
William A. Jensen 《Sexual plant reproduction》1998,11(1):1-5
This year marks the 100th anniversary of the discovery of double fertilization by Nawaschin in St. Petersburg, Russia and,
independently, Guignard in France. This discovery came at the end of a period of controversy about fertilization in angiosperms
and ushered in a new period of intense research. Still, by 1950, there were many unanswered questions about double fertilization
because of limitations of the light microscope. The introduction of the electron microscope stimulated new research and helped
resolve some of the questions. My own research with the electron microscope and that of people who worked in my laboratory
is recounted and some of the still unanswered questions raised.
Received: 30 October 1997 / Accepted: 5 December 1997 相似文献