城市污泥强制通风堆肥过程中的生物学和化学变化特征

采用间竭式强制通风堆肥法进行的肥堆体积约4m3,堆肥时间为53d的污泥堆肥试验表明,堆肥的第2天即达高温阶段(≥55℃)并能保持8d,平均最高温度达68℃,局部温度达74℃.粪大肠杆菌由开始时的1.41×105个·g-1降至试验结束时的2.32×101个·g-1.污泥堆肥过程中挥发性固体,总有机C、水溶性有机C、固体有机 C/N比和水溶性有机 C/有机 N比下降明显,而 N、P及重金属含量有所升高.随着堆肥的进程,在前1周堆肥过程中产生的氨氮大幅下降,硝酸盐含量随之升高.相应地,pH在第1周内升高,随后降低.堆肥40d左右,水芹(Lepidiumsativum L.)种子发芽指数即可达 80%.综合堆肥过程中堆温和化学与生物学变化特点,表明污泥堆肥在40d左右基本上接近腐熟,50d后达到完全腐熟.产品外观呈黑褐色,蓬松,无明显异味.     

崇明岛不同土地利用类型河岸带土壤反硝化酶活性特征

以崇明岛河岸带为研究对象,采用乙炔抑制法,研究了不同土地利用类型河岸带(农田河岸带、林地河岸带、草地河岸带)土壤反硝化酶活性及其影响因素.结果表明：河岸带反硝化酶活性在(0.69±0.11)～(134.93±33.72) μg N·kg^-1·h^-1,不同土地类型河岸带土壤反硝化酶活性存在明显差异,整体趋势为林地河岸带>农田河岸带>草地河岸带.河岸带表层土壤(0～10 cm)反硝化酶活性与其他土层(10～30、30～50和50～70 cm)呈显著差异(P<0.05).反硝化酶活性与土壤有机碳、土壤全氮和土壤硝态氮呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).土地利用类型的变化主要通过改变河岸带土壤自然结构和理化性质、降低土壤有机质的积累、影响土壤氮素的转化,从而抑制河岸带土壤反硝化作用的发生.     

文峪河上游河岸带不同植被类型土壤nirS反硝化菌群结构及功能

以文峪河上游河岸带不同演替阶段的8种植被类型五花草甸(WH)、沙棘林(HR)、柳树林(SS)、山杨林(PC)、山杨白桦林(PQ)、山杨白桦落叶松林(PQL)、落叶松云杉林(LP)和云杉林(PM)土壤为研究对象,采用高通量测序技术测定nirS反硝化细菌群落组成及相对丰度,乙炔抑制法测定反硝化酶活性(DEA)。对其土壤理化性质及反硝化细菌群落组成及相对丰度进行方差分析,采用冗余分析(RDA)和Spearman相关性分析不同植被类型及土层反硝化细菌群落结构及功能及土壤理化因子的关联性。结果表明:1)不同植被类型及土层土壤理化因子存在显著差异,柳树林(SS)0—15 cm土层硝态氮(NO~+_3-N)含量显著高于其他植被类型各土层;2)土壤反硝化菌群多样性指数在五花草甸(WH)、山杨白桦林(PQ)和云杉林(PM)中较其他植被类型高;3)沙棘林(HR)及柳树林(SS)反硝化酶活性(DEA)显著高于其他植被类型;4)不同植被类型反硝化优势菌群分布存在显著差异及特异性,如浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)仅在落叶松云杉混交林(LP)和云杉林(PM)植被类型15—30 cm土层中分布;5)土壤pH、土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤铵态氮(NH~+_4-N)和硝态氮(NO~+_3-N)等是影响土壤反硝化细菌群落结构及组成的重要因子,其中土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量变化是导致土壤反硝化菌群多样性和反硝化酶活性差异的关键因子。本研究揭示了文峪河上游河岸带不同植被类型土壤反硝化细菌群落结构及功能的变化和分布特征,为进一步研究该区域河岸带氮素循环及水体污染防治提供重要参考依据。     

太湖流域上游竹林河岸带土壤反硝化酶活性及其影响因素

本研究以太湖流域上游竹林河岸带为对象,采用乙炔抑制法分析了夏季河岸带土壤反硝化酶活性(DEA)及其影响因素,以期为竹林河岸带在减少河流氮污染方面的生态功能评估提供数据支持.结果 表明:河岸带土壤DEA为6.32～23.22 μg N·kg-1·h-1,平均值为14.65 μg N·kg-1·h-1.河岸带土壤有机碳(S...     

帽儿山地区不同土地利用方式下土壤-微生物-矿化碳氮化学计量特征

土地利用方式的变化导致土壤碳氮含量及其化学计量关系的变化,然而土壤微生物化学计量及其驱动的碳氮矿化过程如何响应这种变化仍不明确。以帽儿山地区天然落叶阔叶林、人工红松林、草地和农田4种不同土地利用类型为对象,测定其土壤有机碳(C_(soil))、全氮(N_(soil))、微生物生物量碳和氮(C_(mic)和N_(mic))、土壤碳和氮矿化速率(C_(min)和N_(min)),旨在比较不同土地利用方式对土壤、微生物碳氮化学计量特征及矿化速率的影响,探索土壤-微生物-矿化之间碳氮化学计量特征的相关性,揭示微生物对土壤碳氮化学计量变化的响应和调控机制。结果显示:C_(soil)、N_(soil)、C_(mic)、N_(mic)和C_(min)均呈现天然落叶阔叶林人工红松林草地农田,而天然落叶阔叶林和草地的N_(min)显著高于人工红松林和农田。土地利用方式显著影响土壤和微生物碳氮比(C∶N_(soil)和C∶N_(mic)),均呈现农田最高。不同土地利用方式的数据综合分析发现:碳氮矿化速率比与C∶N_(mic)呈负相关,而和微生物与土壤碳氮化学计量不平衡性(C∶N_(imb))显著正相关。单位微生物生物量的碳矿化速率(qCO_2)随着C∶N_(mic)的增加而降低,而单位微生物生物量的氮矿化速率(qAN)随着C∶N_(mic)的增加而增加。C∶N_(imb)与qCO_2正相关,与qAN负相关。以上结果表明,微生物会通过改变自身碳氮化学计量、调整碳氮之间相对矿化速率,以适应土地利用变化导致的土壤碳氮及其化学计量的变异性,以满足自身生长和代谢的碳氮需求平衡。     

四川遂宁地区石油污染土壤中丛枝菌根真菌

调查了四川遂宁地区磨溪油田石油污染土壤中丛枝菌根(AM)真菌资源和菌根发育状况。结果表明:调查的14种植物中13种能形成AM,占93%,共分离出AM真菌19种,隶属球囊霉属(Glomus)、无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)和原囊霉属(Archeospora),其中球囊霉属为该地区优势属,缩球囊霉(Glomus constrictum)和摩西球囊霉(G.mosseae)为优势种;植物根际土壤孢子密度在39~548个.100g-1土,平均为197个.100g-1土;菌根侵染率为17%~69%,菌根侵染强度为2%~24%,表明石油污染区植物具有较强的菌根依赖性。相关性分析表明,石油污染浓度与孢子密度呈显著负相关,与菌根侵染率及侵染强度无相关性。寄主植物一年蓬(Erigeron annuus)和艾蒿(Artemisia argyi)在石油污染浓度为11450和14950mg.kg-1时侵染率仍高达69%和47%,可能是抗石油胁迫的优势植物。     

污泥不同利用形式及利用量对土壤生态环境的影响

为评估污泥短期土地利用对土壤环境质量的影响, 对比分析了污泥堆肥、生污泥及化肥对照区土壤表层化学性质, 土壤重金属含量差异, 并利用潜在生态危害指数法对不同处理下土壤环境质量进行评价。研究结果表明: 施用污泥堆肥和生污泥可以提高土壤氮磷及有机质含量, 降低土壤pH 值, 对土壤全钾含量和盐分含量影响较小; 与对照区CK 相比, 污泥土地利用各小区仅增加了土壤中汞含量, 其余各重金属元素与CK 差异不大, 各处理重金属含量均在土壤环境质量II 级范围内, 污泥短期土地利用没有显著增加土壤重金属含量; 污泥土地利用各小区潜在生态风险指数RI 在64.63-127.11 之间, 部分处理土壤重金属污染达到中等污染, 镉是主要的污染因子, 其对潜在生态风险指数贡献比例达到31.73%-53.36%, 其余重金属生态风险指数较低。     

不同林龄杉木人工林土壤硝化和反硝化作用

对不同林龄杉木人工林(5、8、21、27和40年生)土壤硝化与反硝化过程及功能微生物丰度进行研究。结果表明: 土壤净硝化速率随林龄的增加波动变化,8、27年生杉木人工林土壤净硝化速率显著低于5、21和40年生。27年生杉木人工林土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA) amoA基因丰度显著低于40年生,其他林龄AOA amoA基因丰度之间无显著差异。不同林龄杉木人工林的氨氧化细菌(AOB) amoA基因丰度、反硝化功能基因丰度以及反硝化潜势均无显著差异。逐步回归分析表明,土壤氨氧化微生物AOA amoA基因丰度受土壤理化性质的影响不显著,土壤总碳和土壤pH是影响AOB丰度的重要因子。反硝化功能基因narG、nirK及nosZ随土壤pH的增加而增加,编码亚硝酸盐还原酶(NIR)的功能基因(nirK、nirS)受土壤总碳的影响。林龄可通过影响AOA amoA基因丰度影响土壤净硝化速率。林龄直接作用于反硝化潜势,或间接影响土壤微生物生物量碳、土壤pH及反硝化功能基因丰度(narG和nirK),进而影响反硝化潜势。相较于反硝化过程,土壤硝化作用及AOA amoA基因丰度对杉木林分发育更加敏感,可适当延长轮伐期以降低土壤硝化作用造成的氮流失风险。     

高活性反硝化颗粒污泥的研究

以上流式厌氧污泥床（ＵＡＳＢ）反应器中的反硝化颗粒污泥为样品,研究了颗粒污泥的基本特性。测定出颗粒污泥中的优势无机元素为Ｃａ、Ｐ．颗粒表面以球菌和短杆菌为主。反硝化菌是颗拉中的优势菌群,数量可达６．５ｘ１０^８－１．５ｘ１０^１０个／ｍｌ颗粒污泥。初步鉴定了两株脱氮菌Ｍｉｃｒｏｃｏｃｃｕｓｓｐ．ｓｔｒａｉｎＮ_１和ＰｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓａｅｒｕｇｉｎｏｓａｓｔｒａｉｎＮ_２．     

河岸带不同植被类型土壤氮素转化过程对冻融交替的响应

河岸带是水陆交错地带氮素生物地球化学循环的热点区域,春季融雪时期的气温变化引起的冻融交替是影响土壤氮素转化过程和氮素流失重要因素之一.通过室内模拟,研究了河岸带珍珠梅、落叶松和农田3种植被类型土壤可溶性氮含量与净氮矿化速率对不同冻结温度和冻融频次的响应.结果表明,冻融频次对3种植被类型河岸带土壤可溶性氮影响显著(P＜0.05),不同植被类型土壤可溶性氮含量变化趋势相似,在第1次冻融之后达到峰值,在第10次冻融之后稳定.3种植被类型土壤无机氮含量受冻融交替影响显著升高(P＜0.05).冻融温度对土壤净氮矿化速率影响显著(P＜0.05),土壤净氮矿化速率在第1次冻融之后达到最大值,随冻融次数增加而下降.3种植被类型土壤受冻融交替影响均有一定程度的氮素流失风险,农田土壤无机氮含量本底值较高,土壤氮素随冰雪融水流失风险较大.     

Soil microbial diversity, community structure and denitrification in a temperate riparian zone

Nitrate (NO ₃ ^– ) removal in riparian zones bordering agricultural areas occurs via plant uptake, microbial immobilisation and bacterial denitrification. Denitrification is a desirable mechanism for removal because the bacterial conversion of NO ₃ ^– to N gases permanently removes NO ₃ ^– from the watershed. A field and laboratory study was conducted in riparian soils adjacent to Carroll Creek, Ontario, Canada, to assess the spatial distribution of denitrification relative to microbial community structure and microbial functional diversity. Soil samples were collected in March, June, and August 1997 at varying soil depths and distances from the stream. Denitrification measurements made using the acetylene block technique on intact soil cores were highly variable and did not show any trends with riparian zone location. Microbial community composition and functional diversity were determined using sole carbon source utilization (SCSU) on Biolog® GN microplates. Substrate richness, evenness and diversity (Shannon index) were greatest within the riparian zone and may also have been influenced by a rhizosphere effect. A threshold relationship between denitrification and measures of microbial community structure implied minimum levels of richness, evenness and diversity were required for denitrification.     

模拟咸水入侵对崇明岛河岸带根际土壤微生物及反硝化作用的影响

通过模拟咸水入侵,研究了其对崇明岛河岸带根际土壤微生物及其反硝化过程的影响.结果表明:模拟咸水入侵后4种不同植被型河岸带土壤根际微生物区系发生显著变化,除放线菌菌群数量稍有增加外,细菌、真菌以及硝化和反硝化细菌数量均出现不同程度下降,特别是反硝化功能细菌数量较对照平均下降51.8％,说明河岸带土壤不同微生物区系对咸水入侵的响应存在显著差异.模拟咸水入侵后,河岸带土壤与氮转换相关的酶活性普遍受到抑制,且抑制作用随酶类型不同而存在差异,亚硝酸还原酶对咸水入侵最敏感,其活性较对照平均下降了43.5％,脲酶活性次之,其降幅为37.4％,而脱氢酶受咸水影响较小,其活性平均下降29.5％.模拟咸水入侵明显削弱了河岸带土壤反硝化作用,其速率平均下降34.9％.不同植被型河岸带土壤微生物对咸水入侵的生态生理响应存在显著差异,与对照相比,茭白根际土壤微生物数量和酶活性受咸水入侵的平均抑制率最大,土壤反硝化速率最小,其次是菖蒲和芦苇.在模拟咸水入侵下,菖蒲与芦苇混合群落根际土壤微生物数量、酶活性和反硝化速率抑制率明显低于单一植物模式,表明混合植被群落根际土壤微生物过程及反硝化作用对咸水入侵具有较好的缓冲性能.     

Tree species, root decomposition and subsurface denitrification potential in riparian wetlands

Patches of organic matter have been found to be important `hotspots' of denitrification in both surface and subsurface soils, but the factors controlling the formation and maintenance of these patches are not well established. We compared the concentration of patches of organic matter and root biomass in the subsurface (saturated zone) beneath poorly drained riparian wetland soils at four sites in Rhode Island, USA - two dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum) and two dominated by white pine (Pinus strobus). Denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) and carbon (C) content of patch material were compared between sites and between patches with different visual characteristics. Root decomposition was measured in an 8-week ex-situ incubation experiment that compared the effects of water content, root species, and soil matrix origin on CO₂ evolution. We observed significantly greater concentrations of patches at 55 cm at one red maple site than all other sites. DEA and percent C in patches was generally higher in patches than matrix soil and did not vary between sites or by patch type. White pine roots decomposed at a faster rate than red maple roots under unsaturated conditions. Our results suggest that faster root decomposition could result in lower concentrations of patches of organic material in subsurface soils at sites dominated by white pine. Tree species composition and root decomposition may play a significant role in the formation of patches and the creation and maintenance of groundwater denitrification hotspots in the subsurface of riparian wetlands. Abbreviations: DEA – denitrification enzyme activity; DOC – dissolved organic carbon; PD – poorly drained; RM-1 – red maple-1 site; RM-2 – red maple-2 site; WP-1 – white pine-1 site; WP-2 – white pine-2 site.     

Global trends and uncertainties in terrestrial denitrification and N2O emissions

Soil nitrogen (N) budgets are used in a global, distributed flow-path model with 0.5° × 0.5° resolution, representing denitrification and N₂O emissions from soils, groundwater and riparian zones for the period 1900–2000 and scenarios for the period 2000–2050 based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Total agricultural and natural N inputs from N fertilizers, animal manure, biological N₂ fixation and atmospheric N deposition increased from 155 to 345 Tg N yr⁻¹ (Tg = teragram; 1 Tg = 10¹² g) between 1900 and 2000. Depending on the scenario, inputs are estimated to further increase to 408–510 Tg N yr⁻¹ by 2050. In the period 1900–2000, the soil N budget surplus (inputs minus withdrawal by plants) increased from 118 to 202 Tg yr⁻¹, and this may remain stable or further increase to 275 Tg yr⁻¹ by 2050, depending on the scenario. N₂ production from denitrification increased from 52 to 96 Tg yr⁻¹ between 1900 and 2000, and N₂O–N emissions from 10 to 12 Tg N yr⁻¹. The scenarios foresee a further increase to 142 Tg N₂–N and 16 Tg N₂O–N yr⁻¹ by 2050. Our results indicate that riparian buffer zones are an important source of N₂O contributing an estimated 0.9 Tg N₂O–N yr⁻¹ in 2000. Soils are key sites for denitrification and are much more important than groundwater and riparian zones in controlling the N flow to rivers and the oceans.     

帽儿山不同年龄森林土壤呼吸速率的影响因子

为探明东北温带森林恢复过程中土壤呼吸(R_S)的变化趋势及其影响因子,在帽儿山选取皆伐后天然更新恢复的4个年龄(1a、10a、25a和56a)林分进行了1年的野外原位测定。结果表明:(1)皆伐后天然更新恢复1年、10年、25年和56年林分的年R_S通量差异显著(P0.05),分别为686.5、639.7、733.3、762.3g C m~(-2)a~(-1);其中生长季(5月─10月)和非生长季的R_S通量也存在显著差异,均呈现出随林龄增加先减后增的趋势。全年、生长季和非生长季R_S随林龄变化的变异系数分别为7.6%、6.3%和21.1%,表明非生长季R_S通量的变异性加大了全年R_S通量的差异。(2)4个年龄林分的Rs季节变化趋势相似,且其主控因子均随季节而变:6月─8月Rs与土壤含水率呈二次函数关系(R~2波动在56%─79%之间),其余时段则与土壤温度呈指数函数关系(R~2波动在85%─93%之间)。(3)不同年龄林分生长季R_S与0─20cm土层有机碳(SOC)密度呈正相关关系(R~2=0.434,P0.05),而非生长季R_S与同期土壤5cm温度呈正相关关系(R~2=0.959,P0.01)。本研究区森林皆伐导致R_S降低,随皆伐后森林恢复R_S不断增加,其主导驱动因子是SOC密度的增加和非生长季土壤温度的变化。     

Linkages between organic matter mineralization and denitrification in eight riparian wetlands

Denitrification (N₂ production) and oxygen consumption rates were measured at ambient field nitrate concentrations during summer in sediments from eight wetlands (mixed hardwood swamps, cedar swamps, heath dominated shrub wetland, herbaceous peatland, and a wetland lacking live vegetation) and two streams. The study sites included wetlands in undisturbed watersheds and in watersheds with considerable agricultural and/or sewage treatment effluent input. Denitrification rates measured in intact cores of water-saturated sediment ranged from 20 to 260 mol N m^-2 h^-1 among the three undisturbed wetlands and were less variable (180 to 260 mol N M^-2 h^-1) among the four disturbed wetlands. Denitrification rates increased when nitrate concentrations in the overlying water were increased experimentally (1 up to 770 M), indicating that nitrate was an important factor controlling denitrification rates. However, rates of nitrate uptake from the overlying water were not a good predictor of denitrification rates because nitrification in the sediments also supplied nitrate for denitrification. Regardless of the dominant vegetation, pH, or degree of disturbance, denitrification rates were best correlated with sediment oxygen consumption rates (r ² = 0.912) indicating a relationship between denitrification and organic matter mineralization and/or sediment nitrification rates. Rates of denitrification in the wetland sediments were similar to those in adjacent stream sediments. Rates of denitrification in these wetlands were within the range of rates previously reported for water-saturated wetland sediments and flooded soils using whole core¹⁵N techniques that quantify coupled nitrification/denitrification, and were higher than rates reported from aerobic (non-saturated) wetland sediments using acetylene block methods.     

重庆主城河岸带植物群落功能性状与土壤理化性质的关系

基于功能性状视角开展植物群落与环境关系的研究有助于揭示植物的适应策略。然而,目前关于城市河岸带植物群落功能性状的研究较少。为此选取10项植物功能性状指标和14项土壤理化性质指标,探究重庆主城3种生境类型河岸带(自然型河岸带(NRZ)、农耕主导型河岸带(FRZ)和开发建设主导型河岸带(BRZ))植物群落功能性状与土壤因子特征及互作机制。结果表明：(1)与NRZ生境相比,FRZ生境中的土壤速效磷、速效钾和氧化还原电位和BRZ生境中的土壤含水量显著偏高(P<0.05);FRZ和BRZ生境中的土壤pH值和全磷含量显著偏高,而土壤有机质、全钾和全氮含量显著偏低(P<0.05)。(2)与NRZ生境相比,FRZ生境中的比根长和比根表面积显著较高,茎干物质含量和叶干物质含量显著较低;BRZ生境中仅茎干物质含量显著较低(P<0.05)。(3)冗余分析结果表明,影响各生境类型河岸带植物群落功能性状的土壤因子不同,NRZ生境为土壤容重、含水量和硝态氮,FRZ生境为土壤铵态氮、全磷和有机质,BRZ生境则是土壤含水量、温度和速效磷。研究发现与自然状态相比,农业和建筑类型的人为干扰导致重庆主城河...