间充质干细胞向内皮细胞的分化及其在血管组织工程中的应用

利用间充质干细胞(menchymal stem cells,MSCs)的多向分化能力,将其诱导成为内皮细胞(endothelial cells,ECs),可解决血管组织工程中自体血管细胞作为种子细胞所面临的细胞来源及成体细胞增殖能力有限的问题.MSCs可从多种组织中分离获得,目前应用于血管组织工程的3种MSCs主要源于骨髓、脂肪和肌肉.MSCs的分化可由多种刺激触发,在其向ECs的分化过程中生长因子、支架性质和机械应力等因素起着重要的作用.而以MSCs分化为ECs为基础的组织工程血管在动物模型中展现出促血管生成能力和良好的通畅性,但目前其在临床上的应用较少,需进一步研究,并有许多问题仍待探究.     

起搏基因体外调控骨髓间充质干细胞分化为类起搏细胞的研究

目的本研究旨在通过体外构建起搏基因质粒pIRES2-EGFP-HCN2,电穿孔转染骨髓间充质干细胞,检测其在体外的表达情况。方法对含mHCN2 cDNA的PTR载体进行转化和扩增,将所得mHCN2基因定向克隆到含有增强型绿色荧光蛋白的真核表达载体pIRES2-EGFP中,进行双酶切来鉴定克隆的正确性。将重组质粒及空白质粒用电穿孔法转染骨髓间充质干细胞,并在体外与心肌细胞共培养,观察搏动频率变化及mHCN2的表达,并检测其电生理和组织学特征。结果构建了重组质粒pIRES2-EGFP-HCN2。荧光显微镜下可见转染后的骨髓间充质干细胞呈绿色荧光,细胞中mHCN2的阳性表达率为98.2%。免疫荧光显示转染起搏基因的骨髓间充质干细胞mHCN2的表达,而对照组无表达。实验组共培养的心肌细胞搏动频率较对照组干细胞共培养的明显增快(140±11次/分VS 100±13次/分,P0.05),动作电位显示实验组最大舒张期电位值小于对照组(-62±2mv VS-71±2mv,P0.05)。免疫荧光显示干细胞与心肌细胞间形成间隙连接。结论成功构建了重组质粒pIRES2-EGFP-HCN2,转染后的骨髓间充质干细胞可在体外成功表达功能性mH-CN2通道,提供起搏电流,具有类起搏细胞的功能,为进一步构建生物起搏器提供依据。     

骨髓间充质干细胞向神经细胞分化的研究

无论是在体外实验、还是在体内实验,MSCs都可以向中枢神经系统(CNS)神经细胞分化,但争议颇多。因为功能性神经元不仅要具有典型神经元的形态、特异性标记,还要求具有可兴奋性、能和其他神经元形成突触联系、产生突触电位等,所以对于骨髓间充质干细胞是否能诱导出真正具有功能的神经元存在很大分歧。在此对MSCs向神经细胞诱导分化研究的现况、存在的问题及发展前景给以综述。     

体外诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向肝细胞分化的研究

肝脏是体内最重要、最复杂的器官之一,是机体物质代谢的核心,具有生物分化和免疫等重要功能;同时,肝脏也是一个极易受损伤的器官,病毒、肿瘤等会导致肝脏功能的缺损甚至累及生命;而随着肝移植技术的发展,肝细胞移植有望成为治疗肝功能衰竭的一种新方法。干细胞是一类具有自我更新、增殖和分化能力,特别是具有向肝脏干细胞、肝细胞及血管内皮细胞分化潜能的一类细胞,因而干细胞有望成为肝组织工程新的种子细胞来源。因此,本文对骨髓间充质干细胞的分离、培养,定向诱导肝细胞的影响因素以及应用前景等几方面的内容进行了总结。     

Tie-2单克隆抗体鉴定人骨髓间充质干细胞体外定向诱导分化的内皮细胞

目的:体外扩增和定向诱导成人骨髓间充质干细胞(MSCs)向内皮细胞分化,并探讨其可行性和条件.方法:利用Percoll(1 073 g/L)从正常成人骨髓中分离MSCs,用含10?S的LG-DMEM培养基进行纯化和扩增培养,流式细胞仪分析鉴定MSCs的纯度.用含VEGF(10μg/L)的HGDMEM培养基诱导MSCs向内皮细胞定向分化,Tie-2单克隆抗体的免疫组化法和透射电镜(TEM)鉴定其细胞的性质.结果:5.0×105个MSCs在体外扩增15代后,获得了8.0×1012个MSCs,扩增了约1.6×107倍.加入诱导培养体系培养14～21 d,光镜下可观察到内皮细胞呈典型的"鹅卵石"样:90%的细胞Tie-2免疫组化呈阳性反应;TEM下可观察到胞浆内有Weible-palade小体.结论:成人骨髓MSCs在体外具有定向诱导分化为内皮细胞的潜能,为构建心脏组织工程瓣种子细胞的来源提供了可能性.     

骨髓间充质干细胞体内诱导分化为心肌细胞

观察骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)植入体内后,在心肌微环境诱导下分化为心肌细胞的能力。无菌条件下取出大鼠双侧股骨及胫骨,冲洗骨髓腔获得细胞,贴壁筛选法纯化MSCs,体外培养、扩增,4,6-二咪基-4-联苯基吲哚(4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole,DAPI)标记细胞,注入结扎冠脉左前降支所致心肌梗塞模型鼠的心肌组织。在不同时间点处死大鼠,获取心肌组织,采用HE染色和电镜技术对植入MSCs进行形态学观察和超微结构检测,荧光免疫组化检测植入MSCs肌球蛋白重链(MHC)和心肌特异性抗原Cx43的表达,同时应用RT-PCR技术检测心脏早期发育基因NKx2．5、GATA-4的表达。结果发现细胞标记效率为100％,通过连续检测MSCs植入后细胞形态从无规则状态、幼稚细胞表型逐渐向成熟心肌细胞方向转化,植入细胞排列同正常肌纤维方向平行,且植入四周后电镜检测到闰盘的存在;两周出现MHC的表达,后随时间延长表达逐渐增强。四周出现Cx43的表达,以后表达稳定,RT-PCR检测NKx2．5、GATA-4在一天即出现弱表达,两周～三周时表达最强,以后强度逐渐减弱。结果表明MSCs在体内微环境条件下能够转化为心肌细胞。     

人VEGF基因转染大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞的实验研究

为建立hVEGF165基因转染大鼠间充质干细胞的方法．采用密度梯度离心-贴壁培养法获Wistar大鼠BMMSC,并测定其生长曲线和表面标志CD34、CD44、CD45及SH3,然后向成骨细胞及脂肪细胞诱导分化;用脂质体介导pcDNA3.1-hVEGF165转染BMMSC,观察转染后细胞形态和生长情况的变化,通过RT-PCR、Western和ELISA鉴定VEGF在细胞中的表达情况．经培养的大鼠BMMSC,CD44、SH3检测为阳性．CD45、CD34阴性,可诱导分化为成骨细胞和脂肪细胞;经RT-PCR、Western和ELISA检测证实阳离子脂质体能成功地将hVEGF165基因转染至大鼠BMMSC中,并获得有效的表达．真核表达栽体pcDNA3.1-hVEGF165在BMMSC中获有效表达,为VEGF基因转染BMMSC移植对心梗后大鼠心功能及心室重构的影响提供了实验依据．     

体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向多巴胺神经元分化的研究

通过体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs)向多巴胺(dopamine, DA)神经元分化,探讨人BMSCs来源的DA神经元的功能特征及其分化机制,为临床上细胞移植替代治疗诸如帕金森氏病(parkinson's disease, PD)等神经精神性疾病提供一种理想的细胞来源。通过密度梯度离心获取人骨髓中的单个核细胞,贴壁培养纯化BMSCs。50μmol/L脑源性神经营养因子(brain derived neurotrophy factor, BDNF),10μmol/L forskolin(FSK)和10μmol/L DA联合对BMSCs进行诱导。电子显微镜观察诱导2周后细胞是否具有神经元的超微结构特点;免疫细胞化学染色和RT-PCR检测DA神经元分化过程中的标志物酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase, TH）的表达以及转录因子Nurr1、Ptx3和Lmx1b的表达;高效液相色谱（high performance liquid chromatogram, HPLC）检测诱导2周后的细胞多巴胺的释放水平。 结果表明,诱导2周后,电镜下细胞胞浆中有大量密集的呈扁平囊状的粗面内质网及其间的一些游离核糖体以及神经微丝的形成。RT-PCR结果显示NSE(neuron specific enolase)、Nurr1、Ptx3、Lmx1b和TH的mRNA均有表达;免疫细胞化学染色结果表明诱导2周后TH阳性细胞(24.80±3.36）%的表达较诱导3d后(3.77±1.77)%明显提高(P<0.01）;HPLC检测到诱导2周后的细胞DA释放水平［(1.22±0.36)μg/mL(n＝6)］高于未经诱导的细胞［(0.75±0.22)μg/mL(n＝6) (t＝－2.79,P＝0.038)］。 由此得出,BDNF、FSK和DA可以在体外诱导人BMSCs向DA神经元分化,并具有DA神经元的功能特征,是临床用于治疗神经精神性疾病的理想细胞来源。     

表皮生长因子诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向视网膜神经细胞分化的体外研究

目的:研究表皮生长因子诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向视网膜神经细胞分化的可能性。方法:体外培养骨髓间充质干细胞,利用流式细胞仪分析其细胞表型。采用含EGF的培养液诱导骨髓间充质干细胞向视网膜神经细胞分化,并利用免疫荧光法进行鉴定。结果:从骨髓中分离培养的细胞具有成纤维细胞样形态,贴壁生长,表型相对均一,表面标志为CD90、CD44、CD147阳性;而CD34、CD38、CD45、CD14、HLA-DR阴性。体外诱导后可以得到神经干细胞标志物nestin、神经胶质细胞标志物GFAP和视网膜光感受器细胞标志物Rhodopsin呈阳性表达的细胞。结论:从骨髓中分离培养得到的间充质干细胞具有向视网膜神经细胞分化的潜能。     

体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞向多巴胺神经元分化的研究

通过体外诱导人骨髓间充质干细胞(bone marrow mesenchymal stemcells,BMSCs)向多巴胺(dopamine,DA)神经元分化,探讨人BMSCs来源的DA神经元的功能特征及其分化机制,为临床上细胞移植替代治疗诸如帕金森氏病(parkinson’sdisease,PD)等神经精神性疾病提供一种理想的细胞来源。通过密度梯度离心获取人骨髓中的单个核细胞,贴壁培养纯化BMSCs。50μmol/L脑源性神经营养因子(brain derivedneurotrophy factor,BDNF),10μmol/Lforskolin(FSK)和10μmol/LDA联合对BMSCs进行诱导。电子显微镜观察诱导2周后细胞是否具有神经元的超微结构特点;免疫细胞化学染色和RT-PCR检测DA神经元分化过程中的标志物酪氨酸羟化酶(tyrosine hydroxylase,TH)的表达以及转录因子Nurr1、Ptx3和Lmx1b的表达;高效液相色谱(highperformance liquid chromatogram,HPLC)检测诱导2周后的细胞多巴胺的释放水平。结果表明,诱导2周后,电镜下细胞胞浆中有大量密集的呈扁平囊状的粗面内质网及其间的一些游离核糖体以及神经微丝的形成。RT-PCR结果显示NSE(neuron specificenolase)、Nurr1、Ptx3、Lmx1b和TH的mRNA均有表达;免疫细胞化学染色结果表明诱导2周后TH阳性细胞(24·80±3·36)%的表达较诱导3d后(3·77±1·77)%明显提高(P<0·01);HPLC检测到诱导2周后的细胞DA释放水平[(1·22±0·36)μg/mL(n=6)]高于未经诱导的细胞[(0·75±0·22)μg/mL(n=6)(t=-2·79,P=0·038)]。由此得出,BDNF、FSK和DA可以在体外诱导人BMSCs向DA神经元分化,并具有DA神经元的功能特征,是临床用于治疗神经精神性疾病的理想细胞来源。     

Transgene expression and differentiation of baculovirus-transduced human mesenchymal stem cells

BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have drawn considerable attention as vehicles for cell- or gene-based therapies, yet various problems still exist for current gene delivery vectors. On the other hand, baculovirus has emerged as a novel gene therapy vector, but its transduction of stem cells has not been reported. METHODS: A recombinant baculovirus expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was constructed to transduce human MSCs derived from umbilical cord blood (uMSCs) or bone marrow (bMSCs). RESULTS: In this study, we demonstrated for the first time that human uMSCs or bMSCs could be transduced by baculovirus with high efficiencies (up to approximately 72.8% and 41.1%, respectively) and significantly elevated transgene (enhanced green fluorescent protein, EGFP) expression upon incubation with unconcentrated virus and phosphate-buffered saline for 4 h at 25 degrees C. The transduction efficiency into bMSCs could be further increased to approximately 72.2% by lowering the cell density. The improved transgene expression was partly attributed to the enhanced virus uptake upon transduction, as determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). MSC growth was not obstructed by baculovirus transduction itself, but was somewhat hampered by EGFP expression. Nonetheless, the baculovirus-transduced cells remained capable of differentiating into adipogenic lineage. The adipogenic progenitors appeared more permissive to baculovirus transduction than the undifferentiated bMSCs, thus allowing for the maintenance and enhancement of transgene expression by repeated transduction after subculture. CONCLUSIONS: These findings implicate the potential applications of baculovirus as an alternative vector to genetically modify MSCs for ex vivo gene therapy.     

Xeno-free proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

The proliferation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) employing xeno-free materials not containing fetal calf serum (FCS) and porcine trypsin was investigated for the regenerative medicine of cartilage using MSCs. Four sequential subcultivations of MSCs using a medium containing 10% FCS and recombinant trypsin (TrypLESelect™) resulted in cell growth comparable to that with porcine trypsin. There was no apparent difference in the cell growth and morphology between two kinds of MSC stored in liquid nitrogen using 10% FCS plus DMSO or serum-free TC protector™. MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow cells, stored in liquid nitrogen, and sequentially subcultivated four times employing conventional materials that included FCS, porcine trypsin, and DMSO, or xeno-free materials that included serum-free medium (MesenCult-XF™), TC protector™ and TrypLESelect™. Cells in the culture using the xeno-free materials maintained typical fibroblast-like morphology and grew more rapidly than the cells in the culture using the conventional materials, while the cell surface markers of MSCs (CD90 and CD166) were well maintained in both cultures. Chondrogenic pellet cultures were carried out using these subcultivated cells and a medium containing TGFβ3 and IGF1. The pellet culture using cells grown with the xeno-free materials showed an apparently higher gene expression of aggrecan, a chondrocyte marker, than the pellet culture using cells grown with the conventional materials. Consequently, MSCs that are isolated, stored, and grown using the xeno-free materials including the serum-free medium (MesenCult-XF™), TC protector™, and recombinant trypsin (TrypLESelect™) might be applicable for regenerative medicine of cartilage.     

川芎嗪体外诱导小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞的研究

为了探讨川芎嗪体外诱导小鼠骨髓间质干细胞（BMSCs）分化为神经元样细胞的作用,以小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞为研究对象,实验分为空白对照组、β-巯基乙醇（BME）阳性对照组和川芎嗪诱导组。采用荧光免疫化学和Western blot方法,分别检测神经干细胞巢蛋白（nestin）和经元特异性烯醇化酶（NSE）的表达;RT-PCR检测诱导不同时间对神经细胞相关基因Nestin、NSE、β-微管蛋白III（β-Tubulin III）和核受体相关因子-1（Nurr1）mRNA表达的影响。结果显示川芎嗪诱导间充质干细胞24 h后,细胞形态发生显著改变,细胞突起形成且数目不等,形成神经元样细胞。细胞死亡率低于β-巯基乙醇诱导组。免疫荧光化学法和western blot结果显示：川芎嗪诱导后的细胞nes-tin和NSE蛋白表达呈阳性,且表达丰度显著高于β-巯基乙醇诱导组。川芎嗪作用不同时间的BMSCs表达神经细胞相关基因Nestin、β-Tubulin III、NSE和Nurrl。结果表明川芎嗪能定向诱导小鼠骨髓间充质干细胞分化为神经元样细胞,是较理想的诱导剂。     

Tissue-engineered bone formation with cryopreserved human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have become the main cell source for bone tissue engineering. It has been reported that cryopreserved human MSCs can maintain their potential for proliferation and osteogenic differentiation in vitro. There are, however, no reports on osteogenesis with cryopreserved human MSCs in vivo. The aim of this study was to determine whether cryopreservation had an effect on the proliferation capability and osteogenic differentiation of human MSCs on scaffolds in vitro and in vivo. MSCs were isolated from human bone marrow, cultured in vitro until passage 2, and then frozen and stored at −196 °C in liquid nitrogen with 10% Me₂SO as cryoprotectant for 24 h. The cryopreserved MSCs were then thawed rapidly, seeded onto partially demineralized bone matrix (pDBM) scaffolds and cultured in osteogenic media containing 10 mM sodium β-glycerophosphate, 50 μM l-ascorbic acid, and 10 nM dexamethasone. Non-cryopreserved MSCs seeded onto the pDBM scaffolds were used as control groups. Scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) observation, DNA content assays, and measurements of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin (OCN) content were applied, and the results showed that the proliferation potential and osteogenic differentiation of MSCs on pDBM in vitro were not affected by cryopreservation. After 2 weeks of subculture, the MSCs/pDBM composites were subcutaneously implanted into the athymic mice. The constructs were harvested at 4 and 8 weeks postimplantation, and histological examination showed tissue-engineered bone formation in the pDBM pores in both groups. Based on these results, it can be concluded that cryopreservation allows human MSCs to be available for potential therapeutic use to tissue-engineer bone.     

Osteogenic differentiation of preconditioned bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with lipopolysaccharide on modified poly-l-lactic-acid nanofibers

Tissue engineering is an interdisciplinary expertise that involves the use of nanoscaffolds for repairing, modifying, and removing tissue defects and formation of new tissues. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can differentiate into a variety of cell types, and they are attractive candidates for tissue engineering. In the current study, the electrospinning process was used for nanofiber preparation, based on a poly-l -lactic-acid (PLLA) polymer. The surface was treated with O ₂ plasma to enhance hydrophilicity, cell attachment, growth, and differentiation potential. The nanoscaffolds were preconditioned with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to enhance induction of differentiation. The nanoscaffolds were categorized by contact angle measurements and scanning electron microscopy. The MTT assay was used to analyze the rate of growth and proliferation of cells. Osteogenic differentiation of cultured MSCs was evaluated on nanofibers using common osteogenic markers, such as alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium mineral deposition, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemical analysis. Based on the in vitro results, primed MSCs with LPS on the PLLA nanoscaffold significantly enhanced the proliferation and osteogenesis of MSCs. Also, the combination of LPS and electrospun nanofibers can provide a new and suitable matrix to support stem cells’ differentiation for bone tissue engineering.     

In vitro and in vivo differentiation of human umbilical cord derived stem cells into endothelial cells

The successful use of tissue-engineered transplants is hampered by the need for vascularization. Recent advances have made possible the using of stem cells as cell sources for therapeutic angiogenesis, including the vascularization of engineered tissue grafts. The goal of this study was to examine the endothelial potential of human umbilical cord-derived stem (UCDS) cells. UCDS cells were initially characterized and differentiated in an endothelial differentiation medium containing VEGF and bFGF. Differentiation into endothelial cells was determined by acetylated low-density lipoprotein incorporation and expression of endothelial-specific proteins, such as PECAM and CD34. In vivo, the transplanted UCDS cells were sprouting from local injection and differentiated into endothelial cells in a hindlimb ischemia mouse model. These findings indicate the presence of a cell population within the human umbilical cord that exhibits characteristics of endothelial progenitor cells. Therefore, human umbilical cord might represent a source of stem cells useful for therapeutic angiogenesis and re-endothelialization of engineered tissue grafts.