鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白研究动态

当用某种抗原免疫产卵母鸡时,鸡可产生相应的鸡卵黄免疫球蛋白（IgY）储存于卵黄中。母鸡经免疫应答后,可从其不断产出的鸡卵的卵黄中得到大量的、均一的、高效价的IgY。IgY类似于哺乳动物的IgG,但又有其独特的优点。近年来国外对IgY的研究比较活跃。本文对IgY的特点、制备提纯及其在检测诊断上和疾病防治方面的应用作了较详细的论述。可以预见,随着研究的进一步深入,IgY的应用将不断扩大。     

乙型肝炎人免疫球蛋白的稳定性研究

目的 考察乙型肝炎人免疫球蛋白的稳定性.方法 对乙型肝炎人免疫球蛋白成品进行(25±2)℃条件下为期6个月的加速稳定性试验和(6±2)℃条件下为期4年的长期稳定性试验,对考察的制品按2010版《中国药典》三部进行全面检测,检测其抗-HBs效价、蛋白质含量、纯度、pH值、分子质量大小分布(单体+二聚体)、麦芽糖含量、甘氨酸、无菌检查、异常毒性检查、热稳定性试验、热原检查、外观检查、鉴别试验等质量指标,用t检验分析各质量指标检测数据的变化趋势.结果 乙型肝炎人免疫球蛋白制品在进行加速试验后,单体+二聚体、抗-HBs效价值都有下降趋势.在进行长期试验后,除单体+二聚体有所下降趋势之外,其他各项质量指标的变化均无统计学意义.结论 乙型肝炎人免疫球蛋白的稳定性良好,在进行6个月的加速破坏性试验和4年的长期稳定性试验后,其质量仍能符合2010版《中国药典》三部的规定要求.     

免疫球蛋白基因的研究进展

本文介绍了近年来免疫球蛋白(Ig)基因的分子生物学研宄概况。其中包括抗体的多样性产生机制与Ig基因家族成员重排、拼接和体细胞突变的关系,Ig重链类别转换与其恒定区基因上游的S序列间重组的关系,还有Ig启动子和增强子对Ig基因在B细胞中特异性转录的调控作用。最后简要概述了Ig超基因家族和其分子进化研究以及Ig的基因和发育工程研究状况。     

静注免疫球蛋白生产过程中的病毒灭活

<正>许多静注免疫球蛋白(IVIG)制品有传染输血后肝炎(PTH)的记录而肌肉注射免疫球蛋白(IMIG)却有良好的病毒安全性记录,在许多IVIG制备过程中。血浆首先被低温乙醇法分离,该法也用于制备常规的IMIG。尽管如此,IMIG与IVIG的制备在分离过程的结尾即乙醇的去除方法上有所不同:Cohn乙醇法(IMIG)中通常使用冻干法,而在IVIG的生产中却使用了凝胶过滤或透析过滤法。此外,通过使用如胃蛋白酶或PEG处理的生产工艺去除IVIG中的聚合免疫球蛋白。使用胃蛋白酶和     

流行性出血热免疫球蛋白的研制

本文首次报告采用纯化灭活流行性出血热（ＥＨＦ）Ⅰ型疫苗免疫健康献血员,采集ＥＨＦ抗体高滴度的血浆,用低温乙醇法及盐析法分离纯化三批ＥＨＦ免疫球蛋白。结果表明：（１）采用０,１,３,４（月）或０,１,４,５（月）免疫程序,疫苗剂量１～２ｍｌ（０．１５～０．３０ｍｇ蛋白）,受免献血员血清平均抗体滴度可达１∶４０６（ＥＬＩＳＡ）或１∶１１２（ＲＰＨＩ）。（２）通过生化检定,三批制品的电泳纯度为９７．０５％,９６．８４％,９９．２６％;ＩｇＧ单体和二聚体含量为８９．５５％,９１．３０％和９８．２１％。（３）用空斑抑制中和试验及免疫印染试验证明所纯化的免疫球蛋白具有抗ＥＨＦ病毒特异性。（４）三批ＥＨＦ免疫球蛋白的效价测定,结果为ＥＬＩＳＡ滴度≥１∶５１２,ＲＰＨＩ滴度≥１∶１０２４,ＰＲＮＴ（中和抗体）滴度１∶４０。按１６％蛋白计,ＥＨＦ免疫球蛋白的效价可达原料血浆的１０倍以上。（５）无菌、安全、毒性及热原质试验检定结果,全部通过《中国生物制品规程》要求。     

静注人免疫球蛋白的研究与应用

采用先进的生物工程技术或分离技术制备的以健康人血浆为原料的静注人免疫球蛋白,是治疗原发性免疫缺乏症、继发性免疫缺陷病、自身免疫性疾病(如川崎病、特发性血小板减少性紫癜)的有效药物,有着其它药品不可替代的作用。近年来,随着临床适应症的不断增加和新技术的应用,静注人免疫球蛋白的需求量在血浆蛋白制品中一直保持高增长的势头,这种倾向仍在继续。本文就静注人免疫球蛋白的研究与应用进展作一简要综述。     

鲤鱼皮肤粘液与血清中免疫球蛋白的比较研究

鱼类是比较低等的脊椎动物,它的免疫机理远不如哺乳类和鸟类完善,其血清中存在的免疫球蛋白主要是ＩｇＭ。除此之外,在某些鱼类的皮肤粘液中也发现有大量的免疫球蛋白,它们在鱼类的免疫中起着相当重要的作用。人们已经从羊头鲷（Ａｒｃｈｏｓａｒｇｕｓｐｒｏｂａｔｏ...     

水生无脊椎动物中的免疫球蛋白超家族

适应性免疫一直被认为是脊椎动物特有的免疫机制,然而近年来许多研究表明 ,无脊椎动物体内也存在许多在结构或功能上与脊椎动物适应性免疫分子类似的免 疫成分. 免疫球蛋白超家族是适应性免疫的重要组成部分,本文主要综述近年来关 于水生无脊椎动物中肌联蛋白、唐氏综合症细胞黏着分子、特异性凝集素、几丁质 结合蛋白和185/133基因家族以及含有V和C结构域的蛋白等免疫球蛋白超家族成员研 究进展,这有助于深入理解无脊椎动物的免疫系统并揭示脊椎动物适应性免疫起源 与进化.     

加热灭活病毒的静脉注射免疫球蛋白的研究

<正>静脉注射免疫球蛋白(IVIG)的研究已有30多年的历史,能够大量供临床应用还是近十几年的事情。自1987年以来,我国的IVIG研究发展很快,已有较大规模生产条件问世,并已在加紧研究灭活病毒的新工艺。IVIG的出现,为需要大剂量注射免疫球蛋白的病人带来了许多好处和方便。但随之也不断出现因输注IVIG而发生非甲非乙肝炎的报导。近年来,日本学者致力于灭活病毒的IVIG-IH生产研究,并取得了成功。我有幸在1991年春赴日学习该技术,在导师指导下进行了VIG的提取及质量分析研究,现将结果介绍如下:     

MicroRNAs as mediators of insect host–pathogen interactions and immunity

Insects are the most successful group of animals on earth, owing this partly to their very effective immune responses to microbial invasion. These responses mainly include cellular and humoral responses as well as RNA interference (RNAi). Small non-coding RNAs (snRNAs) produced through RNAi are important molecules in the regulation of gene expression in almost all living organisms; contributing to important processes such as development, differentiation, immunity as well as host–microorganism interactions. The main snRNAs produced by the RNAi response include short interfering RNAs, microRNAs and piwi-interacting RNAs. In addition to the host snRNAs, some microorganisms encode snRNAs that affect the dynamics of host–pathogen interactions. In this review, we will discuss the latest developments in regards to the role of microRNA in insect host–pathogen interactions and provide some insights into this rapidly developing area of research.     

Antigenic distance and cross-immunity, invasibility and coexistence of pathogen strains in an epidemiological model with discrete antigenic space

In models of pathogen interaction and evolution discrete genotypes in the form of bit strings may be mapped to points in a discrete phenotype space based on similarity in antigenic structure. Cross-immunity between strains, that is the reduction in susceptibility to strain A conferred to a host by infection with strain B, can then be defined for pairs of points in the antigenic space by a specified function. Analysis of an SIR type model shows that, if two strains are at equilibrium, the shape of the cross-immunity function has a strong influence on the invasion and coexistence of a third strain and, consequently, the expected evolutionary pathway. A function that is constant except for discontinuities at the end points is expected to result in the accumulation of diversity until a pair of discordant strains occurs that can, depending on parameter values, exclude all other strains. For a function of the form f(h)=h^q, where h is the antigenic distance between two strains, invasion and coexistence is always possible if q≤1 and little antigenic structure is expected in the pathogen population. However, if q>1 invasion and coexistence may be impossible, depending on parameter values, and the pathogen population is expected to show significant antigenic structuring. In addition to illuminating the role of cross-immunity in pathogen evolution, this analysis indicates that the choice of cross-immunity function, the representation of immunity acquired from multiple previous infections and the number of elements used to characterize the antigenic space must be carefully considered in the development and interpretation of more sophisticated models of pathogen dynamics and evolution.     

Effects of predation on host-pathogen dynamics in SIR models

The integration of infectious disease epidemiology with community ecology is an active area of research. Recent studies using SI models without acquired immunity have demonstrated that predation can suppress infectious disease levels. The authors recently showed that incorporating immunity (SIR models) can produce a “hump”-shaped relationship between disease prevalence and predation pressure; thus, low to moderate levels of predation can boost prevalence in hosts with acquired immunity. Here we examine the robustness of this pattern to realistic extensions of a basic SIR model, including density-dependent host regulation, predator saturation, interference, frequency-dependent transmission, predator numerical responses, and explicit resource dynamics. A non-monotonic relationship between disease prevalence and predation pressure holds across all these scenarios. With saturation, there can also be complex responses of mean host abundance to increasing predation, as well as bifurcations leading to unstable cycles (epidemics) and pathogen extinction at larger predator numbers. Firm predictions about the relationship between prevalence and predation thus require one to consider the complex interplay of acquired immunity, host regulation, and foraging behavior of the predator.     

Immunologic aspects of human colostrum and milk—A misinterpretation

Interpretations of the demographic impact of Western diseases are frequently clouded by a failure to appreciate the complex nature of immune responses. It is commonly assumed that epidemic diseases are generally characterized by both transplacental and lacteal transmission of maternal antibodies. This is not, however, the case for viral diseases, such as measles, smallpox, and influenza–-all of which reached epidemic proportions during the post-Columbian era. In this paper I review the nature of the immune response for viral diseases, with emphasis upon measles, a disease that contributed heavily to the demise of native peoples. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Physical association of Arabidopsis hypersensitive induced reaction proteins (HIRs) with the immune receptor RPS2

Arabidopsis RPS2 is a typical nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat resistance protein, which indirectly recognizes the bacterial effector protein AvrRpt2 and thereby activates effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Previously, we identified two hypersensitive induced reaction (AtHIR) proteins, AtHIR1 (At1g09840) and AtHIR2 (At3g01290), as potential RPS2 complex components. AtHIR proteins contain the stomatin/prohibitin/flotillin/HflK/C domain (also known as the prohibitin domain or band 7 domain). In this study, we confirmed that AtHIR1 and AtHIR2 form complexes with RPS2 in Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana using a pulldown assay and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis. Arabidopsis has four HIR family genes (AtHIR1-4). All AtHIR proteins could form homo- and hetero-oligomers in vivo and were enriched in membrane microdomains of the plasma membrane. The mRNA levels of all except AtHIR4 were significantly induced by microbe-associated molecular patterns, such as the bacterial flagellin fragment flg22. Athir2-1 and Athir3-1 mutants allowed more growth of Pto DC3000 AvrRpt2, but not Pto DC3000, indicating that these mutations reduce RPS2-mediated ETI but do not affect basal resistance to the virulent strain. Overexpression of AtHIR1 and AtHIR2 reduced growth of Pto DC3000. Taken together, the results show that the AtHIR proteins are physically associated with RPS2, are localized in membrane microdomains, and quantitatively contribute to RPS2-mediated ETI.     

Trypanosoma lewisi: Enhanced resistance in naive lactating rats and their suckling pups

Lactating rats and their suckling offspring were shown to have a naturally occurring resistance to Trypansoma lewisi which was greater than that seen in normal adult rats and was not dependent on previous exposure to the parasite. In the case of the pups maximum protection was dependent on suckling being the sole source of nutriment and also on the peak of the parasitemia falling within the nursing period. Supplementary solid food reduced survival rates in concurrent Hemobartonella muris—T. lewisi infections: pups infected at 10 days of age and totally dependent on nursing showed 82.5% survival but only 6.6% survival when solid food was allowed to supplement milk. However, supplementary food did not reduce survival in pups infected with only T. lewisi. When pups were totally dependent upon nursing until the normal time of weaning (21 days of age), infection with H. muris—T. lewisi at the following days of age allowed the indicated mean survival rates: 10 days (82.5%), 20 (32.5%), 30 (14.3%), and 40 (100%). Infection with T. lewisi alone at the following days of age allowed the indicated mean survival rates: 10 days (100%), 15 (76%), 17 (52%), 20 (100%), and 30 (100%). Lactating rat serum agglutinated “adult forms” of T. lewisi, which correlated well with the observed sudden resolution of parasitemia in lactating animals at the time of the antigenic transition from “juvenile” to “adult” type. The “adult” stage parasitemia in suckling pups was selectively reduced when compared to that of nonlactating adult rats. The lactating rat serum factor could be passively transferred with lactating rat serum to animals already weaned.     

IGH V3-23*01 and its allele V3-23*03 differ in their capacity to form the canonical human antibody combining site specific for the capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b

The IGH V3-23*01 gene is used in the formation of the canonical combining site which dominates the human antibody repertoire to the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) polysaccharide (PS). An allele of the human IGH V3-23*01 gene, known as V3-23*03, differs from V3-23*01 in nine bases, eight of which are located in the second complementarity determining region. These eight differences encode five amino acid substitutions. In this study we investigated whether the V3-23*03 sequence polymorphism affected Hib PS binding. We constructed two Fab fragments that had the canonical Hib PS combining site VH-VL configuration but that had either V3-23*01 or V3-23*03. Radioantigen binding assay showed that on a concentration basis the V3-23*03 Fab was 20-fold more effective in binding Hib PS than the V3-23*01 Fab. The V3-23*03 Fab was 4-fold more effective than the V3-23*01 Fab in mediating facilitated bactericidal activity against Hib organisms. These findings identify a functional consequence of V3-23 allelism, and suggest that utilization of the V3-23*03 gene in the human Hib PS repertoire would generate canonical antibodies with higher affinity and protective efficacy than canonical antibodies utilizing V3-23*01. Thus, IGH V gene allelic variation has the potential to impact the generation of protective immunity to Hib.     

Stage-specific sex differences in Drosophila immunity to parasites and pathogens

Arguments from life-history theory predict that other things being equal females are likely to invest more in defence against parasites and pathogens than males. This is either because males and females differ in behaviour or, more importantly, because the variance in mating success is typically higher in males than in females. Such effects are likely to be most pronounced in those developmental stages where sex differences are greatest. In most organisms, but especially in holometabolous insects, this will be the adult stage. We explored sex-specific resistance to four natural enemies of Drosophila melanogaster that attack the insect at different developmental stages: the larval parasitoid Asobara tabida, the pupal parasitoid Pachycrepoideus vindemiae; and the adult pathogens Beauvaria bassiana (a fungus) and Tubulinosema kingi (a microsporidian). Measures of resistance were designed to reflect the four species’ natural history. Female larvae were able to defend themselves more strongly against A. tabida than males and there was weak evidence that adult females suffered less from microsporidian attack than males. No differences were found for the other two species. Our results provide some support for lower investment in defences in males, and we discuss why the strongest effect was found at the larval rather than the adult stage contrary to our prediction.     

Influence of temperature,pH, oxygenation,water-type and substrate on biomarker responses in the freshwater clam Corbicula fluminea (Müller)

We investigated the influence of abiotic factors on responses of components of detoxification metabolism of phases I and II, indicators related to oxidative stress and propionylcholinesterase, proposed as biomarkers of pollution in Corbicula fluminea. Combined effects of temperature (10 and 20 degrees C), water-type (water purified by reverse-osmosis, lake water from the collection site and tap water) and habitat substrate (presence and absence of sand) were assessed in a five-day experiment. Additionally, clams were exposed to hypoxia or submitted to acidic, neutral or alkaline conditions at 20 degrees C, in lake water, without sand, for five days. Responses of biomarkers were generally higher when clams were placed in tap water, except for level of peroxidised lipids (PL). Catalase (CAT) and NADH-cytochrome c reductase (NADH-red.) activities increased whereas propionylcholinesterase (PChE) activity decreased in absence of sand. Decreasing temperature resulted in depressing PChE and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase (NADPH-red.) activities. Hypoxia induced an increase of CAT activity and glutathione S-transferase activity towards ethacrynic acid and a decrease of PL level. CAT and NADH-red. activities as well as PL level were reduced when clams were exposed to acidic and/or alkaline conditions. These results indicate that effects of abiotic factors should be taken into account in environmental studies.