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1 来源 鲁麦16号是山东省济宁市农科所以高八为母本,偃大72—629为父本,有性杂交,F_1代种子用激光处理,经选育而成。1990年经山东省作物品种审定委员会审定命名。该品种是采用激光手段育成的全国少数几个优质小麦品种之一,经国内同行专家鉴定,主要品质指标达国内先进水平,其丰产性、农艺性状和综合抗性在山东省目前的几个优质品种(系)中为最好的一个,1991年获济宁市科技进步一等奖,1992年农业部将其列入扩繁新品种名单,同年获北京国际发明展览会银奖。 相似文献
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以苍溪49×6031人工杂交桑种子为材料,采用秋水仙碱和60Co-γ射线复合诱变,从诱变群体中选择出优良单株培育成优质、高产桑树新品种川桑7431,新品种经四川省桑品种区域性鉴定和农村生产试验表明:新品种川桑7431具有生长势旺、叶片大而厚、节间密、高产、优质、遗传性状稳定等特点。全年平均产叶量33034.25 kg/hm2,比对照湖桑32号增产20.26%。用该品种桑叶养蚕的试验成绩为:万蚕收茧量19.56 kg,万蚕茧层量4.61 kg,5龄50 kg桑产茧量3.75 kg,分别比对照湖桑32号提高10.37%、10.43%、8.32%。秋叶硬化迟。新品种适合在四川省的平坝、丘陵、特别是容易发生干旱的蚕区栽植。 相似文献
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本文对一个高产小麦新品种选育实践进行了剖析,结果表明:在F1按杂种的综合性状指标估算,然后把指数当作一个性状,估算各组合的杂种优势和配合力,并以此评判组织,可以增加对组合认识的预见性,再根据单株表现分别种植,可以在F3形成系统群。F2株系间则可表现遗传差异,结合测产选择单株,并以对照单株综合指数为标准,再把高产组合作为选择(株行或单株)重点坷提高杂种的选择效率,F3以后一边鉴定株系,一边继续单株选 相似文献
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优质早熟抗赤霉病小麦品种的创新 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
优质、早熟和抗赤霉病是中国黄河以南广大小麦种植区域小麦育种的重要育种目标,小麦新品种郑州9023在优质、早熟和抗赤霉病的结合上获得了成功。本对郑州9023的创新目标、育种措施、特性表现及利用策略进行了阐述和探讨。 相似文献
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1990年 ,作者用成都温度表厂生产的He—Ne激光器 ,波长 6 32 .8nm ,连续输出功率 5mW ,光斑直径约 1mm ,辐照性状稳定的 90—D .H .5 38干种子 ,受照干种子距光源 30cm ,逐粒辐照小麦干种子的胚。辐照时间为 5分钟组、10分钟组、对照组为 90—D .H .5 38。采用“激光辐照”与“显性选择”相结合的方法 ,从辐照 10分钟组中诱变出早熟、矮秆、抗病突变体 ,经过连续 6年选育 ,在短期内实现了优良遗传基因的聚佥欠 ,选育出综合优良性状于一体的优良小麦新品种白粒 4号。该品种是一个高产、抗病、品质优良、适应性广、商品性佳、… 相似文献
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一、项目的市场背景和重要意义
1.经济、技术与市场需求背景
我国是世界上仅次于美国的玉米生产和消费大国,我国玉米常年种植面积为2467万公顷,总产1.42亿吨.虽然近年来.我国玉米单产和总产都有所提高,但仍然满足不了需要,据分析,今后5~10年我国将从一个玉米出口国变为进口国,年进口量为700万吨.每年需玉米良种9亿千克左右.同时,我国是玉米种植面积扩大和单产提高最多最快的国家.玉米种植面积从2004年的2325万公顷增长到2006年的2705万公顷,全国玉米亩产(1亩=1/15hm2)提高到目前的350~400 kg.科学技术的应用是玉米生产发展的重要因素,其中,选用优良品种的遗传增益约占35%~40%. 相似文献
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利用鲁麦15、Rht10鲁麦15、Ms2鲁麦15及Ms2+Rht10鲁麦15近等基因系为试验材料,研究了Rht10基因对小麦农艺性状、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等光合生理特性的影响.结果表明,Rht10使小麦的挑旗、抽穗、开花期均推迟了4~5 d;Rht10对鲁麦15和Ms2鲁麦15的降秆强度分别为53.77%和53.00%,穗长显著缩短(P<0.05),千粒重显著减少,但对有效穂数无显著影响(P>0.05).含有Rht10基因的材料与不含此基因的材料之间的光合生理参数普遍存在显著差异,但在不同时期不同参数差异正负不同;在灌浆后期,Rht10对Pn有显著正效应(P<0.05);从开花期到灌浆后期,Pn与气孔导度(Gs)、胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)总体变化趋势相同,且相关性显著,表明Pn在一定程度上受气孔因素的限制;在灌浆中后期,Rht10对Gs有明显的正效应;在抽穗和开花期,Rht10对Tr有明显的正效应;Rht10对叶片水分利用效率(WUE)在4个生育期有明显的负效应.由此可见,Rht10基因对小麦的生育期、株高、穗长都有明显的不利影响,对各项光合生理参数也有普遍正向或负向的影响,在利用Rht10进行杂交育种时应充分考虑此基因带来的不利效应. 相似文献
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我国当前的葡萄生产中,早熟大粒优质的鲜食品种很少,而在为数甚少的早熟品种中,由于果粒较小,产量偏低,或抗性差,易裂果,或鲜食品质欠佳,均难以大面积栽培,以致形成巨峰,龙眼等中、晚熟品种一统天下,市场早熟葡萄奇缺的局面。 相似文献
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小麦赤霉病严重威胁我国粮食和食品安全,培育抗赤霉病小麦品种是解决该病害最经济有效的途径。20世纪90年代后,以扬麦158为代表的扬麦、宁麦系列中抗赤霉病品种的育成和大面积推广有效抵御了长江中下游麦区的赤霉病危害,使我国抗赤霉病育种处于国际领先水平。尽管全球明确了7个抗赤霉病基因,为开展抗赤霉病育种提供了重要支撑,但由于赤霉病抗性机制复杂,实现高抗与高产的协调仍极其困难,抗赤霉病仍是当前及未来我国小麦育种的主要目标。对“十三五”期间我国小麦新品系和审定品种的抗性情况以及我国抗赤霉病育种方面取得的进展进行了综述,并提出了重视挖掘和利用扬麦等推广品种中优异抗性基因、将Fhb1导入扬麦等主栽品种的育种技术路线和重视表型精准鉴定等建议,以期为实现我国抗赤霉病育种突破提供借鉴。 相似文献
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二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)对维持人体正常的生理功能至关重要,具有极高的生物医学价值。产油微生物是指具有很强的脂肪酸合成能力,DHA占总脂肪酸含量相对较高的一类微生物,是获取DHA的新途径。诱变育种作为一种有效的变异手段在产油微生物选育与改良中显示了极为重要的作用和十分诱人的前景。综述了通过物理和化学诱变选育高产DHA菌株的机理及方法,其中物理诱变包括γ射线、紫外线、离子束和常压室温等离子体等;化学诱变包括甲基磺酸乙酯、亚硝基胍和硫酸二乙酯等;主要介绍了不同诱变育种方式在产油微生物生产DHA研究方面取得的成就,探讨了诱变育种的发展方向,提出了不同诱变育种方式相结合的复合育种的思路,以期对今后产油微生物生产DHA的研究有所启发。 相似文献
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The development of germplasm resources and advances in breeding methods have led to steady increases in yield and quality of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Three milestones in the recent history of rice breeding have contributed to these increases: dwarf rice breeding, hybrid rice breeding, and super rice breeding. On the 50th anniversary of the success of three-line hybrid rice,we highlight important scientific discoveries in rice breeding that were made by Chinese scientists and summarize the broader... 相似文献
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Jefferson Paril;Jochen Reif;Alexandre Fournier-Level;Mohammad Pourkheirandish; 《The Plant journal : for cell and molecular biology》2024,117(1):23-32
Heterosis, also known as hybrid vigor, is the phenomenon wherein a progeny exhibits superior traits relative to one or both parents. In terms of crop breeding, this usually refers to the yield advantage of F1 hybrids over both inbred parents. The development of high-yielding hybrid cultivars across a wider range of crops is key to meeting future food demands. However, conventional hybrid breeding strategies are proving to be exceptionally challenging to apply commercially in many self-pollinating crops, particularly wheat and barley. Currently in these crops, the relative performance advantage of hybrids over inbred line cultivars does not outweigh the cost of hybrid seed production. Here, we review the genetic basis of heterosis, discuss the challenges in hybrid breeding, and propose a strategy to recruit multiple heterosis-associated genes to develop lines with improved agronomic characteristics. This strategy leverages modern genetic engineering tools to synthesize supergenes by fusing multiple heterotic alleles across multiple heterosis-associated loci. We outline a plan to assess the feasibility of this approach to improve line performance using barley (Hordeum vulgare) as the model self-pollinating crop species, and a few heterosis-associated genes. The proposed method can be applied to all crops for which heterotic gene combinations can be identified. 相似文献
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在缓慢干旱条件下,小麦叶片渗透调节能力在一定范围内随胁迫程度的加剧而增加,而在快速干旱下,渗透调节能力丧失。小麦叶片通过渗透调节使光合速率和气孔导度对水分胁迫的敏感性降低,叶片维持较高的电子传递能力、RuBP羧化酶活性和叶绿体光合能量转换系统活性,并推迟了小麦叶片光合速率受气孔因素限制向叶肉细胞光合活性限制转变的时间。 相似文献
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Although often considered as evolutionary dead ends, selfing taxa may make an important contribution to plant evolution through hybridization with related outcrossing lineages. However, there is a shortage of studies examining the evolutionary dynamics of hybridization between outcrossing and selfing taxa. On the basis of differential pollinator attractiveness, production and competitive ability of pollen, as well as levels of inbreeding depression, we predict that the early products of hybridization between outcrossing and selfing lineages will be F1s and first-generation backcrosses sired mainly by the outcrossing lineage, together with selfed F2s containing a limited genetic contribution from the outcrosser. These predictions were tested using amplified fragment length polymorphism and chloroplast markers to analyze the composition of a recent hybrid swarm between predominantly outcrossing Geum rivale and predominantly selfing Geum urbanum. In line with predictions, the hybrid swarm comprised both parental species together with F1s and first-generation backcrosses to G. rivale alone. Chloroplast data suggested that G. rivale was the pollen parent for both observed hybrid classes. However, there was no evidence for F2 individuals, despite the fact that the F1 was fully self-compatible and able to auto-pollinate. The pollen fertility of F1s was only 30% lower than that of the parental taxa, and was fully restored in backcross hybrids. Predicting future evolution in the hybrid swarm will require an understanding of the mating patterns within and among the mix of parental, F1 and backcross genotypes that are currently present. However, these results support the hypothesis that introgression is likely to be asymmetrical from selfing to outcrossing lineages. 相似文献
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What it will take to Feed 5.0 Billion Rice consumers in 2030 总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22
Khush GS 《Plant molecular biology》2005,59(1):1-6
Major advances have occurred in rice production due to adoption of green revolution technology. Between 1966 and 2000, the
population of densely populated low income countries grew by 90% but rice production increased by 130% from 257 million tons
in 1966 to 600 million tons in 2000. However, the population of rice consuming countries continues to grow and it is estimated
that we will have to produce 40 more rice in 2030. This increased demand will have to be met from less land, with less water,
less labor and fewer chemicals. To meet the challenge of producing more rice from suitable lands we need rice varieties with
higher yield potential and greater yield stability. Various strategies for increasing the rice yield potential being employed
include: (1) conventional hybridization and selection procedures, (2) ideotype breeding, (3) hybrid breeding, (4) wide hybridization
and (5) genetic engineering. Various conventional and biotechnology approach are being employed to develop durable resistance
to diseases and insect and for tolerance to abiotic stresses. The availability of the rice genome sequence will now permit
identification of the function of each of 60,000 rice genes through functional genomics. Once the function of a gene is identified,
it will be possible to develop new rice varieties by introduction of the gene through traditional breeding in combination
with marker aided selection or direct engineering of genes into rice varieties. 相似文献
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通过3个不同倍性冬小麦材料(两倍体栽培一粒、四倍体栽培两粒、六倍体现代品种长武134),在不同水分条件下进行密度实验,研究了不同材料的株高、生物量累积和分蘖动态的变化,以及产量对密度变化的反应。结果表明随着群体的增大,不同倍性材料个体间竞争明显加剧,相互抑制作用增强,种群内部个体大小等级差异增大;在不同群体下各倍性材料的个体生长存在差异,表现为四倍体栽培两粒竞争能力两倍体栽培一粒六倍体现代品种长武134,且长武134受种群大小影响最为显著,但长武134产量累积的投入比例最高,产量最高,低竞争能力的个体更适合生产上的需求,是群体高产的基础。研究结果为旱地小麦的高产栽培和育种提供了理论基础。 相似文献