促肾上腺皮质激素引起大鼠肾上腺c—fos原癌基因表达的免疫…

采用冰冻切片免疫组化法观察了注射促肾上腺皮质激素（ＡＣＴＨ,７５Ｕ／ｋｇ）,胰岛素及正常对照大鼠中肾上腺务部分ｃ－ｆｏｓ原癌基因表达产物Ｆｏｓ蛋白的出现和分布特点。结果表明注射ＡＣＴＨ后９０ｍｉｎ,大鼠肾上腺皮质网状带出现Ｆｏｓ蛋白染色阳性细胞,阳性染色物集中于细胞核,肾上腺皮质束状带仅见少数Ｆｏｓ蛋白染色阳性细胞,肾上腺髓质则未见Ｆｏｓ蛋白染色阳性细胞。与注射ＡＣＴＨ相反,注射胰岛素引起肾上腺髓     

电针刺激可在大鼠脊髓诱发Fos样蛋白的生成

本研究利用Fos蛋白的免疫组织化学方法首次报道电针“三阴交”穴位可在大鼠脊髓诱发原癌基因c-fos的表达。电针后大量Fos免疫反应(FLI)细胞出现在脊髓腰膨大的背、腹角,但标记最密集区为背角Ⅲ,Ⅳ层。在动物足部注射福尔马林产生的伤害性刺激亦可在脊髓腰膨大背、腹角诱发大量FLI细胞,但以背角Ⅰ,Ⅱ层标记最为密集。因此电针和伤害性刺激引起的脊髓c-fos表达在分布上是不同的。电针诱发的Foc蛋白可能参与针刺镇痛。     

侧脑室注射肾上腺髓质素对大鼠脑内心血管相关核团儿茶酚胺神经元及c-fos表达的影响

目的和方法:利用Fos蛋白和酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)的双重免疫组化方法,观察侧脑室注射肾上腺髓质素对大鼠心血管相关核团中儿茶酚胺神经元及c fos表达的影响,以探讨肾上腺髓质素的中枢效应是否通过激活脑内儿茶酚胺能神经元而诱发。结果:①侧脑室注射肾上腺髓质素(3nmol/kg)诱发脑干、下丘脑及前脑等多个部位的心血管中枢出现大量Fos样免疫反应神经元。②侧脑室注射肾上腺髓质素引起最后区(AP)、孤束核(NTS)、巨细胞旁外侧核(PGL)和蓝斑核(LC)内Fos TH双标神经元明显增加。③降钙素基因相关肽受体拮抗剂CGRP8-37(30nmol/kg)可明显减弱肾上腺髓质素的效应。结论:肾上腺髓质素可兴奋脑干、下丘脑及前脑等多个部位心血管相关核团的神经元,其中枢效应通过激活儿茶酚胺能神经元而诱发,降钙素基因相关肽受体介导这一效应。     

血管紧张素Ⅱ和阿片肽对Fos蛋白表达的影响

利用抗体免疫沉淀技术研究了血管紧张素Ⅱ(AⅡ),δ受体激动剂(DPDPE)和к受体激动剂(NDAP)对大鼠脑组织c-fos原癌基因表达的影响.结果表明,0.1μmol/LAⅡ可显著刺激脑组织中Fos蛋白的表达,0.1μmol/L DPDPE和0.1μmol/L NDAP对Fos蛋白的表达亦有一定的诱导作用.AⅡ与DPDPE或NDAP共同处理组织,Fos蛋白表达水平低于AⅡ单独诱导的水平.结果表明阿片肽可抑制AⅡ对Fos蛋白表达的作用.     

褪黑素抑制原代培养鸭肾上皮细胞c—fos的表达

本研究采用Fos蛋白免疫组化染色方法观察了胎牛血清对原代培养鸭肾上皮细胞c-fos表达的刺激作用及褪黑素的阻断作用,以每一视野Fos染色阳性细胞的百分比为指标,每组实验观察14至17个视野,实验结果显示,正常对照组平均每视野Fos染色阳性细胞为44．31±2．77％,胎牛血清刺激组为63．07±3．93％,明显高于对照组IP＜0．01）,胎牛血清加10^-6mol/L褪黑素组为35．29±3．22％,明显低于单纯胎牛血清刺激组（P＜0．01）,但与对照组无明显差异（P＞0．05）,该结果表明褪黑素可以抑制原代培养鸭肾上皮细胞c-fos表达。     

Fos蛋白在脑挫伤皮质和海马中表达的研究

目的探讨脑挫裂伤后Fos因蛋白在皮质和海马中表达的变化.方法取成年大鼠45只分为正常对照组、实验对照组和模型组.用Feemey's自由落体法将其中32只复制脑挫伤动物模型;脑挫伤后30min、1h、2h、4h、8h、12h、24h和48h,分别取脑;石蜡切片,免疫组织化学染色.结果正常对照组脑内无Fos阳性细胞;实验对照组局部皮质有Fos微弱表达;模型组脑挫伤侧皮质和海马有Fos阳性表达.30min后已有阳性细胞;2～4h达高峰,阳性细胞多,而且着色较深,8～24h逐渐减弱,48h则不见阳性细胞.结论脑创伤可以导致伤侧皮质和海马c-fos基因蛋白过表达,而且各时间段表达强度不同,观察c-fos基因表达强度,可以作为临床提示脑部受伤时间的参考指标.     

大鼠面部伤害性刺激后纹状体边缘区内原癌基因c-fos和NOS的表达

为了研究纹状体边缘区和痛觉的关系,用c-fos和NADPH－d双标记方法研究了大鼠面部伤害性刺激后c-fos蛋白（Fos）和NOS在纹状体边缘区的表达。面部伤害性刺激后30分钟,边缘区中即出现Fos表达,刺激后3小时,Fos表达达最高峰,而且主要在边缘区部位表达。正常大鼠纹状体边缘区中有密集的NOS阳性神经元及纤维,面部伤害性刺激3小时后,纹状体其余部位的NOS阳性胞体及纤维减少或消失,但边缘区中仍保留,并可见少数Fos和NOS双标记细胞,提示纹状体边缘区可能和面部痛觉的调制有关。     

西酞普兰对应激大鼠额叶皮质神经细胞PCNA、C-fos表达及凋亡的影响

目的：研究西酞普兰对慢性应激大鼠额叶皮质神经细胞增殖细胞核抗原（PCNA）、原癌基因蛋白（C-fos）表达及凋亡的影响。方法：将24只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分为3组（n=8）：对照组（不做任何处理）、应激组（应激＋生理盐水灌胃）、实验组（应激＋西酞普兰灌胃）,采用强迫游泳建立慢性应激模型,用免疫组化法检测PCNA、C-fos蛋白表达水平;TUNEL法检测细胞凋亡情况;尼康图像分析软件测量各指标阳性细胞数量。结果：应激组与对照组比较,可见少量PCNA表达阳性细胞、大量c-fos表达阳性细胞,阳性细胞的体积明显缩小。实验组与应激组比较,可见PCNA表达阳性细胞增多、C-fos表达阳性细胞明显减少,TUNEL阳性细胞数量减少,核浓缩现象较应激组明显减轻,染色也明显变淡,上述差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：慢性应激可影响大鼠额叶皮质神经细胞PCNA、C-fos蛋白表达水平,促进细胞凋亡,西酞普兰可调控额叶皮质神经细胞PCNA、C-fos蛋白表达水平,拮抗细胞凋亡,这可能是西酞普兰预防和治疗慢性应激引起的精神心理疾病的机制之一。     

刺激大鼠穹窿下器官诱发饮水和脑内c—fos表达的胆碱能机制

实验以饮水行为脑内c-fos表达为指标,,观察刺激大鼠穹窿下器官（SFO）的效应,结果显示,刺激SFO能诱发明显的饮水行为,与此同时,前脑8个部位（终板血管器官,正中视前核,室旁核,视上核,下丘脑外侧区,穹窿周核背侧区,丘脑联合核和无名质）和后脑3个部位（最后区,孤束核和壁旁外侧核）的Fos蛋白表达明显增强,免疫组化双重染色结果显示,刺激SFO能诱导视上核和室旁核中部分神经元呈Fos蛋白和加压素共同表达。脑室注射阿托品能部分阻断刺激SFO诱发的饮水行为,脑内上述各部位所诱导的Fos蛋白表达也明显减弱,以上结果提示,M胆碱能机制参与 刺激SFO诱发的饮水行为和脑内Fos蛋白的表达。     

一氧化氮抑制血管紧张素Ⅱ和内皮素-1诱导的心肌细胞原癌基因c-fos表达

在原代培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞上, 探讨一氧化氮 (NO)对血管紧张素Ⅱ (AⅡ)和内皮素-1 (ET-1)诱导的心肌细胞肥大和原癌基因c-fos表达的影响.用Bradford 法测定心肌细胞总蛋白含量 (作为心肌细胞肥大的指标); 用基因特异性引物和 SuperScript一步法进行逆转录聚合酶链式反应 (RT-PCR), 检测大鼠心肌细胞原癌基因c-fos的表达 (以GAPDH为内标).结果显示, AⅡ和ET-1分别作用5 d和3 d后, 心肌细胞总蛋白含量显著增加; 硝普钠 (NO供体)可抑制AⅡ或ET-1诱导的心肌细胞总蛋白增加.AⅡ,ET-1和PMA (蛋白激酶C激动剂)均可诱导心肌细胞原癌基因c-fos的表达; L-精氨酸可抑制AⅡ,ET-1和PMA诱导心肌细胞原癌基因c-fos的表达, L-NAME (NOS抑制剂)可抑制L-精氨酸的这一作用; 硝普钠对可抑制AⅡ,ET-1和PMA诱导心肌细胞原癌基因c-fos的表达.结果表明, NO可抑制AⅡ或ET-1诱导的心肌细胞肥大和原癌基因c-fos表达, 其作用机制可能与蛋白激酶C这一环节有关.     

Trophic and steroidogenic effects of water deprivation on the adrenal gland of the adult female rat

The effects of a 3-day water deprivation were studied in adult female rats in order to know what are the different zones of the adrenal gland and the hormonal factors involved in the growth and the activity of the adrenal gland. Water deprivation significantly increased plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma Angiotensin II (AII), vasopressin (AVP), epinephrine, aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations but did not modify the plasma adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) level. Water deprivation significantly increased the absolute weight of the adrenal capsule containing the zona glomerulosa without modification of the density of cells per area unit suggesting that the growth of the adrenal capsule was due to a cell hyperplasia of the zona glomerulosa. Water deprivation significantly increased the density of AII type 1 (AT₁) receptors in the adrenal capsule but did not modify the density of AII type 2 (AT₂) receptors in the adrenal capsule and core containing the zona fasciculata, the zona reticularis and the medulla. The treatment of dehydrated female rats with captopril, which inhibits the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in order to block the production of AII, significantly decreased the absolute weight of the adrenal capsule, plasma aldosterone and the density of AT₁ receptors in the adrenal capsule. The concentration of corticosterone in the plasma, the density of AT₂ receptors and the density of cells per unit area in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal capsule were not affected by captopril-treatment. In conclusion, these results suggest that AII seems to be the main factor involved in the stimulation of the growth and the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal capsule containing the zona glomerulosa during water deprivation. The low level of plasma ACTH is not involved in the growth of the adrenal gland but is probably responsible for the secretion of corticosterone by the zona fasciculata.     

Detection of the pro-opiomelanocortin peptide fragments--beta-endorphin and ACTH--in the adrenals of rats and mice by immunohistochemistry

Independent peptide fragments of pro-opiomelanocortin molecule, beta-endorphin and ACTH, have been detected immunohistochemically in the adrenal glands of rats and mice. Immunoreactive beta-endorphin and ACTH have been revealed in the adrenal medulla and reticular zone of the adrenal cortex. beta-endorphin and ACTH distribution patterns in adrenal sections were identical, which is indicative of the linked synthesis of these peptides in the adrenal gland. The data obtained suggest the existence of pituitary-independent mechanisms regulating corticosteroidogenesis in the adrenal gland, involving adrenal pro-opiomelanocortin fragments.     

Endocrine and neurogenic regulation of the orphan nuclear receptors Nur77 and Nurr-1 in the adrenal glands.

nurr77 and nurr-1 are growth factor-inducible members of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor gene superfamily. In order to gain insight into the potential roles of nur77 in the living organism, we used pharmacologic treatments to examine the expression of nur77 in the mouse adrenal gland. We found that nur77 and nurr-1 are induced in the adrenal gland upon treatment with pentylene tetrazole (Ptz; Metrazole). This induction is separable into distinct endocrine and neurogenic mechanisms. In situ hybridization analysis demonstrates that nur77 expression upon Ptz treatment in the adrenal cortex is localized primarily to the inner cortical region, the zona fasciculata-reticularis, with minimal induction in the zona glomerulosa. This induction is inhibitable by pretreatment with dexamethasone, indicating involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in the activation of adrenal cortical expression. When mice were injected with adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), nur77 expression in the adrenal gland spanned all cortical layers including the zona glomerulosa, but medullary expression was not induced. Ptz also induces expression of both nur77 and nurr-1 in the adrenal medulla. Medullary induction is likely to have a neurogenic origin, as nur77 expression was not inhibitable by dexamethasone pretreatment and induction was seen after treatment with the cholinergic neurotransmitter nicotine. nur77 is also inducible by ACTH, forskolin, and the second messenger analog dibutyryl cyclic AMP in the ACTH-responsive adrenal cortical cell line Y-1. Significantly, Nur77 isolated from ACTH-stimulated Y-1 cells bound to its response element whereas Nur77 present in unstimulated cells did not. Moreover, Nur77 in ACTH-treated Y-1 cells was hypophosphorylated at serine 354 compared with that in untreated cells. These results, taken together with the previous observation that dephosphorylation of serine 354 affects DNA binding affinity in vitro, show for the first time that phosphorylation of Nur77 at serine 354 is under hormonal regulation, modulating its DNA binding affinity. Thus, ACTH regulates Nur77 in two ways: activation of its gene and posttranslational modification. A promoter analysis of nur77 induction in Y-1 cells indicates that the regulatory elements mediating ACTH induction differ from those required for induction in the adrenal medullary tumor cell line PC12 and in 3T3 fibroblasts.     

Light and electron microscopic evidences of the presence of c-fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat adrenal cortex

Summary The presence and localization of c-fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat adrenal cortex has been demonstrated by immunocytochemical methods at both light and electron microscopic level. C-fos-like immunoreactivity was detected in the zona fasciculata and the zona reticulata, but not in the zona glomerulosa. Ultrastructurally, all products of c-fos-like immunoreaction were localized exclusively in the regions associated with the euchromatin in the nucleus of the immunoreactive cells. Moreover, a higher density of the immunoreactive cells in the adrenal cortex of pregnant rats was found with quantitative immunocytochemistry as compared to the non-pregnant. The characteristic zonation of c-fos-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal cortex suggest that the c-fos protein is involved in the normal function of the glucocorticoid-producing cells of mammalian adrenals. The numerical increase in the immunoreactive cells in pregnant rats implies that basal expression of the c-fos-like protein may vary with the functional state of the cortical cells.     

Light and electron microscopic evidences of the presence of c-fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat adrenal cortex

The presence and localization of c-fos-like immunoreactivity in the rat adrenal cortex has been demonstrated by immunocytochemical methods at both light and electron microscopic level. C-fos-like immunoreactivity was detected in the zona fasciculata and the zona reticulata, but not in the zona glomerulosa. Ultrastructurally, all products of c-fos-like immunoreaction were localized exclusively in the regions associated with the euchromatin in the nucleus of the immunoreactive cells. Moreover, a higher density of the immunoreactive cells in the adrenal cortex of pregnant rats was found with quantitative immunocytochemistry as compared to the non-pregnant. The characteristic zonation of c-fos-like immunoreactivity in the adrenal cortex suggest that the c-fos protein is involved in the normal function of the glucocorticoid-producing cells of mammalian adrenals. The numerical increase in the immunoreactive cells in pregnant rats implies that basal expression of the c-fos-like protein may vary with the functional state of the cortical cells.     

Chronic stress and high sucrose intake cause distinctive morphometric effects in the adrenal glands of post-weaned rats

We investigated the effects of chronic stress combined with high sucrose intake on the morphology of the adrenal glands in young rats. Male Wistar rats were fed a standard chow diet and allocated into control (C; tap water), chronic restraint stress (St), 30% sucrose diet (S30) and 30% sucrose diet + chronic restraint stress (S30 + St) groups. St consisted of 1 h daily sessions, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. Chronic stress reduced the thickness of the zona glomerulosa (ZG) and zona fasciculata (ZF) in both right and left glands; the thickness of the zona reticularis (ZR) was increased in the right gland. Cell density was greater in the ZF and medulla of both right and left glands, whereas cell density increased in the ZR of only the left gland. The percentage of small cells was lower in the ZG, whereas more large cells were found in the left gland. A similar result was obtained for the ZF, ZR and medulla in both right and left glands. Chronic stress increased the area covered by blood vessels in the ZR of the right gland, but decreased the area in the ZR of the left gland. The area covered by blood vessels was reduced in the medulla of both right and left glands in rats subjected to chronic stress. Infiltration of immune cells was increased by chronic stress in all layers of the cortex of the left gland, but was reduced in the medulla of the right gland. A high sucrose diet reduced the thickness of the medulla in the left gland. Cell proliferation increased in the ZG of the right gland and the weight of the right adrenal gland increased. Reduced cell proliferation in the ZG of the left gland was associated with a reduction in the area covered by blood vessels. In addition, the area covered by blood vessels decreased in the medulla of both glands. Our findings demonstrate that exposure to chronic stress during early life causes morphometric changes in adrenal glands.     

Chronic stress induces adrenal hyperplasia and hypertrophy in a subregion-specific manner

The adrenal gland is an essential stress-responsive organ that is part of both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympatho-adrenomedullary system. Chronic stress exposure commonly increases adrenal weight, but it is not known to what extent this growth is due to cellular hyperplasia or hypertrophy and whether it is subregion specific. Moreover, it is not clear whether increased production of adrenal glucocorticoid after chronic stress is due to increased sensitivity to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) vs. increased maximal output. The present studies use a 14-day chronic variable stress (CVS) paradigm in adult male rats to assess the effects of chronic stress on adrenal growth and corticosterone steroidogenesis. Exogenous ACTH administration (0-895 ng/100 g body wt) to dexamethasone-blocked rats demonstrated that CVS increased maximal plasma and adrenal corticosterone responses to ACTH without affecting sensitivity. This enhanced function was associated with increased adrenal weight, DNA and RNA content, and RNA/DNA ratio after CVS, suggesting that both cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy occurred. Unbiased stereological counting of cells labeled for Ki67 (cell division marker) or 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (nuclear marker), combined with zone specific markers, showed that CVS induced hyperplasia in the outer zona fasciculata, hypertrophy in the inner zona fasciculata and medulla, and reduced cell size in the zona glomerulosa. Collectively, these results demonstrate that increased adrenal weight after CVS is due to hyperplasia and hypertrophy that occur in specific adrenal subregions and is associated with increased maximal corticosterone responses to ACTH. These chronic stress-induced changes in adrenal growth and function may have implications for patients with stress-related disorders.