甘蓝型油菜游离小孢子培养的胚胎发生

以生长在非控温控光下的４个冬性甘蓝型油菜（ＢｒａｓｓｉｃａｎａｐｕｓＬ．）品种为供体,进行游离小孢子培养。研究发现,多数品种在开花３－７天取材最为适宜。在甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养中只有单核晚期的小孢子才可能发育成胚状体,而花药培养时处于单核早期的小孢子易于发育成胚状体。在适当花期选取发育比较一致的单核晚期小孢子培养,经数小时后,部分小孢子便开始膨大,这是小孢子发育成胚的最早标志,膨大的小孢子中,有部分形成多细胞球并进一步发育成胚。用春性甘蓝型油菜为材料进行蔗糖浓度的实验结果表明：培养３天后,在１６％蔗糖培养基中存活的小孢子最多,达１６．１３％;培养３０天后,胚状体诱导频率则以１３％蔗糖浓度为最高,每花蕾可达１４４个胚状体。如果在１６％蔗糖培养基中培养３天后,添加等体积的１３％蔗糖培养基,能够大大提高胚状体的诱导频率,为仅用１３％蔗糖培养基培养的３．７倍。这一实验体系正在用于抗菌核病的诱变与筛选,并作为外源基因导入的实验体系。     

甘蓝型油菜正季与反季材料小孢子的培养

本文以甘蓝型油菜Westar的F1代为供试材料,通过对8个正季和同样的8个反季材料进行小孢子培养对比实验。结果表明,相同材料(基因型)正季能获得胚状体的反季一样能获得胚状体,但是相同材料的出胚数反季要比正季少50%,并且出胚时间要晚5～8d。正季与反季材料的成苗百分率相同,平均达到93%,加倍率基本一样,达到80%。由此可见,用反季节材料培养小孢子同样能获得成功,对特殊材料可以利用此法进一步加速育种进程。     

甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜种间杂种的小孢子培养

利用分离小孢子培养从甘蓝型油菜（Ｂｒａｓｓｉｃａ ｎａｐｕｓ）和白菜型油菜（Ｂ． ｃａｍ ｐｅｓｔｒｉｓ）种间杂种中获得了胚和再生植株。所用的培养程序是,将甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜杂种小孢子在蔗糖浓度为１７％ 、ＢＡ 为０．１ ｍ ｇ／Ｌ的液体ＮＬＮ 培养基中３２ ℃下暗培养４８ ｈ,再转入蔗糖浓度为１０％ 的ＮＬＮ 培养液中２５ ℃下暗培养３ 周。不同杂种间小孢子胚胎发生能力存在差异,其中ＵＭ９２１（白菜型油菜）×９１１１８６（甘蓝型油菜）正反交杂种的胚产量显著高于供试的其它组合。供体植株种植在１０ ℃／５ ℃（昼／夜）条件下能显著改善杂种小孢子胚产量和质量。杂种小孢子胚产量和杂种植株每荚种子数存在极显著正相关,但杂种植株的花粉育性和胚产量间相关不显著。大多数甘蓝型油菜和白菜型油菜杂种小孢子胚衍生植株为非整倍体,２２．８％ 的植株起源于具亲本染色体数的小孢子,几乎全部为ｎ＝ １９ 的类型。讨论了影响种间杂种小孢子胚胎发生的因素以及种间杂种小孢子培养技术的可能用途     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子胚状体发生的细胞学观察

应用甘蓝型油菜ＤＨ系保６０４为材料研究小孢子胚发生过程,结果表明,在小孢子离体培养１～５ｄ内,随培养天数增加,小孢子的存活率迅速下降,部分小孢子培养后出现细胞膨大和分裂,并沿２－细胞。“ｆ”形３细胞,多细胞原体,胚柄球形胚,心形胚最终发育成鱼雷形胚,一般在心形胚阶段,胚柄脱离胚主体部分游离到培养基中,大多数膨大的细胞不能分裂或分裂后停止发育或发育异常。     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子胚状体发生的细胞学观察

应用甘蓝型油菜ＤＨ系保６０４为材料研究小孢子胚发生过程,结果表明,在小孢子离体培养１～５ｄ内,随培养天数增加,小孢子的存活率迅速下降,部分小孢子培养后出现细胞膨大和分裂,并沿２－细胞。“ｆ”形３细胞,多细胞原体,胚柄球形胚,心形胚最终发育成鱼雷形胚,一般在心形胚阶段,胚柄脱离胚主体部分游离到培养基中,大多数膨大的细胞不能分裂或分裂后停止发育或发育异常。     

利用微束激光穿刺法将菜豆几丁质酶基因导入油菜的研究

利用微束激光穿刺法将菜豆几丁质酶基因导入油菜的研究杨仲毅王兰岚刘志岩张铁汉刘桂珍陈正华（中国科学院遗传研究所,北京,１００１０１）ＩｎｔｒｏｄｕｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＢｅａｎＣｈｉｔｉｎａｓＧｅｎｅｉｎｔｏＢｒａｓｓｉｃａｎａｐｕｓｂｙＬａｓｅｒＭｉｃｒｏｂ...     

利用激光微束穿刺法将杀虫蛋白基因导入油菜的研究

利用激光微束照射油菜子叶柄,将来自苏云金杆菌的杀虫蛋白（Ｉｎｓｅｃｔｉｃｉｄａｌｃｒｙｓｔａｌｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ,ＩＣＰ）基因导入油菜细胞中,经植株再生和卡那霉素筛选,获得了转基因植株。对转基因植株进行了ＰＣＲ检测和饲虫实验,发现转基因植株为ＰＣＲ扩增阳性,某些植株表现出了较强的抗虫性。实验结果表明外源抗虫基因已被整合到油菜基因组并得到了表达。     

利用微束激光穿刺法将菜豆几丁质酶基因导入油菜的研究

本文以甘蓝型“双低”油菜新品种Ｈ１６５为实验材料,以子叶柄为外植体,研究了微束激光转化系统中的一些关键因素,如取材时间以播中后４－５天为宜;高渗液预处理２０－４０分钟者最佳;外源ＤＮＡ浓度以０．０５－０．１μｇ／μｌ获得转基因植株最有利等。已建立一种操作简便,重复性好,并能准确定位于靶体细胞的转化体系,并用这个转化体系成功地将菜豆几丁酶基因导入油菜,并获得转基因植株。经ＰＣＲ扩增检测为阳性,实验结     

子房注射法与农杆菌介导法转化甘蓝型油菜的比较研究

以甘蓝型油菜湘油１３号为试验材料,运用根癌农杆菌介导法和子房注射法成功地将Ｂｔ杀虫蛋白基因导入油菜,在特定的条件下,以子叶柄作为转化受体进行农杆菌介导转化,其转化效率受侵染时间和共培养时间的影响,最佳侵染时间为３－５ｍｉｎ,最佳共培养时间为６０－７２ｈ;子房注射法的最佳注射时间为授粉后第２０－３０ｈ,最适注射部位为子房中部,ＤＮＡ注射量为０．５－１．５μｇ,在最佳转化条件下它们分别获得抗卡那霉素植     

秋水仙碱对甘蓝型油菜离体小孢子胚胎发生的影响

研究了秋水仙碱不同浓度和处理时间对甘蓝型油菜23个基因型离体小孢子胚胎发生的影响.3个基因型的小孢子被10、50和100mg/L秋水仙碱处理24h或48h,胚产量是2.55～14.75胚/蕾,10～50mg/L处理72h则是0.94～2.43胚/蕾.这表明处理72h对小孢子胚发生有抑制作用.用200、400、500和800mg/L处理2个基因型小孢子16～48h,胚产量为0.6～1.33胚/蕾,未处理对照是6.25和9.36胚/蕾.可见200～800mg/L浓度对胚再生有不同程度的阻碍效应.结果还证明,小孢子对秋水仙碱的反应与其基因型有关.当用10、20、50和100mg/L处理48h时,22B5-6和903-3小孢子的胚产量为37.09～69.47胚/蕾,而F1-29、W592和SF10-12是0.28～1.45胚/蕾,相互之间差异很大.秋水仙碱处理小孢子的目的是使其再生植株的染色体高频率加倍,因此应根据胚产量和染色体加倍率来确定秋水仙碱浓度和处理时间.本试验中,采用10～50mg/L处理48h或者用100mg/L处理24h,约80%基因型的小孢子胚产量在5胚/蕾以上,约70%基因型的再生植株加倍率达60%以上,可有效地用于油菜遗传和育种研究等领域.     

甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养技术的几项改进

本研究在NLN-16和NLN-13的培养基中分别加入0.1mg/L 6-BA和0.05%的活性碳,结果表明6-BA对小孢子再生胚有明显地促进作用,再生胚的频率比对照增加26枚/皿,经分析达到显著水平;而0.05%的活性碳对小孢子再生胚促进作用不显著。对甘蓝型油菜小孢子培养再生植株的染色体加倍及移栽的研究结果表明,在小孢子培养初期加50mg/L秋水仙碱加倍效率最佳,加倍率达到67.6%。小孢子培养的再生苗移栽至大田后,采用遮阳网覆盖小苗,移栽成活率达到87.6%。 Abstract:The application of microspore culture technique was restricted because of its low frequency of embryogenesis and chromosome doubling.Two methods of enhancing the frequency of embryogenesis were employed in the study,namely,activated charcoal treatment in NLN-13 media and 6-BA treatment in NLN-16 media.The treatment with 0.05% activated charcoal produced 24 embryos per plate,which increased 1.7 embryos per plate,as compared with the treatment without activated charcoal.However,the analysis of T-test showed that it was not significant.After adding 0.1mg/L 6-BA in NLN-16 media,the frequency of embryogeny was 38.3 embryos per plate,and it was 26 embryos more per plate than that of CK.Analysis of T-test is significant.This indicates that 6-BA promotes embryogeny in microspore culture.Adding 50mg/L colchicines in NLN-16 media,the doubling frequency was 67.6%.The plantlets transplanted into field with two methods of light-covered net and plastic films were investigated.A survival rate of 87.6% was obtained using light-covered method whereas 57.7% survived using plastic film method.     

甘蓝型油菜花粉离体培养

通过对甘蓝型油菜花粉发育阶段和活力的检测确定花粉发育的时期,分离出单核晚期花粉进行离体培养.结果表明,(1)筛选出适合油菜小孢子花粉离体培养的液体培养基为T_1+怀特维生素(White's vitamins)+2%椰子汁+0.5 mol/L麦芽糖,在此培养基上花粉的成熟率可达25.1%,萌发率达6.3%.(2)筛选出适合成熟花粉离体萌发液体培养基为0.6 mol/L麦芽糖+1.6 mmol/L硼酸+2.9 mmol/L硝酸钙+29.6 μmol/L VB_1,在此培养基上,自然成熟花粉的萌发率可达75.2%.将离体培养成熟的花粉培养在萌发培养基,萌发的花粉占成熟花粉的66.3%.     

Direct gene delivery into isolated microspores of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and the production of fertile transgenic plants

A procedure for direct gene transfer into isolated microspores of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and the production of fertile transgenic plants is presented. By modifying the microspore culture method and adopting the firefly luciferase (Luc) gene as a non-destructive marker, we could obtain stably transformed androgenetic embryos from bombarded microspores. Luc-positive embryos were easily isolated from the large non-transformed population using a high-sensitivity bioluminescent image analyzer. PCR and Southern blot analyses confirmed that the introduced transgene was integrated stably into the genome of the selected embryos. Diploidized plants obtained from the haploid embryos were self-pollinated, and all of the offspring tested were Luc-positive, indicating rapid fixation of the transgene which is characteristic of doubled haploids. Received: 14 May 1997 / Revision received: 15 July 1997 / Accepted: 28 July 1997     

Transformation of Brassica napus Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Regeneration of Transgenic Plants

Seeds of Brassica napus L. cv. "Yunbei 2" were surface-sterilized and germinated on hormone-free MS medium. After 4—5 days the cotyledons were excised in such a way that each has a 1—2 mm petiole was remained at its base. These cotyledons were used as the explants for tissue culture and genetic transformation. This paper first deals with the improvement of the medium for shoot regeneration. Of the elements tested, AgNO3 and carbenicillin enhanced shoot regeneration. The highest frequency (52 %) was obtained on MS medium containing 4.5 mg/L BAP, 20 μmol/L AgNOa and 500 mg/L earbenicillin. An efficient gene transfer system based on the regeneration procedure was established. After 2 days of cocultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain A208SE (pTi T37-SE, pROA93), the explants were transferred onto selection medium containing 25 mg/L kanamycin. After 1.5 months shoots emerged from 27% of the explants inoculated. They were excised and transferred onto rooting medium containing 25 mg/L kanamycin and 200 mg/L cefotaxime which is better than carbenicillin for root induction. Whole plants were transplanted into pots, and grew well in the phytotron. Transformation was confirmed by β-glueuronidase assay and Southern blotting analysis.     

红菜薹与甘蓝型油菜杂交子房培养研究初报

对甘蓝型油菜和红菜薹种间杂种进行胚胎挽救研究,实验结果表明,采用MS＋（1．0～2．0）mg·L^-1 6-BA＋0．05mg·L^-1 NAA＋0．5％活性炭＋30g·L^-1蔗糖＋7．5g·L^-1琼脂培养基对甘蓝型油菜和红菜薹杂交子房培养效果较为理想;相对于培养基和激素,活性炭对子房培养的影响更加显著。通过对取材时间的研究发现,取授粉后18d子房培养的结籽率最高,15d的次之。而通过对杂种萌发率的研究则表明,授粉后15d的子房培养获得的杂种萌发率最高,为57．03％,18d的最差,仅为38．49％。     

一种快速生长的甘蓝型油菜DH系的获得和鉴定

从快速生长的甘蓝型油菜的小孢子培养中共获得23个再生植株。经倍性鉴定,其中自发加倍成二倍体的有10株,单倍体13株。单倍体再用秋水仙碱处理后获得DH系,所得材料对油菜功能基因组学的研究可能有一定的价值。     

甘蓝型油菜与紫罗兰属间杂交的植物遗传学研究

为探索属间杂种的遗传特点以及改良甘蓝型油菜油分品质,进行了甘蓝型油菜和紫罗兰的属间杂交.杂交母本为甘蓝型油菜奥罗(Brassica napus L. cv. oro),父本为紫罗兰(Matthiola incana (L.) R. Br.).将授粉7 d后的油菜子房切下,消毒后,培养于添加适当植物激素的MS培养基.从750个离体培养的油菜授粉子房中,获得了2粒成熟胚胎,其结籽率为0.26%.将胚胎取出,转接于MS培养基(添加2.0 mg/L 6-BA和0.1 mg/L NAA),获得了丛生芽.将丛生芽分割为许多单芽,转接到新鲜培养基中,长成了22株小苗.杂种一代植株呈中间性,它的许多性状介于两个亲本之间,一些性状倾向母本,少数性状表现显著的超亲杂种优势,植株结实性差.杂种后代(F2)植株表现多样性,多数植株的性状倾向母本,能育.部分植株表现中间性、育性差,少数植株发育不良、不育.染色体研究表明,杂种一代植株为混倍体.在杂种体细胞中,许多细胞的染色体数为2n=26,为两个亲本的配子染色体数之和.杂种后代(F2)中,倾母植株的染色体数为2n=38,矮小植株的许多细胞具非整倍染色体数,如2n-1=37、2n+1=39.从杂种后代中获得了种子油分品质较好的植株,有可能用于油菜的品质育种.