人巨细胞病毒中枢神经系统先天性感染小鼠模型的电镜研究

目的 应用人巨细胞病毒（ＨＣＭＶ）建立先天性中枢神经系统感染小鼠模型。以电镜研究探讨ＨＣＭＶ先天性感染对中枢神经系统损伤的机制和程度。方法 将ＨＣＭＶ腹腔内中纯系６－８周龄Ｂａｌｂ／ｃ雌雄小鼠成功后给予酱受孕,待雌鼠临产时取出胎鼠脑双侧大脑皮层,进行病毒分离、病理学检验和电镜研究。结果 在鼠脑组织上清液中分离出ＨＣＭＶ;病理学证实,鼠脑为侵袭性脑膜脑炎性病理改变;电镜下研究,在感染组子代鼠脑组织血     

玉郎伞多糖对环磷酰胺所致的免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

本文旨在研究玉郎伞多糖(YLSPS)对环磷酰胺所致的免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。选取60只体重相近的小鼠随机分为6组:空白对照组、环磷酰胺(CTX)模型组、阳性药左旋咪唑组(LMS)和YLSPS低、中、高剂量组。除空白对照组外,其它各组小鼠于给药的第1、3、5、7、9 d皮下注射CTX(30 mg/kg)造模。空白对照组用生理盐水(NS,0.1 mL/10 g)灌胃,LMS组用LMS[50 mg/(kg·d)]灌胃,YLSPS低、中、高剂量组用YLSP[150、300、600 mg/(kg·d)]灌胃,给药10 d后对小鼠胸腺和脾脏重量进行测定,检测乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和酸性磷酸酶(ACP)的活性,并检测肝、脾巨噬细胞吞噬功能,观察二硝基氟苯(DNFB)诱导的迟发型超敏反应,并对小鼠负重游泳时间、常压缺氧、低温和高温环境下的存活时间以及对亚硝酸盐中毒性缺氧耐受性的影响进行检测。结果显示,与CTX模型组比较,YLSPS各剂量组能提高胸腺指数和脾脏指数;并能提高免疫抑制小鼠乳酸脱氢酶和酸性磷酸酶活性;肝、脾巨噬细胞廓清指数和吞噬指数明显提高;中、高剂量组的耳肿胀度明显提高,并能延长小鼠负重游泳时间、常压缺氧存活时间、耐低温存活时间、耐高温存活时间和小鼠对亚硝酸盐中毒性缺氧耐受性。研究结果表明,玉郎伞多糖对环磷酰胺致免疫低下小鼠的非特异性免疫和特异性免疫具有增强作用,并有明显的抗应激作用。     

上海地区小鼠诺瓦克病毒的检测分析及病毒分离

目的了解上海地区实验小鼠自然感染小鼠诺瓦克病毒(murine norovirus,MNV)的状况,并分离毒株。方法抽取委托检测单位送检的SPF小鼠319只,分别采集盲肠内容物及血液样本,应用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法扩增小鼠盲肠内容物样本中MNV的特异性基因片段来检测MNV的感染情况,同时采用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)与核酸检测方法进行对比。将RT-PCR扩增结果为阳性的盲肠内容物样本稀释并经0.22μm滤膜过滤,接种到小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW 264.7细胞,盲传后采用RT-PCR方法鉴定。结果 RT-PCR检测的319份小鼠盲肠内容物样本中,阳性样本95份,阳性率为29.78%。对180份经RTPCR检测的小鼠血清进行ELISA检测,阳性样本70份,阳性率为38.89%。RAW 264.7细胞盲传5代后在72 h内出现细胞病变,经RT-PCR鉴定,显示187 bp的目的条带。结论通过核酸检测方法和血清学方法证实上海地区实验小鼠存在MNV自然感染,且感染率较高,应加强实验小鼠的饲养管理。     

博尔纳病病毒对BALB/c小鼠感染性检测

目的分析博尔纳病病毒（Borna disease virus,BDV）H1766株对BALB/c小鼠的感染性。方法选择病毒滴度为2.0×107FFU/ml的BDV病毒液分别对新生和成年BALB/c小鼠进行脑内接种,并用相同病毒液对原代培养的新生BALB/c小鼠脑细胞进行接种。经过一定时间的病毒作用后分别提取总RNA,采用巢式RT-PCR方法检测BDV-p40基因,并通过免疫组化方法检测脑内接种脑组织中BDV-P40蛋白。结果脑内接种病毒的小鼠脑组织中可以检测到BDV-p40基因和BDV-P40蛋白,培养的小鼠脑细胞中可以检测到BDV-p40基因。结论BDVH1766株可以感染新生和成年的BALB/c小鼠。     

用人MHC转基因小鼠模型鉴定高致病禽流感病毒核蛋白CTL表位

目的:筛选高致病禽流感病毒核蛋白(NP)中可用于高致病禽流感病毒感染检测或疫苗设计的CTL表位,为评价疫苗接种效果和开发新型疫苗奠定基础。方法:根据NCBI公布的NP的核苷酸序列设计特异性引物,以2006年深圳株高致病禽流感H5N1病人分离的病毒cDNA为模板扩增NP全长基因(1500 bp)并测序。通过生物信息学方法,预测NP氨基酸序列中潜在的HLA-A觹0201限制性表位。构建重组pJW4303-NP核酸疫苗并肌肉免疫HLA-A2/DP4转基因小鼠,利用ELISPOT法筛选特异性CTL表位。结果:克隆了2006年深圳株高致病禽流感NP基因,构建的重组pJW4303-NP核酸疫苗能在体外COS-7细胞中表达,免疫小鼠后能引起小鼠产生特异性的体液免疫和细胞免疫。结论:生物信息学和转基因小鼠模型筛选相结合的方法,能用于高致病性禽流感核蛋白CTL表位的筛选。     

HCMV大小鼠眼组织损伤模型的初步研究

目的探讨接种人巨细胞病毒(Humancytomegalovirus,HCMV)是否引起Wistar大鼠、昆明种小鼠眼组织损伤.方法将HCMVAD169毒株经静脉接种Wistar大鼠和昆明种小鼠,观察动物眼部发病情况,原位杂交检测动物眼组织中的HCMVDNA片段.结果接种病毒后部分动物缓慢出现眼部发病,局部分泌物增多、浑浊甚至失明;经原位杂交于视锥、视杆细胞和角膜内皮细胞中检出HCMVDNA片段.结论HCMV可以感染动物眼组织,并引起动物发生眼病.     

硬枝碱蓬多糖对免疫抑制小鼠血清中NO含量及NOS活性的影响

采用氢化可的松皮下注射小鼠建立免疫抑制模型,观察不同浓度硬枝碱蓬多糖(100、200和400mg/kg·d)灌服小鼠后(模型对照组灌服等体积生理盐水),对免疫抑制小鼠血清中NO含量及TNOS、iNOS活性的影响。结果表明:3个试验组免疫抑制小鼠血清中NO含量及TNOS、iNOS活性均明显降低。其中,硬枝碱蓬多糖低、中浓度组iNOS活性显著低于模型对照组(P<0.05),高浓度组iNOS活性极显著低于模型对照组(P<0.01);硬枝碱蓬多糖低、中、高浓度组NO含量及TNOS活性与模型对照组相比差异均极显著(P<0.01),且呈现明显的浓度依赖效应。结果提示,硬枝碱蓬多糖可通过抑制NOS并最终抑制NO的细胞毒性作用而对正常组织细胞发挥保护作用,并进一步增强小鼠的免疫力。     

皮内与腹腔接种不同来源菌株对实验性小鼠孢子丝菌病的影响

目的将不同来源的申克孢子丝菌菌株接种于免疫抑制处理后的小鼠皮内及腹腔,造成其实验性感染,观察其感染情况,研究不同菌株及不同接种途径对小鼠孢子丝菌病的影响。方法分别在小鼠皮内和腹腔注射孢子丝菌菌悬液0.1ml,约含1×107个孢子,观察3周。观察结束时处死小鼠取其血、脑、肺、肝、脾、肾、肠系膜、睾丸、腹膜进行真菌培养和组织病理检查。结果皮内和腹腔接种不同来源菌株的小鼠各器官感染率各不相同。播散株皮内接种组、固定株腹腔接种组、播散株腹腔接种组的各器官平均感染率分别为16.05%、18.89%、58.73%。播散株腹腔接种组与其他二组之间差异均有显著性,脾和睾丸是最易受累的器官。结论不同来源菌株可能毒力不同,播散型菌株具有更强的侵袭性。脾脏可能在宿主抗孢子丝菌感染中具有重要作用。     

家蚕核型多角体病毒对小鼠的易感性及其蛋白组份的检测

家蚕核型多角体病毒(Bm-NPV)是一类环状DNA病毒。该病毒作为载体,应用在杆状病毒-昆虫真核生物表达系统。为确定家蚕基因工程表达系统产品对人的安全性,观察了该病毒对哺乳动物细胞株及对小鼠的易感性,建立了检测Bm-NPV蛋白组份的dot-ELISA方法,可用于生物表达器生产的产品中残存多角体病毒组份的检测。结果表明,芽生型多角体病毒(BV)在杂交瘤细胞和HL60细胞中不增殖。不同剂量包埋型多角体病毒(OV)灌胃感染小鼠,小鼠肝、肾组织切片的电镜观察及免疫组化染色未见到病毒颗粒。     

不同浓度卵蛋白变应原对小鼠哮喘模型建立的影响

目的研究不同浓度卵蛋白(ovalbumin,OVA)变应原对小鼠的哮喘造模影响。方法 96只6～8周龄SPF级雌性BALB/c小鼠随机分为8组,分别为PBS组(对照组)、10μg组(A组)、20μg组(B组)、50μg组(C组)、100μg组(D组)、200μg组(E组)、500μg组(F组)、1000μg组(G组)。A～G组分别用含1%明矾的PBS配制相应浓度的OVA于第0、7和第14天对小鼠进行腹腔注射。于第21～27天连续7 d用含1%的OVA的PBS溶液雾化吸入激发各组小鼠。正常对照组使用PBS溶液致敏和激发。最后一次雾化吸入激发后24 h内,计数各组小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液(BLAF)中嗜酸性粒细胞的含量,ELISA法检测IL-4、IL-5的分泌量及其血清IgG2a、IgE抗体的水平;肺组织病理切片观察各组小鼠哮喘模型的效果,评价最优哮喘造模的OVA浓度。结果 A～G组小鼠肺泡灌洗液中IL-4、IL-5含量均高于正常对照组(P<0.01),细胞因子水平随着OVA浓度的增高而逐渐下降;A～G组小鼠肺泡灌洗液中嗜酸性粒细胞数均高于正常对照组(P<0.01),从低浓度组至高浓度组嗜酸性粒细胞数从高向低变化;A～G组小鼠血清中总抗体IgE的水平均显著高于正常对照组(P<0.01),且随着OVA浓度的增高IgE水平逐渐下降。血清中IgG2a的水平则随OVA给药浓度的增高而逐渐增高;低浓度OVA致敏组小鼠肺组织标本可观察到明显的炎症浸润性病理表现,而高浓度组肺部组织病理变化不明显。结论低浓度的OVA连续致敏小鼠造成过敏性哮喘病理改变较为明显,随着OVA浓度的增高,造模效果逐渐降低,而高浓度的OVA则会导致模型小鼠发生免疫耐受。     

黄曲霉功能基因组学研究

黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus）是一种常见的腐生真菌和条件致病菌,其次生代谢产物黄曲霉毒素（Aflatoxin,AFT）具有高度的致癌性和致畸性,严重危及人类和动物健康。近年来,功能基因组学研究发展迅速,在真菌生长发育、挖掘真菌次级代谢产物以及研究包括黄曲霉毒素在内的真菌毒素等方面得到了广泛的应用。功能基因组学在研究黄曲霉与宿主之间的相互作用以及黄曲霉与其他曲霉之间的相互作用方面具有巨大的潜力。然而,黄曲霉功能基因组学受到细胞壁难以破除、耐药性高、筛选标记少、缺陷型菌株构建费力耗时等因素的影响而发展缓慢。概述了黄曲霉的选择标记、遗传转化方法和黄曲霉毒素以及环匹阿尼酸（cyclopiazonic acid, CPA）生物合成的研究进展,并讨论了在提高黄曲霉基因操作效率方面的潜在策略。例如,构建缺乏非同源末端连接（NHEJ）途径的菌株、Cre-loxP重组系统、CRISPR-Cas9等方法,为深入开展黄曲霉遗传学研究提供参考。     

黄曲霉Ste50衔接子蛋白对生长发育及致病性的影响

[目的]Ste50是真菌中重要的衔接子蛋白,在多个MAPK级联通路中起重要的信号衔接与传递作用.本研究鉴定出了黄曲霉AflSte50蛋白,并发现了其对黄曲霉的生长、产孢、致病能力和响应渗透压胁迫等方面的影响.[方法]首先通过生物信息学方法在黄曲霉NRRL3357中鉴定出ste50基因,并通过同源重组的方法构建了ste5...     

黄曲霉分生孢子色素合成基因pks1的鉴定及其对生长发育和侵染性的影响

【目的】分生孢子色素是真菌细胞壁的重要成分,对真菌的生长发育极为重要,并有助于真菌抵御各种环境胁迫。本研究鉴定了黄曲霉分生孢子色素合成基因,并研究了分生孢子色素对黄曲霉生长发育及其对抗紫外照射和侵染能力的影响。【方法】通过已知真菌孢子色素合成基因蛋白序列同源比对确定了黄曲霉分生孢子色素合成基因及其所在的基因簇,利用同源重组策略对目标基因进行敲除,获得了该色素合成基因缺失的突变菌株,并研究该基因敲除后对表型、产孢、菌核形成、黄曲霉毒素产生、抗紫外照射和侵染性等影响。【结果】与野生型菌株相比,黄曲霉pks1基因缺失菌株的分生孢子颜色变为白色,生长速度、孢子产量、菌核形成和黄曲霉毒素B_1的产生均没有显著性变化,但该基因的缺失导致孢子对紫外线照射的抵御能力明显减弱,降低了黄曲霉对玉米和花生种子的侵染能力。【结论】pks1(AFLA_006170)基因是黄曲霉分生孢子色素合成的关键基因,影响黄曲霉分生孢子对紫外线照射等不利环境因子的抵抗能力和对粮食种子的侵染能力。     

A novel combination of the essential oils of Cinnamomum camphora and Alpinia galanga in checking aflatoxin B1 production by a toxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus

The growth of a toxigenic strain (Saktiman 3Nst) of Aspergillus flavus decreased progressively with increasing concentration of essential oils from leaves of Cinnamomum camphora and rhizome of Alpinia galanga incorporated into SMKY liquid medium. The oils significantly arrested aflatoxin B₁ elaboration by A. flavus. The oil of C. camphora completely checked aflatoxin B₁ elaboration at 750 ppm (mg/L) while that of A. galanga showed complete inhibition at 500 ppm only. The oil combination of C. camphora and A. galanga showed more efficacy than the individual oils showing complete inhibition of AFB₁ production even at 250 ppm.     

The Phylogenetics of Mycotoxin and Sclerotium Production in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus oryzae

Aspergillus flavus is a common filamentous fungus that produces aflatoxins and presents a major threat to agriculture and human health. Previous phylogenetic studies of A. flavus have shown that it consists of two subgroups, called groups I and II, and morphological studies indicated that it consists of two morphological groups based on sclerotium size, called “S” and “L.” The industrially important non-aflatoxin-producing fungus A. oryzae is nested within group I. Three different gene regions, including part of a gene involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis (omt12), were sequenced in 33 S and L strains of A. flavus collected from various regions around the world, along with three isolates of A. oryzae and two isolates of A. parasiticus that were used as outgroups. The production of B and G aflatoxins and cyclopiazonic acid was analyzed in the A. flavus isolates, and each isolate was identified as “S” or “L” based on sclerotium size. Phylogenetic analysis of all three genes confirmed the inference that group I and group II represent a deep divergence within A. flavus. Most group I strains produced B aflatoxins to some degree, and none produced G aflatoxins. Four of six group II strains produced both B and G aflatoxins. All group II isolates were of the “S” sclerotium phenotype, whereas group I strains consisted of both “S” and “L” isolates. Based on the omt12 gene region, phylogenetic structure in sclerotium phenotype and aflatoxin production was evident within group I. Some non-aflatoxin-producing isolates of group I had an omt12 allele that was identical to that found in isolates of A. oryzae.     

不同浓度壳聚糖对炭黑曲霉和硫色镰刀菌生长和发育的影响

【背景】壳聚糖是广泛存在于甲壳动物的一种多糖,具有广谱的抗真菌活性,但壳聚糖是否影响炭黑曲霉(Aspergillus carbonarius)和硫色镰刀菌(Fusarium sulphureum)生长和发育尚未见报道。【目的】明确不同浓度壳聚糖对A. carbonarius和F. sulphureum生长和发育的影响。【方法】通过在PDA培养基中添加不同浓度壳聚糖,测定两种真菌的菌落直径、生物量和菌丝干重,观察产孢量、孢子萌发和芽管长度,比较抑菌的差异。【结果】壳聚糖处理可显著改变两种真菌的菌落形态,处理浓度越高菌落皱缩和变形越明显;壳聚糖还可以有效抑制两种真菌的菌落生长、菌丝干重和菌丝生物量,抑制效果呈明显的浓度依赖,对F. sulphureum的抑制效果更好。壳聚糖可抑制两种真菌的产孢量、孢子萌发和芽管伸长,处理浓度越高抑制效果越好,对F. sulphureum的抑制效果更为明显。壳聚糖对A. carbonarius和F. sulphureum的EC₅₀值分别为0.12 mg/mL和0.075 mg/mL。【结论】壳聚糖可有效抑制A. carbonarius和F. sulphureum的生长发育,抑制效果呈浓度依赖,F. sulphureum对壳聚糖更为敏感。     

过表达Na,K-ATPase基因增强了黑曲霉对硅灰石的风化能力

【目的】探究和证实黑曲霉钠钾ATP酶(NKA)在硅灰石风化过程中的作用。【方法】以野生型黑曲霉(WT)为原始菌株构建黑曲霉Na,K-ATPaseα1基因(NKAα1)高表达菌株oeNKA。通过测定不同时间点(0d、2d、4d、6d)oeNKA和WT生物量、培养液pH值和矿物风化释放的Ca~(2+)浓度,并用X-ray diffraction (XRD)对风化后的矿物残渣进行检测,比较oeNKA和WT菌株对硅灰石这种硅酸盐矿物的风化效果。【结果】oeNKA菌株的NKAα1基因相对表达量和酶活分别为WT菌株的103倍和1.76倍。在持续6d的培养过程中,oeNKA与WT的菌丝体生物量变化趋势相同,在培养第2天时WT显著高于oeNKA,随时间差异逐渐缩小并在第6天达到最低;培养液pH值变化趋势相同,分别下降至3.64和3.87;oeNKA风化硅灰石时所释放Ca~(2+)浓度(1011.36±47.78μg/g)约为WT (248.30±25.21μg/g)的4倍;XRD检测图谱显示菌株oeNKA对硅灰石风化作用更明显。【结论】NKAα1过表达菌株oeNKA对硅灰石的风化能力显著高于WT菌株,且黑曲霉的NKA与硅灰石的风化有密切关联。     

The innate immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus

Despite the development of new treatments, the mortality due to invasive pulmonary aspergillosis remains above 50%, reaching 95% in certain situations. The battle against Aspergillus fumigatus involves several components of the pulmonary innate immune system: cells, mediators, and natural antifungal molecules involved in the recognition and elimination of the fungus, thereby preventing colonization of the respiratory system.With the 10,000–15,000 l of air we inhale each day, the lungs are constantly exposed to a wide range of microorganisms, such as A. fumigatus. This fungus is ubiquitous in the environment and can release large numbers of spores able, due to their small size, to penetrate the respiratory tract. The spores of A. fumigatus, like any other pathogen, are then confronted with the innate immune system, a constitutive defense system that is permanently active and tightly regulated. The various elements of the pulmonary innate immune system—physical and cellular barriers and soluble mediators—are involved in the recognition and elimination of pathogens, thereby preventing colonization of the respiratory system. Consequently, the presence of spores in immunocompetent hosts is completely innocuous, because these spores are normally eliminated. However, changes in one of the components of the defense system may lead to the development of pulmonary infections. Thus, in immunocompromised individuals, the spores are able to develop and cause pulmonary mycoses. These mycoses, known as aspergillosis, are highly variable, with the range of presentations extending from an allergy-type illness, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergilloses, to a very serious generalized and frequently fatal infection: invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA).     

Catalytic properties of the immobilized Aspergillus tamarii xylanase

Xylanase from Aspergillus tamarii was covalently immobilized on Duolite A147 pretreated with the bifunctional agent glutaraldehyde. The bound enzyme retained 54.2% of the original specific activity exhibited by the free enzyme (120 U/mg protein). Compared to the free enzyme, the immobilized enzyme exhibited lower optimum pH, higher optimum reaction temperature, lower energy of activation, higher K_m (Michaelis constant), lower V_max (maximal reaction rate). The half-life for the free enzyme was 186.0, 93.0, and 50.0 min for 40, 50, and 60°C, respectively, whereas the immobilized form at the same temperatures had half-life of 320, 136, and 65 min. The deactivation rate constant at 60°C for the immobilized enzyme is about 6.0 × 10⁻³, which is lower than that of the free enzyme (7.77 × 10⁻³ min). The energy of thermal deactivation was 15.22 and 20.72 kcal/mol, respectively for the free and immobilized enzyme, confirming stabilization by immobilization. An external mass transfer resistance was identified with the immobilization carrier (Duolite A147). The effect of some metal ions on the activity of the free and immobilized xylanase has been investigated. The immobilized enzyme retained about 73.0% of the initial catalytic activity even after being used 8 cycles.     

Infection of the human orbit by Aspergillus stromatoides

We report a case of human infection due to Aspergillus stromatoides. To our knowledge this organism has not previously been described as causing human infections. The infection of sino-orbital tissues was of 3 1/2 years duration and the patient died following cerebral involvement despite seven months of hospitalisation and therapy including amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine and rifampicin.