小麦抗旱生态分类中适合性聚类方法的研究

探索了适合于小麦品种抗旱生态分类的聚类方法。选用２１个农艺性状和１５个冬小麦品种（系）,在聚类分析的各环节上,通过采用不同的策略,大规模进行了各种分类结果的比较。结果表明,在与专家经验分类接近程度上,数据转换方法中,原始数据法依次大于普通相关阵基础上的方差极大正交旋转法、Ｐｒｏｍａｘ斜交旋转法、主成份法;相似性度量上,欧氏距离大于马氏距离;聚类方式上,对应分析法和模糊聚类法大于最短距离法、最长距离     

AFLP and pedigree-based genetic diversity estimates in modern cultivars of durum wheat [ Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn.

A substantial amount of between and within cultivar genetic variation was detected in all the 13 registered modern Canadian durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.) cultivars based upon amplified restriction fragment polymorphism (AFLP). Of the approximately 950 detected AFLP markers, only 89 were polymorphic, with 41 between cultivars whereas the remaining 48 showed polymorphism within at least one cultivar. The ancestry of Canadian durum wheat cultivars was traced back to 125 cultivars, selections, and breeding lines including 17 landraces. Mean pair-wise genetic distance based on the kinship coefficient was 0.76. On the other hand, AFLP-based mean pair-wise genetic distance was 0.40. Even though there was a large difference between the means of the two diversity measures, a moderate positive correlation (r=0.457, p<0.002) was detected between the two distance matrices. Cluster analysis with the entire AFLP data divided all cultivars into three major groups reflecting their breeding origins. One group contained ’Pelissier’ alone, which was a selection from a landrace introduced into the US from Algeria. On the other hand such groupings among cultivars were not evident when KIN was used for genetic diversity measures instead. The level of genetic variation among individuals within a cultivar at the breeders’ seed level was estimated based on an inter-haplotypic distance matrix derived from the AFLP data. We found that the level of genetic variation within the most-developed cultivars is fairly substantial despite rigorous selection pressure aimed at cultivar purity in breeding programs. Comparison of AFLP and pedigree-based genetic diversity estimates in crop species such as durum wheat can provide important information for plant improvement. Received: 26 January 2001 / Accepted: 31 May 2001     

Relationship between genetic distance and heterosis for yield and morphological traits in winter canola (Brassica napus L.)

Genetic distance among canola cultivars was estimated through multivariate analysis. Thirty cultivars from various sources were analyzed and clustered based upon five morphological characteristics and yield components-crown diameter, number of branches plant^-1, number of pods plant^-1, number of seeds pod^-1 and yield plant^-1 -and placed in three distinct clusters. Two cultivars from each cluster were selected as parents and 15 partial-diallel inter- and intra-cluster crosses were made between the six selected parents and evaluated at two locations in Michigan in 1990/1991. The association between genetic distance and mid-parent heterosis was investigated. The correlation between genetic distance and heterosis was positive and highly significant for seed yield, number of pods plant^-1, and number of seeds pod^-1. Clustering, based on yield and yield-component traits, demonstrated that inter-cluster heterosis was greater than intra-cluster heterosis in the majority of cases.     

Genetic Diversity in Grapevine Germplasm Resources in the Coruh Valley Revealed by RAPD Markers

Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis was carried out in 35 autochthonous table grapevine cultivars grown in Coruh valley. Fifty-five oligonucleotide primers were screened on cultivars, and among them, 12 primers showed clear polymorphic patterns. PCR amplification with 12 primers generated a total of 157 polymorphic bands. There was genetic variation among the cultivars with values of genetic diversity ranging from 0.19 to 0.72 using the Jaccard coefficient. UPGMA analysis of the distance matrix resulted in a dendrogram with two main clusters. The first cluster included 28 cultivars and the second 7 cultivars. The greatest genetic similarity was observed between cultivars Gah and Kolik, while the greatest dissimilarity was observed between cultivars Gah and Siyah Kus Uzumu. The dendrogram revealed that the cultivars present in Coruh valley can be distinguished to a relatively high degree.     

基于ISSR分子标记的叶子花亲缘关系分析和指纹图谱构建

为分析品种遗传多样性和遗传距离并构建品种聚类图和指纹图谱,该研究从DNA模板浓度、引物浓度、退火温度和循环次数等方面优化了叶子花ISSR-PCR反应体系和反应程序,利用11个ISSR引物对131个叶子花品种进行PCR扩增,扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测.结果表明:优化的ISSR-PCR反应体系中DNA模板浓度为0.5 n...     

柚类种质资源RAPD标记研究的引物筛选

利用 10 0个 10碱基随机引物 ,对柚类 4个品种酸柚、沙田柚、文旦柚和泰国柚进行了RAPD标记的引物筛选研究 ,结果为无扩增产物的引物 18个 ,在 1、 2、 3个和所有 4个样品中有扩增产物的引物数分别为 2 0、 13、 2 5和 2 4个 ;读取了 12个在所有 4个样品中都有扩增产物的引物的 RAPD带 ,计算了样品间 RAPD多态性位点的百分率为 60 .6% ;计算了样品间的相似系数和遗传距离 ,并对遗传距离进行了 UPGMA聚类分析 ,论证了利用所筛选出的引物对柚类进行 RAPD标记研究的可行性和可靠性     

Analysis of genetic diversity and relationships in East African banana germplasm

The genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of 29 East African highland banana (Musa spp.) cultivars and two outgroup taxa, M. acuminata Calcutta 4 and Agbagba were surveyed by RAPD analysis. A genetic similarity matrix was established based on the presence or absence of polymorphic amplified fragments. Phylogenetic relationships were determined by UPGMA cluster analysis. RAPDs showed that the highland bananas are closely related with a narrow genetic base. Nevertheless, there were sufficient RAPD polymorphisms that were collectively useful in distinguishing the cultivars. The dendrogram was divisible into a major cluster composed of all the AAA highland banana cultivars and Agbagba (AAB) and a minor cluster consisting of Kisubi (AB), Kamaramasenge (AB) and Calcutta 4 (AA). Several subgroups are recognized within the major cluster. RAPD data did not separate beer and cooking banana cultivars. Our study showed that RAPD markers can readily dissect genetic differences between the closely related highland bananas and provide a basis for the selection of parents for improvement of this germplasm. Received: 28 June 2000 / Accepted: 1 August 2000     

SSR Marker-Based DNA Fingerprinting and Cultivar Identification of Olives (Olea europaea)

Four well-known commercial olive cultivars (Domat, Edremit, Gemlik, and Memecik) and six local cultivars (Ziraat, Isrange, Tuz, Patos, Yag, and Marantelli) from northeastern Turkey were analyzed for genetic diversity and relationships using seven SSR primers (DCA-4, DCA-09, DCA-11, DCA-16, DCA-17, GAPU-89, UDO-14). The number of markers ranged from 3 (DCA-04 and DCA-17) to 6 (DCA-11, DCA-16, GAPU-89), with an average of 4.57 alleles per primer. UPGMA cluster analysis based on a simple matching similarity matrix grouped cultivars into two main clusters. Three pairs of cultivars (Ziraat and Gemlik, Isrange and Tuz, and Patos and Yag) were thought to be different cultivars although they produced identical SSR profiles. The results indicate the efficiency of SSR markers for evaluation of genetic diversity in olives and identification of misnamed individuals of the same genotype.     

Comparative analysis of genetic relationships in barley based on RFLP and RAPD markers

Genetic relationships have seldom been analyzed with different types of molecular markers in order to compare the information provided by each marker class. We investigated genetic relationships among nine barley cultivars using separate cluster analyses based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) and random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Genomic DNA restricted with three enzymes and hybridized with 68 probes revealed 415 RFLPs (74.2% of all bands). Among the 128 primers used for RAPD analysis, 100 provided a reproducible profile, 89 of which revealed 202 polymorphic and 561 monomorphic bands (26.5 and 73.5%, respectively). A nonrandom distribution of 62 RAPDs with a tendency to cluster near centromeric regions was produced when these RAPDs were mapped using 76 doubled-haploid lines derived from a cross between two of the nine cultivars. The correlation between the RFLP and RAPD similarity matrices computed for the 36 pairwise comparisons among the nine cultivars was equal to 0.83. The dendrograms obtained by cluster analyses of the RFLP and RAPD data differed. These results indicate that in barley the information provided by RFLPs and RAPDs is not equivalent, most likely as a consequence of the fact that the two marker classes explore, at least in part, different portions of the genome.     

Fruit differential protein patterns in strawberry cultivars susceptible or resistant to grey mould

The total proteins of four strawberry cultivars with differing resistance and/or susceptibility to grey mould were extracted by two different methods, phenol and sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Compared to phenol extraction, SDS extraction produced higher protein yields but poor quality protein bands with a high degree of streaking indicating possible contamination. In contrast, the total proteins obtained by phenol extraction could be used in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-DE) because of their higher quality, and the protein spots were well separated for all tested genotypes. From all the cultivars studied in this research, we obtained 89 differential (unmatched) protein spots that may be related to fruit disease resistance or susceptibility. Using the SPSS 11.0 software, we obtained a cluster of the four strawberry cultivars. The cultivars “APF029-4” and “SJ8976-1” were in the same subcluster with the highest Pearson correlation coefficient (0.705). Afterwards, they were amalgamated into the second group with “Joliette”, a disease-resistant cultivar, which means that they might have a similar resistance to grey mould.     

基于表型参数及SRAP标记的广东茶树种质遗传多样性

采用表型鉴定与SRAP分子标记,对25份广东茶树种质和5份对照品种的遗传多样性进行系统评价和分类;利用Pearson相关和Farthest neighbor方法对其表型性状进行聚类分析.结果表明:茶树各性状的平均变异系数为32.15%,其中茸毛的变异系数最大,为42.41%;芽叶生育期变异系数最小,为18.52%.经基于表型性状的聚类分析,30份样本可分为4组：第1组有17个品种,第2组有10个品种,第3组为云南大叶种和凌云白毛茶2个对照品种,第4组仅海南大叶种1个对照品种.利用21对SRAP引物对茶树基因组DNA进行研究,共扩增出127条带,其中114条为多态性带,占88.67%;平均每个引物组合的谱带数和多态性带数分别为6.05条和5.43条.当遗传距离为0.39 cm时,茶树种质可分成A、B、C 3类,其中A类占83.33%;当遗传距离为0.31 cm时,又可将A群划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ3个亚群,其中第Ⅰ亚群包括13个品种,第Ⅱ亚群包括2个品种,第Ⅲ亚群包括10个品种.依据SRAP标记的聚类与表型性状的表现并不完全一致.     

22个木槿品种花粉形态与分类研究

为研究木槿(Hibiscus syriacus)不同品种花粉形态的多样性及其亲缘关系,该研究以22个木槿品种的花粉为材料,通过扫描电镜进行形态特征及外壁纹饰观测,然后使用R型聚类分析法和主成分分析法提取合适的指标进行UPGMA聚类分析.结果表明:(1)木槿的花粉均为单粒近球形,直径为148.98～111.65μm;表面...     

利用分子标记和形态学性状检测的陆地棉栽培品种遗传多样性

利用RAPD,ISSR和SSR3种分子标记方法和2年田间实验对国内外36个陆地棉栽培品种的遗传多样性进行了研究,以3种分子标记在36个品种之间扩增的282条多态性位点所赋值的0,1数据,采用Nei和Li的方法,计算的品种成对相似系数从0．5745到0．9291,其品种平均数从0．6547到0．7524,又以2年品种表现的性状平均数经正态标准化后,采用欧氏距离计算了成对品种的遗传距离。分别以相似系数和传距离矩阵,采用类平均法进行聚类分析,其聚类结果把供试品种大致分为国外品种,新疆品种,早熟类型品种和我国的中熟棉品种等几个类群,类内进一步分组表明,分子标记确定的传关系基本上与品种系谱的种质系统一致,但并不能按系谱或种植生态区域简单地归属,尽管分子标记数据计算的相似系数矩阵和表现型计算的遗传距离矩阵存在极显著的相关关系（r=-0.335),但以遗传距离进行聚类分析的类内分组的组间特征不明显,分子标记是检测类内品种间遗传差异的有效方法,研究结果为棉花育种亲本选配提供了理论依据。     

甘薯品种抗旱适应性综合评价的方法研究

在对水分胁迫下甘薯形态、生长势、生理生化和产量性状等指标与品种抗旱性进行相关分析的基础上,采用抗旱系数法、聚类分析法、隶属函数法对品种抗旱适应性予以综合评价.综合评价的结果,将15个供试甘薯品种按抗旱水平由弱到强划分为不抗（农大红、漳薯1号、8908-383）、低抗（宿芋1号、9318-58、渝苏303、89-1、95-411-153、西蒙1号）、中抗（92-111-107、渝薯34、南薯88、92-103-30）和高抗（Y3、潮薯1号）四级.上述几种关于甘薯品种抗旱适应性综合评价的方法具有较好的一致性.     

基于表型性状的芍药不同品种群亲缘关系分析

芍药品种变异丰富,表型性状的研究对各品种进行科学分类及亲缘关系的研究具有重要意义。本研究以芍药DUS测试指南(2012版)为依据,以不同品种群的47个芍药品种为研究对象,选取了株高、分枝能力、茎秆颜色等33个表型性状(二元性状9个,数量多态性状3个,定性多态性状21个)进行了R型聚类分析、主成分分析和Q型聚类分析。结果表明:基于33个表型性状的聚类结果可以较好地区分芍药不同品种群的品种,其中国内品种与大多数国外品种亲缘关系较远;杂种芍药品种群的品种由于多亲本参与,起源复杂,聚类结果比较分散;伊藤品种群与杂种芍药品种群存在较近亲缘关系。本研究与前人利用形态和分子标记进行品种分类的结果基本一致,能够较准确反映品种间、品种群间的亲缘关系。     

抗烟粉虱大豆种质资源筛选和抗性机制初探

烟粉虱(Bemisia tabaci Gennadius)近年来发生日益猖獗、危害日趋严重,防治比较困难,却未被列为主要经济害虫.筛选抗性种质和选育抗性品种是防治烟粉虱的有效措施.本研究对223份大豆种质资源进行了抗烟粉虱鉴定,筛选出滑皮豆等6份抗性较强的种质资源.调查了这223份种质资源的茸毛性状,测定了部分抗感烟粉虱品种的籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量.结果表明,大豆品种对烟粉虱的抗性与叶片的茸毛性状有密切关系,无茸毛型抗性最强,茸毛紧贴型次之,茸毛直立型较差,茸毛斜立型抗性最差.大豆受烟粉虱危害程度与籽粒蛋白质和脂肪含量有密切关系,蛋白质含量越高受害越严重,脂肪含量越高受害越轻.根据鉴定结果,本研究提出了单叶平均感染烟粉虱0头为免疫,0.1～3.0头为高抗,3.1～10.0头为中抗,10.1～20.0头为中感,20头以上为高感的抗性鉴定标准.     

萝卜品种指纹图谱SRAP与AFLP分析

应用SRAP与AFLP两种分子标记技术进行了萝卜品种鉴定分析。对萝卜基因组DNA的SRAP-PCR反应体系中引物、Mg²⁺、dNTPs浓度进行优化,确定最优体系为引物0.3 μmol·L^-1,dNTP 0.2 mmol·L^-1,Mg²⁺ 3.0 mmol·L^-1。对SRAP-PCR中的退火温度（50℃）设置了12个梯度处理,以em2-me2为引物时带型无明显差异。7个供试萝卜材料的SRAP和AFLP指纹图谱分析表明,供试材料均可被SRAP和14个AFLP引物准确鉴定,每对引物组合都产生独特的指纹图谱。11个SRAP引物组合共产生155条带,多态性条带84条。聚类分析与相对遗传距离（GD）表明,供试材料聚为4类,CB-03-2与SHCB-02-1亲缘关系最近(GD=0.054 9);齐虹大连和Heiseng的亲缘关系最远(GD=0.203 4)。基于16个AFLP标记引物组合分析结果表明,供试材料聚为3类, CB-03-2和SHCB-02-1的亲缘关系最近。SRAP与AFLP综合分析结果表明,供试材料可聚为3类,其中CB-03-2与SHCB-02-1亲缘关系最近(GD=0.047 6)。     

A comparative evaluation of two methods of selecting locations used for testing spring wheat cultivars

Summary One of the considerations of regional cultivar evaluation programs is to optimize the number of locations used for testing. Although optimization of numbers of locations using cluster analysis has been previously attempted, no objective comparison of methods has yet been made. A new clustering method that uses the pairwise contribution of locations to the cultivar x location mean square as the distance measure (LB) was compared to another method that employs diallel correlations as the distance measure (CL). Data from six spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell) cultivars grown at 13 locations for five years were used in the initial cluster analysis. Another set of data, from a separate year, consisting of yields of the original 6 cultivars and a set of 12 independent cultivars was then used to check the validity of the original groupings and to compare the two methods. When the 6 original cultivars were considered, the LB technique was found to be superior to the CL. When the 12 independent cultivars were used, neither method was considered to be superior. Because of the lack of flexibility on the part of the LB method, neither technique could be deemed as fully adequate.Contribution Number 842 of the Department of Plant Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada     

DNA amplification variation within cultivars of turf-type Couch grasses (Cynodon spp.)

Arbitrary primed polymorphic DNA was employed to investigate relationships among 18 Cynodon cultivars available in Australia. Thirteen out of the 20 random primers screened gave reproducible banding patterns for all samples. The cultivars showed a high level of polymorphism. Each cultivar was readily distinguishable with a combination of primers. One primer was able to discriminate between all the cultivars except Tifdwarf and its `off-type' sample. The Cynodon grasses used in this study separated into two distinct groups based on a distance matrix calculated from the DNA amplification data. The results clearly demonstrate a methodology based on arbitrary primed DNA amplification can be used to identify and fingerprint Cynodon cultivars. Received: 22 October 1996 / Revision received: 11 March 1997 / Accepted: 4 April 1997     

Assessment of genetic diversity of pigeonpea cultivars using RAPD analysis

In our present study assessment of genetic diversity and identification of pigeonpea cultivars has been done by employing 76 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Out of 796 amplified products, 587 showed polymorphism (73.7 %) and an average of 10.47 bands were amplified per primer. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficient using UPGMA grouped all the cultivars into three clusters. The cluster I consists of 7 cultivars, cluster II of 11 cultivars in 4 sub-clusters and cluster III 4 cultivars. Two cultivars were not included in any cluster. The clustering was strongly supported by high bootstrap values. Furthermore, high values of the average heterozygosity (H_av) and marker index (MI) also indicated the efficiency of RAPD as a marker system.