玻璃温室与田间栽培小麦幼穗分化的比较

以河南省大面积种植的弱春性品种"郑麦9023"及半冬性品种"周麦18"为材料,开展了玻璃温室和田间栽培条件下小麦幼穗分化进程的比较研究。结果表明,在小麦全生育期,玻璃温室内平均温度高于田间环境,小麦幼穗分化所需时间极显著低于田间环境(P < 0.01)。温度和0 ℃以上积温升高,小麦幼穗分化进程加快。与田间种植小麦相比,玻璃温室内小麦幼穗分化缩短的时期主要集中在分化前期(出苗-伸长期、单棱期、二棱期)。玻璃温室内小麦幼穗分化持续时间和总积温均随播期推迟而降低,幼穗分化各阶段出现时间亦随播期的推迟而后延。小麦幼穗分化进程存在品种间差异,其中"郑麦9023"幼穗分化持续时间小于"周麦18",各阶段出现的时间亦早于"周麦18"。温度对幼穗分化各时期的影响存在品种间差异。温度升高对"郑麦9023"幼穗分化中期(二棱期、护颖分化期、小花分化期)影响较大,对"周麦18"幼穗分化前期和后期(单棱期、二棱期、药隔分化期)影响较大。积温对"郑麦9023"护颖分化期和"周麦18"药隔分化期、二棱期影响较大。     

谷子幼穗培养体细胞胚胎发生的组织学研究

谷子劫穗培养再生植株及体细胞胚胎发生国内已有简报。我们在进行谷子幼穗培养高频率诱导胚性愈伤组织及再生植株的同时,利用组织学、解剖学及扫描电镜方法观察到了谷子幼穗培养中的体细胞胚胎发生,为进一步开展谷子原生质体培养及其抗性突变育种奠定了基础。本文着重报道谷子幼穗培养中体细胞胚胎发生的组织学观察结果。     

籼型常规早稻穗分化期低温对颖花形成和籽粒充实的影响

以籼型常规早稻中嘉早17为材料,于盆栽条件下采用人工气候箱控温,在水稻穗分化一次枝梗原基分化期(Ⅱ)与花粉母细胞减数分裂期(Ⅵ)进行17和20 ℃的低温胁迫处理,研究不同低温对水稻枝梗、颖花分化与退化及籽粒充实的影响.结果表明： 与对照相比,不同低温处理均显著降低每穗枝梗及颖花分化数和现存数,颖花现存数降幅为7.2%～12.4%,同时增加了枝梗和颖花的退化数,影响了花粉活性、花药开裂等花器官发育,导致籽粒充实不良,以17 ℃低温胁迫效应更明显.穗分化Ⅵ期低温处理总枝梗和颖花分化数与现存数低于穗分化Ⅱ期,但二次枝梗和颖花退化数较多,颖花退化数较穗分化Ⅱ期高11.6%;穗分化Ⅱ期低温处理穗部籽粒结实率显著低于穗分化Ⅵ期,降幅达3.7%,主要与花粉粒活性、柱头花粉散落数、花药开裂系数和籽粒充实度受低温影响较大有关.另外,穗分化Ⅱ、Ⅵ两时期受17 ℃低温胁迫效应大于20 ℃.综合穗分化两时期低温胁迫效应的差异,生产中需加强相应栽培措施的调控.     

高粱幼穗分化与叶龄指数的关联研究

为明确高粱穗分化进程的简易叶龄诊断方法,该文以杂交种'晋渝糯3号'和常规种'国窖红1号'为供试材料,设置3个播期,观察幼穗分化进程及对应的叶龄,分析各分化阶段与叶龄及叶龄指数的对应关系.结果表明:(1)高粱幼穗分化过程可划分为5个时期(营养生长期、生长锥伸长期、枝梗分化期、小穗小花分化期和雌雄蕊分化期),不育的有柄小穗...     

暖冬条件下播期对不同类型小麦幼穗分化的影响

对3个不同类型小麦品种在不同播期下的幼穗分化进程及受冻情况进行了系统观察和研究。结果表明,在气候变暖,秋、冬温度较高的情况下,小麦幼穗分化进入各时期的时间早晚为强春性品种>春性品种>半冬性品种;播期对小麦幼穗分化的伸长期、单棱期和二棱期持续时间长短影响较大;在早播的情况下。春性越强的小麦品种,越冬前幼穗分化发育速度越快,达到的发育阶段越高,越冬期间越容易被冻死。据此,提出在河南气候变暖,秋、冬温度较高的情况下,首先在生产上要选用半冬性品种,适当搭配晚播早熟的春性品种;其次,无论半冬性品种或春性品种。播种期都不宜过早。     

分蘖型谷子资源的表型和遗传多样性分析

本研究选用了来自国外及国内的68份分蘖型谷子进行了表型及遗传多样性分析。表型分析表明,质量性状以绿鞘、白谷黄米、圆锥穗、松散穗码居多,数量性状变异系数除出谷率较小外,其他性状表现了丰富的遗传变异,来自山西的小软谷单株穗重、单株穗粒重、千粒重均为最高,而来自黑龙江的大青谷单株穗粒重、出谷率、千粒重均为最低。遗传多样性分析结果表明,77对引物共检测出202个等位位点,每对引物可检测到1~6个位点不等,平均为2.62个;77对引物多态性信息含量(PIC)在0.0283~0.6974之间,平均多态性信息量(PIC)为0.4169,68份材料间的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.59~0.96,平均值为0.68。利用软件NTSYSpc 2.10的UPGMA聚类方法对68份谷子分蘖材料进行了聚类,这些材料被划分为4个类群,即Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ。Ⅰ类群主要来自西北地区谷子分蘖种质,Ⅱ类群主要来自国外谷子分蘖种质,Ⅲ类群包括华北、华东和东北的谷子分蘖种质,Ⅳ类群仅包括一个种质。结合表型鉴定出10份优势谷子分蘖种质。这些结果揭示68份谷子分蘖种质遗传多样性较好,研究结果为挖掘谷子分蘖优良基因及谷子分蘖育种提供理论依据。     

谷子抽穗期与农艺性状的相关与回归分析

抽穗期是农作物的重要性状,决定着作物的地区和季节适应性。明确不同谷子品种适合的种植区域,对生产实践具有重要意义。在海南、洛阳、吉林3个地区连续2年调查了160份谷子资源的抽穗期、株高、穗长、穗重等9个主要性状。相关性分析发现3个地区抽穗期与千粒重均呈负相关,而在海南、洛阳2个地区抽穗期与株高、叶片数、穗长、穗粗、穗重、穗码数、穗粒重均呈正相关,吉林地区抽穗期与穗粒重呈负相关,说明随着抽穗期的适当延长,谷子主要通过增加子粒数目提高产量,而抽穗期过度推迟,则可能导致产量潜力下降;方差分析表明,3个地区抽穗期对千粒重、株高、叶片数、穗长、穗粗、穗重、穗粒重、穗码数均有显著影响(P<0.05)。在海南,随着抽穗期的延长穗粒重递增,抽穗期40 d以上品种穗粒重最大;在洛阳,抽穗期50～60 d的品种穗粒重最高;在吉林,抽穗期70～80 d的品种穗粒重最高。求得每个品种在3个地区的穗粒重均值,以此为依据筛选出53份广生态适应性品种,在3个地区成功建立了叶片数、株高、穗码数对抽穗期的最佳回归方程。本研究表明一定抽穗期范围内谷子主要通过增加穗粒数而不是千粒重来实现增产,筛选出的广生态适应性谷子资源以及建立的回归方程为开展广适应育种、利用抽穗期信息对叶片数、株高、穗码数进行准确选择奠定了基础。     

籼稻颖花分化与退化对不同播期温光的响应

试验以三系杂交籼稻‘五优308’和‘天优华占’以及常规籼稻‘黄华占’为材料,在大田条件下,设置10个播期,研究田间不同温光条件对籼稻生育期天数、颖花分化和退化数的影响.结果表明: 温度对3个籼稻品种生育期的影响比日照长度大,平均温度升高1 ℃,播种-穗分化始期天数平均减少1.5 d,而穗分化历期天数与光照和温度的关系均不密切.不同播期间每穗颖花数和颖花分化数存在显著差异.穗分化期间平均温度、最高温度和最低温度升高,有效积温增加,昼夜温差扩大,光辐射增强,有利于穗分化期干物质积累和颖花分化,各品种趋势一致.穗分化期间有效积温增加50 ℃,颖花分化数增加10.5朵,昼夜温差扩大1 ℃,颖花分化增加14.3朵,总光辐射量增加50 MJ·m^-2,颖花分化数增加17.1朵.颖花退化率与温度呈现二次项相关,极端高温或极端低温的自然条件不利于颖花形成,但低温天气对颖花退化的影响大于高温.温度低于临界温度,颖花退化率大幅增加,穗分化期临界积温为550～600 ℃,日平均温度为24.0～26.0 ℃,日最高温度为32.0～34.0 ℃,日最低温度为21.0～23.0 ℃.适宜高温、昼夜温差大、光照辐射强的自然条件利于颖花分化,并减少颖花退化.     

水稻幼穗形态发生与顶端分生组织的研究

应用“铸模”扫描电镜法和组织切片技术对水稻幼穗的形态发生过程和顶端分生组织（ Ａｐｉｃａｌｍ ｅｒｉｓｔｅｍ ）进行了系统而细致的研究。研究表明：从营养生长转入到生殖生长早期,水稻生长锥发生了显著的变化,根据苗端分生组织（ Ｓｈｏｏｔ ａｐｉｃａｌｍ ｅｒｉｓｔｅｍ , Ｓ Ａ Ｍ ）中原基分化的属性,将水稻幼穗早期起源和发育过程分为花序顶端分生组织期（ Ｉｎｆｌｏｒｅｓｃｅｎｃｅ ａｐｉｃａｌ ｍ ｅｒｉｓｔｅｍ ｐｈａｓｅ, Ｉ Ａ Ｍ Ｐ）、小穗顶端分生组织期（ Ｓｐｉｋｅｌｅｔ ａｐｉｃａｌ ｍ ｅｒｉｓｔｅｍ ｐｈａｓｅ, Ｓ Ｐ Ａ Ｍ Ｐ）、花顶端分生组织期（ Ｆｌｏｒａｌ ｍ ｅｒｉｓｔｅｍ ｐｈａｓｅ, Ｆ Ｍ Ｐ）。在这 ３ 个大的发育时期,又根据每一发育时期中的原基分生组织生长发育的程度及先后顺序分别又可分为：花序 ０ 期、花序Ⅰ期、花序Ⅱ期;小穗期Ⅰ期、小穗Ⅱ期、小穗Ⅲ期;内稃原基分化期、浆片原基分化期、雄蕊原基分化期、心皮原基分化期。同时,在研究过程中还发现了一些与前人所不同的形态发生特征,并初步探讨了水稻幼穗早期的起源及分化发育的机理。     

不同时期土壤营养与空气营养对水稻器官生长发育的影响

1.本試驗采用大田竹筒栽培固定土壤因素,改变空間距离的方法,探討水稻在幼穗分化始期前后空气营养对水稻器官生育的影响。采用固定空間距离来控制空气因素,而以大田栽培和竹筒栽培来改变土壤因素的方法,探討水稻在幼穗分化始期前后土壤营养对水稻器官生育的影响。 2.試驗結果初步說明,水稻在幼穗分化始期以前加强土壤营养,而后加强空气营养,对水稻器官的生长发育具有良好的效果。 3.幼穗分化始期加强通风透光处理試驗結果証明:在水稻幼穗分化始期进行放寬行距、缩小株距、稀疏等来加强通风透光处理,以增加生育后期的空气营养,能显著地提高水稻的抗倒伏性,促使稻穗发育良好。 4.从試驗中初步得到的結果,我們认为:水稻群体与外界环境条件的統一过程中,存在着两个基本的矛盾——空气营养和土壤营养,其轉折点可能在幼穗分化始期,在此以前土壤营养是主要的,而后空气营养是主要的,合理調节这两个矛盾(卽空气营养和土壤营养)是密植增产的重要关鍵。     

谷子 MADS-box基因家族的鉴定和表达分析

MADS-box基因是真核生物中一类重要的转录因子,参与调控多项植物的生长发育过程。然而关于谷子穗发育的MADS-box基因研究比较少。本研究使用序列相似性检索,在Phytozome 13.0数据库中筛选并且鉴定出了68个谷子MADS家族成员,并对这些家族成员的物理化学性质、系统发育树、染色体定位、表达谱等进行了全面的分析。结果表明,谷子MADS家族成员在染色体上分布不均匀,可以分为5个亚族。通过组织特异性表达谱分析得到,多数MADS基因在穗中表达量要高于其他器官。此外利用转录组测序技术对发育初期的谷穗和成熟期的谷穗进行了转录组测序分析,筛选到数个与谷穗分生组织发育相关MADS-box基因。为进一步揭示MADS-box基因在谷子穗发育过程中的作用奠定了重要的基础。     

Phytolith analysis for differentiating between foxtail millet (Setaria italica) and green foxtail (Setaria viridis)

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is one of the oldest domesticated cereal crops in Eurasia, but identifying foxtail millets, especially in charred grains, and differentiating it from its wild ancestor, green foxtail (Setaria viridis), in the archaeobotanical remains, is still problematic. Phytolithic analysis provides a meaningful method for identifying this important crop. In this paper, the silicon structure patterns in the glumes, lemmas, and paleas from inflorescence bracts in 16 modern plants of foxtail millet and green foxtail from China and Europe are examined using light microscopy with phase-contrast and a microscopic interferometer. Our research shows that the silicon structure of ΩIII from upper lemmas and paleas in foxtail millet and green foxtail can be correspondingly divided into two groups. The size of ΩIII type phytolith of foxtail millet is bigger than that from green foxtail. Discriminant function analysis reveals that 78.4% of data on foxtail millet and 76.9% of data on green foxtail are correctly classified. This means certain morphotypes of phytoliths are relatively reliable tools for distinguishing foxtail millet from green foxtail. Our results also revealed that the husk phytolith morphologies of foxtail millets from China and Eastern Europe are markedly different from those from Western Europe. Our research gives a meaningful method of separating foxtail millet and green foxtail. The implications of these findings for understanding the history of foxtail millet domestication and cultivation in ancient civilizations are significant.     

利用野生青狗尾草的细胞质培育谷子质核互作雄性不育材料

利用野生青狗尾草N10为母本,谷子农家品种大青秸为父本,进行种间杂交,获得了3株杂种。杂种在农艺性状上表现为谷子和青狗尾草的种间类型,花器表现了雄性败育,但雌蕊发育正常,能接受外来花粉结实。细胞形态学观察表明,其雄性败育表现为单核小孢子典败。该谷子雄性不育材料的获得,为利用野生青狗尾草的细胞质培育谷子质核互作雄性不育系,进而为实现谷子三系配套杂种优势利用奠定了基础。     

Silicon Deposition in the Inflorescence Bristles and Macrohairs of Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.

Silicon deposits in the inflorescence bristles subtending eachspikelet, and in the macrohairs of foxtail millet (Setaria italica(L.) Beauv.) were investigated using scanning electron microscopyand electron-probe microanalysis. High concentrations of silicon were detected in the pricklehairs which covered the bristles. In the unicellular macrohairscovering the inflorescence axis and its branches, silicon wasdeposited along the whole length of the hairs. The mechanisms by which silicification may have taken place,and the possibility that the bristles and macrohairs are involvedin the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in N. China are discussed. Setaria italica (L.) Beauv., foxtail millet, millet, silicon deposits, silicification, prickle hairs, scanning electron microscopy, electron-probe microanalysis     

Infraspecific variation and systematics of cultivatedSetaria italica,foxtail millet (Poaceae)

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica,) is grown as a cereal in southern Europe and in temperate, subtropical, and tropical Asia. Its closest wild relative isS. italica ssp.viridis (green foxtail). Green foxtail is native to temperate Eurasia, but was introduced and became widely established as a weed in temperate and warmer parts of the Americas. Spontaneous and cultivatedS. italica cross to produce fertile hybrids. Derivatives of such crosses, resembling foxtail millet in some inflorescence traits but with efficient natural seed dispersal, accompany the cereal across its range of cultivation. Giant green foxtail of Europe and the American corn belt is a weed of hybrid origin. Foxtail millet was domesticated in the highlands of central China; remains of cultivated foxtail millet are known from the Yang-shao culture period dating back some 5,000 yrs. Comparative morphology suggests that foxtail millet spread to Europe and India as a cereal soon after its domestication. Three cultivated races are recognized. Moharia, from Europe and southwestern Asia, includes cultivars with 5–52 culms, each bearing several, small, more or less erect inflorescences. Cultivars in race maxima are characterized by plants with 1–8 usually unbranched culms that bear large inflorescences; they occur in Transcaucasian Russia and the Far East. Race indica is intermediate in culm number (ave. 6.6) and inflorescence size between races moharia and maxima, and is cultivated in southern Asia.     

Silica Distribution in the Caryopsis and Inflorescence Bracts of Foxtail Millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] and its Possible Significance in Carcinogenesis

Silicon deposits in the caryopsis and inflorescence bracts offoxtail millet [Setaria italica (L.) Beauv.] were investigatedusing light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and electronprobe microanalysis. The samples were obtained from Lin Xian,Henan province, northern China and CSIRO, Australia. High concentrations of silicon were observed in the papillaeon the external surfaces of the inflorescence bracts, and inthe epidermal cells. In the caryopsis silicon was depositedin the aleurone layer. Silicification was heavier in the LinXian samples. The heavy accumulation of silica in the foxtail millet and thepossibility that fragments of plant silica may be implicatedin the aetiology of oesophageal cancer in the Lin Xian regionare discussed. Setaria italica (L.), Beauv, foxtail millet, caryopsis, silica distribution, scanning electron microscopy     

谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

作物全生育期抗旱性对发掘和利用抗旱品种和抗旱基因至关重要,但谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定至今未有报道,抗旱鉴定缺乏鉴定指标。本试验在干旱池模拟干旱条件下,对苗期抗旱性表现不同的谷子品种进行了全生育期抗旱性研究,调查分析了根干重等形态和生理性状在干旱胁迫条件下的变化;采用相关和灰色关联度等方法,分析这些指标与抗旱性(DRI)的关系。结果表明,相对根冠比、相对单穗粒重和灌浆期光合速率、蒸腾速率同抗旱性表现极显著相关,可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的指标;而相对根干重、相对单穗重、相对株高和气孔导度则可以作为谷子全生育期抗旱性鉴定的参考指标;在供试的品种中,红根谷和大齐头白表现了良好的综合抗旱性。本文还讨论了抗旱性的复杂性以及不同性状对干旱胁迫的反应,所建立的指标对谷子全生育期抗旱鉴定具有指导意义。     

谷子（Setaria italica）分子遗传研究进展

近年来不断发展和完善的生物技术为谷子的研究开辟了新的思路,且提供了新的手段。本文概述了谷子在分子标记、遗传图谱的构建、基因定位、功能蛋白基因的克隆、转基因技术等方面的研究进展,提出了谷子分子遗传研究中存在的问题,并对今后的发展趋势作了初步探讨。     

Genetic structure of landraces in foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv.) revealed with transposon display and interpretation to crop evolution of foxtail millet

Although the origin and domestication process of foxtail millet (Setaria italica subsp. italica (L.) P. Beauv.) has been studied by several groups, the issue is still ambiguous. It is essential to resolve this issue by studying a large number of accessions with sufficient markers covering the entire genome. Genetic structures were analyzed by transposon display (TD) using 425 accessions of foxtail millet and 12 of the wild ancestor green foxtail (Setaria italica subsp. viridis (L.) P. Beauv.). We used three recently active transposons (TSI-1, TSI-7, and TSI-10) as genome-wide markers and succeeded in demonstrating geographical structures of the foxtail millet. A neighbor-joining dendrogram based on TD grouped the foxtail millet accessions into eight major clusters, each of which consisted of accessions collected from adjacent geographical areas. Eleven out of 12 green foxtail accessions were grouped separately from the clusters of foxtail millet. These results indicated strong regional differentiations and a long history of cultivation in each region. Furthermore, we discuss the relationship between foxtail millet and green foxtail and suggest a monophyletic origin of foxtail millet domestication.