基于cyt b基因的长江中上游大鳞马口鱼遗传多样性及谱系生物地理学过程分析

以线粒体cyt b基因为分子标记,对长江上游干流及汉江等9条支流13个地理种群的大鳞马口鱼Opsari-ichthys macrolepis Yang et Huang进行遗传多样性及种群历史动态分析,并探讨其谱系生物地理学过程.结果显示,414尾大鳞马口鱼样本中共检测到79个单倍型,整体的单倍型多样性(h=0.930...     

西藏雪鸡青海亚种的种群遗传结构和地理变异

本文采用分子系统地理学的研究方法,对我国西藏雪鸡地理分布格局的形成原因进行了探讨。从4个地理种群的51个样品中成功地扩增出了535bp的线粒体DNA细胞色素b(mtDNACytb)片段,在所有可比较的535bp的序列中,发现15个变异位点,没有插入/缺失,且很大程度上倾向于转换(Transition)或颠换(Transversion),Ti/Tv=3.4∶1,并且变异位点多发生在密码子的第三位点,而密码子的第二位点没有变异位点。在4个地理种群中,共有13种线粒体DNA单倍型,且在各地理种群中都具有较高的单倍型多态性。AMOVA分析结果表明,西藏雪鸡4个地理种群间的遗传结构差异并不明显(ΦST=0.19,P<0.01),遗传差异主要发生在地理种群内,占80.75%,而且种内大部分分子变异是由各地理种群之间单倍型的差异引起的,单倍型缺乏比较明显的地理分布格局,在系统发生树上各地理种群中的单倍型相互散布在不同的分布群中,从而形成今天的分布格局。     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因的黑鳍鳈(Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis)生物地理学过程分析

黑鳍鳈(Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis)为广泛分布于东亚地区的小型淡水鱼类,是生物地理学研究的良好材料。该研究以线粒体细胞色素b(Cyt b)基因序列为分子标记,对中国8个水系20个采样点的黑鳍鳈共142尾个体进行遗传变异及生物地理学过程分析。遗传多样性分析结果表明,142条Cyt b基因序列共检测出56个单倍型,总体单倍型多样性较高(h=0.971),而核苷酸多样性较低(π=0.0212),平均遗传距离较小(2.2%)。分子系统发育树结果表明,黑鳍鳈种群分为7个谱系,以秦岭为界可分为南、北两大支系,北方支系分化时间较早(谱系Ⅰ)而南方支系分化程度较高(谱系Ⅱ~Ⅶ)。该研究结果进一步揭示了克氏鳈(S.czerskii)的物种形成过程,估算其祖先在较晚近时期(~1.03 Ma)由黄河水系的黑鳍鳈分化而来。谱系生物地理学分析显示,黑鳍鳈的各地理种群表现为由北向南逐渐演化的趋势,地理隔离可能是限制该物种扩散和基因交流的主要原因。分子钟分析显示,分化时间发生于0.95~3.92 Ma。种群历史动态结果则推测黑鳍鳈经历过种群扩张,且该过程可能与更新世冰期与间冰期的更迭相关。     

基于线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因和控制区序列分析西藏雅鲁藏布江黄斑褶鮡种群遗传多样性

采用线粒体DNA（mtDNA）Cyt b基因和D-loop控制区为分子标记,对分布于西藏雅鲁藏布江大峡谷以上里龙段和以下墨脱段2个群体的黄斑褶 （Pseudecheneis sulcata）共60个样本进行遗传多样性研究。获得联合基因有效序列长度为1 893 bp,包括Cyt b基因1 060 bp和D-loop控制区833 bp。结果显示,里龙和墨脱2个群体的单倍型多样性值（Hd）均较高（0.701和0.761）,核苷酸多样性值（π）均较低（0.001 00和0.001 09）;高频率的单倍型Hap1和Hap2为2个群体所共享,推测为祖先单倍型;同时,里龙和墨脱群体分别存在5个和6个特有单倍型,且在2个群体中不共享;分子方差分析（AMOVA）显示遗传变异主要来源于种群内部,群体间呈中度遗传分化水平（Fst = 0.090 44,P < 0.05）;中性检验（Tajima''s D、Fu''s Fs）和核苷酸不配对（SSD、Hir）分析结果揭示,黄斑褶 种群曾经历过种群扩张现象。本研究推测,黄斑褶 2个群体间的基因流动存在障碍,雅鲁藏布大峡谷的海拔落差及水文情势等生态屏障可能是阻碍黄斑褶 迁徙和交流的主要原因。     

昆明城郊中国树鼩群体线粒体DNA遗传多样性

由于树鼩是灵长类动物的近亲,且具有体型小、繁殖周期短、饲养管理成本低等优点,长期以来被认为有望替代灵长类动物用于人类疾病的动物模型研究.然而,目前对树鼩的群体遗传结构还知之甚少,这极大地限制了其在疾病动物模型研究的应用,也是其品系资源创制的瓶颈.本研究通过分析80只采自于云南省昆明周边地区的野生树鼩(Tupaia belangeri chinensis)线粒体DNA(mtDNA)多态性,结合国外报道的2个树鼩(Tupaia belangeri)序列比较后发现,在604 bp的mtDNA控制区片段中兵检测到29个核苷酸替代变异,这些变异共界定了13种单倍型,表现较高的群体遗传多样度.另外,昆明地区的树鼩与国外报道的2个树鼩间存在较大的遗传分化,mtDNA控制区单倍型之间的核苷酸替换数大于18个,远高于昆明地区树鼢群体内部不同单倍型之间的差异.选择含有代表性的mtDNA控制区单倍型的17个昆明地区树鼩个体进一步测定了细胞色素b基因片段(1134 bp),结合前人报道的数据分析,结果进一步支持mtDNA控制区数据反映的遗传格局及揭示的昆明地区树询与国外报道树鼩之间的明显差异.本研究结果提示,昆明地区树鼩与国外树鼩之间存在较大遗传差异,在将树鼩用于人类疾病动物模型研究中要注意这些遗传差别.昆明城郊的树鼩群体具有较高的遗传多样度,在开展近交系建立等工作时须考虑选取群体内部具有代表性的mtDNA世系.

Abstract：

Due to their special phylogenetic position in the Euarchontoglires and close affinity to primates, tree shrews have been proposed as an alternative experimental animal to primates in biomedical research. However, the population genetic structure of tree shrews has largely remained unknown and this has hindered the development of tree shrew breeding and selection. Here we sampled 80 Chinese tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) in Kunming, China, and analyzed partial mtDNA control region sequence variation. Based on our samples and two published sequences from northern tree shrews (T. belangeri), we identified 29 substitutions in the mtDNA control region fragment (～ 604 bp)across 82 individuals and defined 13 hapiotypes. Seventeen samples were selected for sequencing of the cytochrome b (Cyt b; 1134 bp) gene based on control region sequence variation and were analyzed in combination with 34 published sequences to solidify the phylogenetic pattern obtained from control region data. Overall, tree shrews from Kunming have high genetic diversity and present a remarkable long genetic distance to the two reported northern tree shrews outside China. Our results provide some caution when using tree shrews to establish animal models because of this apparent genetic difference. In addition, the high genetic diversity of Chinese tree shrews inhabiting Kunming suggests that systematic genetic investigations should be conducted before establishing an inbred strain for medical and biological research.     

基于线粒体COI基因序列的大豆食心虫中国东北地理种群遗传多样性分析

【目的】大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella (Matsumura)是一种危害大豆的主要害虫,在中国北方地区危害较重。本研究旨在探讨大豆食心虫在中国东北不同地理种群间的遗传变异。【方法】测定了10个不同地理种群153个个体的线粒体细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ (mtCOI)基因的657 bp序列,利用DnaSP 5. 0和Arlequin 3. 5. 1. 2等软件对大豆食心虫种群间的遗传多样性、基因流水平和分子变异进行分析。【结果】结果表明：10个地理种群间的COI基因共有36个变异位点和17个单倍型,其中1个单倍型为10个种群所共享。总种群的单倍型多样性指数Hd为0.456,各地理种群单倍型多样度范围在0~0.634之间。总群体的固定系数Fst为0.12545,遗传分化系数Gst为0.06326,总基因流Nm为3.49,且各种群间的基因流均大于1,种群间基因交流的水平较高。【结论】大豆食心虫种群内遗传多样性水平处于中低等水平。总群体和各种群的Tajima’s D检验结果皆不显著,说明中国东北地区大豆食心虫在较近的历史时期内没有出现种群扩张现象。AMOVA分子变异分析结果表明,大豆食心虫的遗传分化主要来自种群内部,而种群间未发生明显的遗传分化。各地理种群的单倍型在系统发育树上和中介网络图上散布在不同的分布群中,缺乏明显的地理分布格局。各种群的遗传距离与地理距离之间没有显著线性相关性,种群间的基因交流并未受到地理距离的影响。     

基于线粒体细胞色素b基因的中国大沙鼠系统地理格局

通过内蒙、新疆、甘肃的41个大沙鼠样品和1个伊朗撒拉克大沙鼠的mtDNA Cytb基因全序列的遗传分析,对我国大沙鼠(Rhombomys opimus)的分子系统地理学进行了初步探讨。结果表明,我国41个大沙鼠样品的Cytb基因包含了50个核苷酸变异位点(占全序列的4.39%),其中转换48个,颠换2个,共定义23个单倍型。在四个地理种群中,内蒙古中部半荒漠区和阿拉善荒漠区的单倍型多样性最高,甘新荒漠区的单倍型多样性最低;北疆荒漠区的核苷酸多样性最高,内蒙古中部半荒漠区的核苷酸多样性最低。分子变异分析(AMOVA)表明,种群间的遗传变异占51.68%,种群内的遗传变异占48.32%。FST统计结果表明,除内蒙古中部半荒漠区与阿拉善荒漠区地理种群之间差异显著外(P<0.05),其它地理种群间的差异均极显著(P<0.01)。基于单倍型的系统树显示,42只大沙鼠形成三支。其中,伊朗撒拉克地区大沙鼠和中国地区大沙鼠之间的亲缘关系比中国两支大沙鼠之间的亲缘关系远;分析表明,中国分布的大沙鼠两支之间分歧时间估计在0.093Ma前。嵌套支分析表明,大沙鼠历史种群曾发生过异域片段化、受阻碍基因流和持续种群扩张事件。种群扩张分析提示大沙鼠在0.0119Ma前曾经历过一次种群扩张事件,种群可能受到末次冰期波动的影响。     

黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙不同地理居群的染色体多样性

本文研究温州地区的黑眶蟾蜍、黑斑蛙、中国雨蛙的核型,分析了三个地理居群的黑星期五蟾蜍、四个地理居群的黑斑蛙、三个地理居群的中国雨蛙核型。结果表明不同地理居群的同种蛙有相同的染色体数和核型模式。黑星期五蟾蜍为2n＝22,NF＝44,核模式6＋5;黑斑蛙为2n=26,NF=52,核模式5＋8;中国雨蛙为2n＝24,NF＝48,核模式6＋6。但同一种蛙的不同地理居群之间在SM数目和顺序、次缢痕或随体的位置等有所不同。说明不同地理居群的同种蛙的染色体具有丰富的多样性。     

基于线粒体Cyt b基因的雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构

采用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序法分析雉鸡甘肃亚种的种群遗传结构。测序获得了8个种群79个样本的长819bp的线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因序列,发现7个变异位点,界定了6种单倍型(Haplotype),其中Hap-1是共享单倍型,占79.75%。在8个种群中,除ZJC和CHX种群外,其它种群的核苷酸多样性和单倍型多样性都很低,种群间遗传分化小,基因流大。ZJC种群由于亚种间的基因渗透,导致其遗传多样性最高。CHX种群受徽成盆地周边山地的森林隔离作用,单倍型最多。分子方差分析(AMOVA)表明,遗传变异主要发生在种群内,占86.44%。种群间和地理种群组间差异不显著。地理种群组的核苷酸多样性(π)同形态上的变异规律一致。FS值检测表明,雉鸡甘肃亚种曾发生过快速扩张。     

汉寿中华鳖线粒体细胞色素b基因克隆及其遗传多样性分析

本文以汉寿中华鳖为研究材料,比较分析中华鳖线粒体细胞色素b基因(Cytb)与瑞鳖、砂鳖等的差异,为探讨其进化与遗传分子标记奠定实验基础。采用PCR技术,克隆汉寿中华鳖Cytb基因的序列,并检测其在不同组织以及不同生长发育时期的表达模式,最后通过分子进化树分析中华鳖与砂鳖的亲缘关系。通过克隆发现中华鳖细胞色素b基因的mRNA开放阅读框含有1 140 bp,其碱基组成为A+T的含量(61. 1%)高于G+C(38. 9%),编码379个氨基酸残基的序列。与山瑞鳖和砂鳖氨基酸序列比较发现,中华鳖与瑞鳖和砂鳖均存在一定差异; Cytb基因在中华鳖不同组织和各个不同发育时期中均有表达,且在精巢组织中表达量最高,在不同时期阶段呈\"低-高-低\"曲线表达模式;分子进化树分析发现汉寿中华鳖与砂鳖具有较强的亲缘关系,但是在Cytb中仍存在差异,所以能够很好的把它们区分开来。此外汉寿中华鳖与哺乳动物、鱼类和爬行类均存在巨大差异。结果表明,Cytb基因在探讨汉寿中华鳖的进化与遗传分子标记中具有重要意义,可作为分析中华鳖种属进化系统发育特性和群体遗传多样性的标记基因。     

Adaptive changes of gastro-entero-pancreatic system endocrine cells in the black-spotted pond frog Rana nigromaculata after fasting

Changes in distribution density,morphology and secretory content of endocrine cells in the gastro-entero-pancreatic system of black-spotted frogs Rana nigromaculata before and after fasting were investigated using immunohistochemistry and antisera to six gut hormones.Six types of endocrine cells were detected in the digestive tract of Rana nigromaculata,including 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT),gastrin(GAS),somatostatin(SOM),glucagon(GLU),pancreatic polypeptide(PP)and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide(VIP)cells.A...     

Phylogeography and genetic diversity of the red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) in China: Implications for the species' postglacial expansion history

The geographical distribution of Sciurus vulgaris spans much of the Palearctic from western Europe and the UK eastward to the pacific coast of East Asia. S. vulgaris occurs in China only in the far northwest and the northeast. Understanding of the species’ postglacial expansion history in East Asia has been limited by the paucity of molecular data. In this study, we used partial D-loop and cytochrome b gene sequences to assess mitochondrial DNA variation in S. vulgaris in China. Our objectives were to (1) determine phylogeographical patterns of S. vulgaris in China; (2) understand the species’ postglacial expansion history in this region; and (3) quantify genetic diversity levels within S. vulgaris populations in China. We identified a supported phylogenetic group in S. vulgaris from China, and found no tendency for haplotypes to cluster by geographic region. Our analysis of S. vulgaris from China and other regions supports the hypothesis that the Calabria region of southern Italy is a glacial refugium for the species. We tentatively propose a postglacial expansion pattern for the squirrels: migrating from Calabria via Central and Eastern Europe to Russia and from there to China, and firstly to the northwest and then to northeast in China. We found high levels of genetic diversity in S. vulgaris populations across China as a whole, and discussed its influential factors.     

Mitochondrial DNA sequence diversity and origin of Chinese domestic yak

In order to clarify the origin and genetic diversity of yak in China, we analysed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences (approximately 891 bp) in 52 individuals from four domestic yak (Poephagus grunniens) breeds, as well as from a hybrid between yak and cattle (Pianniu). Twenty-five samples were further selected for partial (420 bp) cytochrome b sequencing based on control region sequence information. Two yak samples shared sequences with Chinese cattle (Bos taurus); the remaining yak mtDNAs converged into two major clades in the phylogenetic analysis. Genetic diversity varied substantially among the breeds, with the hybrid Pianniu yak demonstrating the highest diversity. Our results suggest that the Chinese yak was domesticated from two distinct matrilineal sources or from a heterogeneous pool containing both divergent lineages, with occasional gene introgression from cattle.     

Phylogeographic pattern and regional evolutionary history of the maize stalk borer Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in sub-Saharan Africa

Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the major cereal pests in sub-Saharan Africa. Previous phylogeographic investigations on samples collected in Kenya, Cameroon and West-Africa showed the presence of three main clades (W, KI, KII) originated from populations isolated in West and East Africa around one million years ago. Demographic and phylogenetic analyses suggested that this event was followed by local demographic expansion and isolation by distance. These hypotheses were tested by a more comprehensive sampling across B. fusca’s geographic range in Africa. Comparisons of sequences of partial mitochondrial DNA gene (cytochrome b) from 489 individuals of 98 localities in southern, central, eastern and western African countries confirmed the presence of the three main clades. Phylogenetic, F-statistics, demographic parameters and nested clade phylogeographic analyses confirmed that the clades experienced geographic and demographic expansion with isolation by distance after their isolation in three refuge areas. The geographic range of clade KII, already known from East to Central sub-Saharan Africa was extended to Southern Africa. Mismatch distribution analysis and the negative values of Tajima’s D index are consistent with a demographic expansion hypothesis for these three clades. Significant genetic differentiations were revealed at various hierarchical levels by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA). Hypotheses about the geographic origin of the three main clades are detailed.     

Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variation Suggests the Lack of Genetic Heterogeneity in the Adriatic and Ionian Stocks of Sardina pilchardus

A genetic stock structure analysis of 11 sardine samples from the Adriatic Sea and Ionian neighboring area was carried out through sequence variation analysis of a 307-bp cytochrome b gene fragment in order to identify self-recruiting units in the Adriatic Sardina pilchardus stock. The overall lack of genetic subdivision among samples detected by analysis of molecular variance, pairwise Φ_st values, and the exact test of population differentiation indicates this sardine stock is part of a larger self-recruiting population whose boundaries are larger than the investigated area. This conclusion is in agreement with preliminary allozymic and mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism data, but contradicts the previous identification of 2 subpopulations of sardines in the Adriatic Sea argued on morphologic differences, which could be rather attributed to different hydrographic or ecologic conditions occurring in different areas of the Adriatic Sea. The reduced gene flow observed between Adriatic-Ionian and Spanish sardine geographic samples (P < 0.001) suggests that reproductively isolated populations of sardines may occur in the Mediterranean Sea.     

黑麂皖-浙分布中心种群的遗传多样性

本文基于黑麂线粒体控制区序列对皖浙分布中心的4个黑麂种群的遗传多样性和基因流进行了研究。结果显示:4个种群的33个个体中有14个变异位点,占分析序列长度的2·91 %,并由此定义了12个单倍型;遗传多样性检测结果显示4个种群中开化种群具有最高的遗传多样性,应予以优先保护;4个种群间尚存在着一定的基因流,但存在可能由于遗传漂变而产生分化的危险。从Tajima’s D和Fu and Li’s D值的估算结果来看,这4个黑麂种群相对于中性进化的歧异度并没有明显的偏离,具有较为稳定的种群结构(P>0·1),没有明显的证据显示这4个黑麂种群间存在很强的平衡选择。     

Connectivity of populations within and between major biogeographic regions of the tropical Pacific in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Conus ebraeus</Emphasis>, a widespread marine gastropod

Information on genetic connectivity and structure of populations in the tropical Pacific is critical for making inferences about the origins and maintenance of diversity in this region. Sequences of the mitochondrial COI gene from 92 individuals of the trans-Pacific gastropod Conus ebraeus from eight localities spanning the tropical Pacific were analyzed to determine whether populations in the western, central, and eastern Pacific exhibit genetic structure, to examine the demographic histories of populations, and to infer patterns of gene flow. A total of 43 unique haplotypes were recovered, including a common haplotype that occurred in six of the eight populations examined. AMOVA and pairwise F-statistics showed that populations in the western and central Pacific were significantly differentiated from populations in the eastern Pacific, but no other evidence of structure. Bayesian isolation–migration (IM) analysis suggested that populations in the western and central Pacific separated from those in eastern Pacific during the Pleistocene. Examination of mismatch distributions and results from IM revealed that populations in the western and central Pacific expanded during the Pleistocene. Gene flow across the East Pacific Barrier appears to occur predominantly westward.     

Short-term impact of disturbance on genetic diversity and structure of Indonesian populations of the butterfly Drupadia theda in East Kalimantan

We investigated the short‐term impact of disturbance on genetic diversity and structure of the tropical butterfly Drupadia theda Felder (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Populations were sampled from five landscapes in East Kalimantan (Borneo, Indonesia) which were differentially disturbed by selective logging and the 1997/1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐induced drought and fires. Sampling occurred before (in 1997) and after the forest fires (in 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2004). Drupadia theda populations underwent serious population size reductions following the 1997/1998 ENSO event. For a total of 208 individuals, we sequenced a 509‐bp segment of mtDNA containing the control region plus the 5’ end of the 12S rDNA gene. Haplotype diversity in D. theda populations ranged from 0.468 to 0.953. Just after the 1997/1998 ENSO event, number of recorded individuals and genetic diversity were very low in D. theda populations sampled in the two severely burned areas and in a small pristine forest fragment that was surrounded by burned forest and thereby affected by drought. Interestingly, higher levels of genetic diversity were observed in logged forest compared to proximate pristine forest. After 1998, the genetic composition within the three ENSO‐disturbed areas diverged. In the twice‐burned forest, the genetic diversity in 1999 already approached pre‐fire levels, while it remained nearly unchanged in proximate once‐burned forest. Our data suggest that the 1997/1998 ENSO‐induced drought and fires caused massive reductions in the genetic diversity of D. theda and that population recoveries were linked to their geographical position relative to patches of unburned forest (and thus to source populations).     

Patterns of genetic diversity and differentiation in the tsetse fly <Emphasis Type="Italic">Glossina morsitans morsitans</Emphasis> Westwood populations in East and southern Africa

Genetic diversity and differentiation within and among nine G. morsitans morsitans populations from East and southern Africa was assessed by examining variation at seven microsatellite loci and a mitochondrial locus, cytochrome oxidase (COI). Mean COI diversity within populations was 0.63 ± 0.33 and 0.81 taken over all populations. Diversities averaged over microsatellite loci were high (mean number of alleles/locus ≥7.4; mean H _E ≥ 65%) in all populations. Diversities averaged across populations were greater in East Africa (mean number of alleles = 22 ± 2.6; mean h _e = 0.773 ± 0.033) than in southern Africa (mean number of alleles = 18.7 ± 4.0; mean h _e = 0.713 ± 0.072). Differentiation among all populations was highly significant (R _ST = 0.25, F _ST = 0.132). Nei’s G _ij statistics were 0.09 and 0.19 within regions for microsatellites and mitochondria, respectively; between regions, G _ij was 0.14 for microsatellites and 0.23 for mitochondria. G _ST among populations was 0.23 for microsatellite loci and 0.40 for mitochondria. The F, G and R statistics indicate highly restricted gene flow among G. m. morsitans populations separated over geographic scales of 12–917 km.     

Phylogeography of the blue tit ( Parus teneriffae -group) on the Canary Islands based on mitochondrial DNA sequence data and morphometrics

An analysis of the sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1005 bp) of the Parus teneriffae-group from the Canary Islands and North Africa revealed new insights into the phylogeography of this taxon. The origin of the radiation on the Canarian Archipelago was apparently one of the central islands—Tenerife or Gran Canaria. The populations on El Hierro (P. t. ombriosus) and La Palma (P. t. palmensis) represent distinct monophyletic lineages. Blue tits from Gran Canaria are genetically distinct from those of La Gomera and Tenerife (P. t. teneriffae), which supports the results of other studies and suggests the existence of an—until now—undescribed taxon there. In contrast, the populations on the eastern islands of Fuerteventura and Lanzarote (P. t. degener) could not be distinguished from North African blue tits (P. t. ultramarinus), and these populations should be subsumed under the subspecies ultramarinus. Taxonomic recommendations based on these results include the distinction of the northern European P. caeruleus from P. teneriffae, including blue tits from North Africa and the Canary Islands, the treatment of degener and ultramarinus as synonymous (P. teneriffae ultramarinus) and a new blue tit taxon on the island of Gran Canaria (P. t. hedwigii nov. ssp.), which is formally described. The genetic results are in parts supported by bioacoustic and morphological data.