黑龙江凉水和丰林保护区鸟类和兽类多样性

2013年12月至2015年5月、2014年4月至2015年5月利用红外相机分别对黑龙江凉水保护区和丰林保护区鸟兽多样性进行研究:凉水保护区累计10736个捕获日,获得有效照片总数14726张,兽类独立照片514张,共4目7科11种,鸟类独立照片107张,共4目8科11种;丰林保护区累计7460个捕获日,获得有效照片总数13677张,兽类独立照片638张,共3目6科9种,鸟类独立照片166张,共4目10科16种。凉水保护区实际监测到的鸟兽物种数约为全部鸟兽物种的70%—78%;丰林保护区实际监测到的鸟兽物种数目全部鸟兽物种的80%—89%,保护区内大部分物种被监测到。凉水和丰林保护区兽类相对丰富度最高的均为松鼠(Sciurus vulgaris)和花鼠(Eutamias sibiricus),其次为西伯利亚狍(Capreolus capreolu),鸟类相对丰富度最高的普通鳾(Sitta europaea)和白腹鸫(Turdus pallidus);物种多样性指数显示鸟兽多样性无显著差异;鸟、兽群落相似性指数Cs=0.621,凉水和丰林保护区鸟兽物种有较多重叠。利用红外相机对凉水和丰林保护区鸟兽多样性进行研究发现,兽类中对夜行性小型啮齿类监测不足,监测到的鸟类以林下活动为主。     

The diversity of beetle assemblages in different habitat types in Sabah, Malaysia

The diversity of beetle assemblages in different habitat types (primary forest, logged forest, acacia plantation and oil palm plantation) in Sabah, Malaysia was investigated using three different methods based on habitat levels (Winkler sampling, flight-interception-trapping and mist-blowing). The overall diversity was extremely high, with 1711 species recorded from only 8028 individuals and 81 families (115 family and subfamily groups). Different degrees of environmental changes had varying effects on the beetle species richness and abundance, with oil palm plantation assemblage being most severely affected, followed by acacia plantation and then logged forest. A few species became numerically dominant in the oil palm plantation. In terms of beetle species composition, the acacia fauna showed much similarity with the logged forest fauna, and the oil palm fauna was very different from the rest. The effects of environmental variables (number of plant species, sapling and tree densities, amount of leaf litter, ground cover, canopy cover, soil pH and compaction) on the beetle assemblage were also investigated. Leaf litter correlated with species richness, abundance and composition of subterranean beetles. Plant species richness, tree and sapling densities correlated with species richness, abundance and composition of understorey beetles while ground cover correlated only with the species richness and abundance of these beetles. Canopy cover correlated only with arboreal beetles. In trophic structure, predators represented more than 40% of the species and individuals. Environmental changes affected the trophic structure with proportionally more herbivores (abundance) but fewer predators (species richness and abundance) in the oil palm plantation. Biodiversity, conservation and practical aspects of pest management were also highlighted in this study.     

What we know and do not know about moth diversity from seven-year-monitoring in Mt. Jirisan National Park,South Korea

We sampled macromoths from 2005 to 2011 at six sites in Mt. Jirisan National Park (JNP), the oldest and largest national park in South Korea, to address the following questions: (1) what is the total macromoth species richness of JNP and can the total moth species richness be estimated after 7-years? (2) What is the proportion of moth families and is this pattern of family dominance similar to that seen in other areas? (3) What are the yearly and monthly patterns of macromoth richness? In total, 24,890 individuals belonging to 948 species of 14 families of macrolepidoptera were collected. An estimated species number of 1096 was calculated using the Chao 1 estimator. A rank abundance plot showed a typical log-normal distribution. The proportions of dominant families were similar to those reported in temperate and tropical moth fauna studies: Noctuidae was the most species-rich taxon, followed by Geometridae, Erebidae, Notodontidae, Drepanidae, and Sphingidae. Overall species richness and abundance were greatest in June, but the patterns of species richness and abundance varied by season and site. Within years, patterns of species richness were correlated with phenology but not the proximity of sites to one another in JNP. We provide various hypotheses to explain the high moth diversity in JNP, and future perspectives based on the results of our 7-year moth monitoring study.     

Composition and distribution of the peracarid crustacean fauna along a latitudinal transect off Victoria Land (Ross Sea,Antarctica) with special emphasis on the Cumacea

The following study was the first to describe composition and structure of the peracarid fauna systematically along a latitudinal transect off Victoria Land (Ross Sea, Antarctica). During the 19th Antarctic expedition of the Italian research vessel “Italica” in February 2004, macrobenthic samples were collected by means of a Rauschert dredge with a mesh size of 500 μm at depths between 85 and 515 m. The composition of peracarid crustaceans, especially Cumacea was investigated. Peracarida contributed 63% to the total abundance of the fauna. The peracarid samples were dominated by amphipods (66%), whereas cumaceans were represented with 7%. Previously, only 13 cumacean species were known, now the number of species recorded from the Ross Sea increased to 34. Thus, the cumacean fauna of the Ross Sea, which was regarded as the poorest in terms of species richness, has to be considered as equivalent to that of other high Antarctic areas. Most important cumacean families concerning abundance and species richness were Leuconidae, Nannastacidae, and Diastylidae. Cumacean diversity was lowest at the northernmost area (Cape Adare). At the area off Coulman Island, which is characterized by muddy sediment, diversity was highest. Diversity and species number were higher at the deeper stations and abundance increased with latitude. A review of the bathymetric distribution of the Cumacea from the Ross Sea reveals that most species distribute across the Antarctic continental shelf and slope. So far, only few deep-sea records justify the assumption of a shallow-water–deep-sea relationship in some species of Ross Sea Cumacea, which is discussed from an evolutionary point of view.     

Bathymetric distribution and diversity of deep water polychaetous annelids in the Sigsbee Basin, northwestern Gulf of Mexico

The deep water polychaete fauna is analyzed in this study particularly regarding its composition and variations with depth in the Sigsbee Basin, northwestern region of the Gulf of Mexico. Samples were taken at 10 stations along a bathymetric gradient with depth ranges from 200 to 3760 m with a USNEL (0.25 m²) corer. A total of 287 individuals were identified, from 21 families and 65 species. The most important families, both in terms of abundance and species richness, were: Paraonidae (65.4 ind./0.25 m², 9 spp.), Cirratulidae (28.93 ind./0.25 m², 7 spp.) and Spionidae (18.07 ind./0.25 m², 7 spp.). In general, density tended to decrease with depth with minima at around 2000 m, although two abundance peaks were detected at 3700 and 3760 m, making the pattern seem an inverted parabolic curve. The Shannon-Wiener diversity values varied from 0.54–0.92 at around 2000 m to 3.39 at 3620 m and 3.34 at 3760 m. These results contrast with what is already reported from the North Atlantic and the Tropical Pacific deep benthic communities, where highest diversities are found at 2000 m. Faunal changes evaluated through Beta Diversity (0.08–0.1) and the low similarity found between the stations, emphasized the high variability in the composition of the fauna in the Sigsee Basin, meaning that the faunal composition is practically different at all the sampling stations. Ten species are newly recorded for the Mexican fauna.     

Tropical ant communities are in long-term equilibrium

Communities change with time. Studying long-term change in community structure permits deeper understanding of community dynamics, and allows us to forecast community responses to perturbations at local (e.g. fire, secondary succession) and global (e.g. desertification, global warming) spatial scales. Monitoring efforts exploring the temporal dynamics of indicator taxa are therefore a critical part of conservation agendas. Here, the temporal dynamics of the Otongachi leaf litter ant community, occurring in a cloud forest in coastal Ecuador, were explored. By sampling this community six times over eleven years, I assessed how the ant fauna caught by Winkler traps (more diverse and cryptic fauna) and caught by pitfall traps (larger, more mobile fauna) changed over time. The Otongachi leaf litter ant community was dynamic. Although species richness in the community remained constant, temporal turnover of species was high: on average, 51% of the ant species in Winkler traps, and 56% of those in pitfall traps, were replaced with other ant species from one year to the other. Shifts in the rank abundance of species in the community were also large across the eleven years and, on average, shifts in the rank abundance of species collected by Winkler traps doubled those occurring in pitfall traps from one census to the other. In spite of these trends, the Otongachi ant fauna showed no (Winkler) or weak (pitfall) evidence of directional change (towards a new community). Thus, this tropical ant community can be divided in two community compartments. The Winkler compartment composed by a more diverse and cryptic ant fauna appears to be resilient and stable in time. The pitfall compartment composed by larger and more mobile ants may be prone to respond to disturbance. This study suggests that 1) species appearing/disappearing from a site may be rather the rule, difficult to separate from responses to ecological stress. 2) Conclusions made in short-term studies, or studies comparing two (e.g. before and after) snapshots of a community, should thus be revisited. Finally, 3) the ant fauna caught by pitfall traps (a rather simple and cheap survey method) is the most likely community compartment to indicate ecological perturbation. This study adds to the growing evidence that using ants as ecological indicators should incorporate long-term temporal dynamics.     

Community structure of fishes attracted to shallow water fish aggregation devices off South Carolina,U.S.A.

Synopsis Twenty-two fish aggregation devices were deployed in 14 m of water off South Carolina. Species composition and abundance were determined by diver visual census on eight occasions from May through November, 1985. A total of 21 families and 36 species of fishes was observed at 121 stations. Pelagic fishes dominated the fauna with a 99.3% relative abundance, and Decapterus punctatus accounted for 97.6% of the individuals. Caranx crysos, Diplectrum formosum, Decapterus punctatus, Centropristis striata and Monacanthus hispidus were the most frequent species. Total fish abundance, number of species and abundance of four of the six most common species were significantly affected by season. Hurricane activity may have caused a significant drop in pelagic fish abundance at the FADs in July. No significant correlations among species abundances were found after removal of season and FAD type effects. Spatial zonation and seasonal occurrence patterns suggest some competition among pelagic fishes. Several factors that regulate FAD faunal abundance and composition are hypothesized, including: juvenile fish availability, availability of shelter, availability of adequate food resources, interspecific and intraspecific competition, severe sea conditions, and sporadic intrusions of large predatory fishes. It is hypothesized that the abundances of benthic and pelagic FAD fishes are correlated and that there is a direct or indirect energetic link between shallow water pelagic and benthic fish assemblages near FADs.     

Subsurface Dwelling Crustaceans as Indicators of Hydrological Conditions,Oxygen Concentrations,and Sediment Structure in an Alluvial Aquifer

The relation between environmental conditions and the species composition and individual abundance of crustaceans was investigated in a shallow alluvial aquifer, located in the Danube wetlands (Lobau, Austria). Samples, consisting of groundwater, sediment, and fauna, were taken from permanent installed wells by means of a piston pump five times in a year cycle. The results show that the spatial and temporal distribution, individual abundance, and species richness of crustacean fauna is related to hydrological conditions, oxygen concentrations, and geologic structures in the alluvial aquifer. Therefore, crustaceans, divided in stygoxene, stygophile, and stygobite species, can be used as bioindicators of these environmental conditions in an aquifer. It is suggested that beside physicochemical analyses also the crustacean fauna should be considered to characterise a groundwater ecosystem.     

Moth diversity,species composition,and distributional pattern in Aravalli Hill Range of Rajasthan,India

Moths are phytophagous, cosmopolitan, agricultural pests, night pollinators, chiefly nocturnal and potential bio-indicators. The current study will be the first report on species diversity, species composition, abundance, and distributional pattern of moth fauna in Aravalli Hill Range Rajasthan. During the survey period of 2018–2019, 758 specimens of moths were collected pertaining to 34 species, 26 genera belonging to 05 families, and 13 subfamilies from three different sites of Aravalli Hill Range. Based on the number of genera, family Sphingidae was most dominant with 9 genera, and family Crambidae was least dominant with 2 genera. Based on the number of species, the family Sphingidae was the most dominant, representing 13 species, followed by Erebidae representing 11 species, Saturniidae and Noctuidae with 4 species each, the least dominant was Crambidae with 2 species. The diversity indices for moths have been calculated for the first time from the Aravalli Range of Rajasthan. Across the survey, Simpson’s Diversity Index (D′), Shannon Diversity Index (H′), Dominance & Evenness was calculated as 0.95, 3.3, 0.04, and 0.8, respectively, which reflects that moth fauna is diverse in the surveyed areas.     

贵州紫云晒瓦群中放射虫Neoalbaillella动物群的发现

首次报道贵州紫云晚二叠世晒瓦群顶部硅质岩中Neoalbaillella动物群,计12种,5未定种,归属于12属9科4超科2亚目,其中1新属（Spongosphaeradiscus gen.nov.）,2新种（Spongosphaeradiscus chaiwaensis sp.nov.和Copicyntra shaiwaensis sp.nov.）。根据这个动物群建立Neoalbaillella ornithoformis-Spongosphaeradiscus shaiwaen-sis带,与东亚和美国西海岸长兴期的Neoalbaillella ornithoformis带对比。     

Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Kangsabati River at Paschim Medinipur District,West Bengal,India

Fish faunal diversity and their abundance vary to a great extent in respect to physical, chemical and biological parameters of the water body. The present study deals with the fish biodiversity and distribution with respect to several physicochemical characters of the habitat, from August-2013 to January-2015 in the Kangsabati River, Paschim Medinipur District of West Bengal. Occurrence of 45 fish species belonging to 8 orders, 17 families and 29 genera have been noted during the study period. It is evident that the members belonging to Cyprinifomes constitute 41 % of the total fish fauna of the river. Fluctuation in occurrence and abundance of the species are influenced by a number of physicochemical parameters viz. pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity, conductivity and suspended solids.     

CONCHOSTRACAN ASSEMBLAGE FROM BOTTOM OF ERMAYIN FORMATION, SHAANXI

This paper deals with characteristics of the conchostracan assemblage and describes some new species of fossil conchostracan collected from the bottom of the Ermayin Formation near Changjiayan of Wupu County, Shaanxi in 1983.After studying and comparing this conchostracan assemblage, the writer here suggests that (1) this assemblage is characterized by leading members of Protomonocarina and Euestheria, rare but very important members of Xiangxiella and many members of Palaeolimnadiopsis and Diaplexa; (2) this fossil fauna has a close relation to that of the Heshanggou Formation, but itis more different from that of the Tongchuan Formation.It is of great significance to compare the regional stratigraphical sequence, because the strata containing this conchostracan fauna are more stable in North China.This fossil fauna may be called the Protomonocarina-Euesteria fauna, representing the conchostracan fauna of early Middle Triassic in North China and resembling the Xiangxiella fauna in South China.     

The fish fauna of mountain streams in the Guanshan National Nature Reserve, Jiangxi, China

Guanshan National Nature Reserve (GNNR) is located in the middle reach of the Jiuling Mountain Range in the southern China and the first national nature reserve within Jiangxi Province. The fish fauna of mountain streams in the GNNR was investigated from September 2006 to August 2007. A total of 379 fish were collected and classified into two families and seven species. Acrossocheilus parallens [relative abundance (RA) 44.3%] was the most abundant fish species. Subdominant species were Onychostoma barbata (RA, 20.3%), Zacco platypus (RA, 14.2%) and Opsariichthys bidens (RA, 12.4%).A greater number of species (7 vs. 2) and individuals (295 vs. 84) were collected from the West Stream compared to the East Stream. Among the seven fish species collected in the GNNR, Acrossocheilus parallens, Onychostoma barbata and Vanmanenia stenosoma are endemic to the Chinese mountain streams. This study suggests that mountain streams in the nation reserves including GNNR are very important for freshwater fish diversity and conservation in Jiangxi Province.     

Cenozoic record of elongate,cylindrical, deep-sea benthic foraminifera in the North Atlantic and equatorial Pacific Oceans

In the late Pliocene–middle Pleistocene a group of 95 species of elongate, cylindrical, deep-sea (lower bathyal–abyssal) benthic foraminifera became extinct. This Extinction Group (Ext. Gp), belonging to three families (all the Stilostomellidae and Pleurostomellidae, some of the Nodosariidae), was a major component (20–70%) of deep-sea foraminiferal assemblages in the middle Cenozoic and subsequently declined in abundance and species richness before finally disappearing almost completely during the mid-Pleistocene Climatic Transition (MPT). So what caused these declines and extinction?In this study 127 Ext. Gp species are identified from eight Cenozoic bathyal and abyssal sequences in the North Atlantic and equatorial Pacific Oceans. Most species are long-ranging with 80% originating in the Eocene or earlier. The greatest abundance and diversity of the Ext. Gp was in the warm oceanic conditions of the middle Eocene–early Oligocene. The group was subjected to significant changes in the composition of the faunal dominants and slightly enhanced species turnover during and soon after the rapid Eocene–Oligocene cooling event. Declines in the relative abundance and flux of the Ext. Gp, together with enhanced species loss, occurred during middle–late Miocene cooling, particularly at abyssal sites. The overall number of Ext. Gp species present began declining earlier at mid abyssal depths (in middle Miocene) than at upper abyssal (in late Pliocene–early Pleistocene) and then lower bathyal depths (in MPT). By far the most significant Ext. Gp declines in abundance and species loss occurred during the more severe glacial stages of the late Pliocene–middle Pleistocene.Clearly, the decline and extinction of this group of deep-sea foraminifera was related to the function of their specialized apertures and the stepwise cooling of global climate and deep water. We infer that the apertural modifications may be related to the method of food collection or processing, and that the extinctions may have resulted from the decline or loss of their specific phytoplankton or prokaryote food source, that was more directly impacted than the foraminifera by the cooling temperatures.     

The fauna of spiders (Arachnida,Araneae) in agricultural landscapes of the Moscow area and the Kuban Plain

Six years of collecting in agricultural landscapes of the Moscow area and the Kuban Plain (Krasnodar Territory) revealed 286 species of spiders from 146 genera of 20 families. Two species, Clubiona pseudoneglecta Wund. and Palliduphantes insignis O.P.-C. are recorded for the Russian fauna for the first time, and 20 species are new to Moscow Province. Linyphiidae is the most species-rich family comprising about half of the species found in Moscow Province and about a quarter of those found in Krasnodar Territory. The species are classified into 13 arealogical groups. The bulk of the fauna is formed by the widespread, mostly Eurasian and Holarctic species. The spider fauna of Krasnodar Territory has smaller fractions of the Holarctic and Euro-Siberian species and larger fractions of the Palaearctic and Euro-Mediterranean species, as compared to the Moscow fauna. In general, the faunas of both the regions studied may be classified as European. The spider fauna of agrocenoses of Moscow Province is more similar to the faunas of European regions situated at the same latitude than to the fauna of Krasnodar Territory (the Kuban Plain).     

Spatial variability of mangrove fish assemblage composition in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean

Mangroves in the tropical eastern Pacific (TEP) constitute a dominant coastal ecosystem that harbours diverse and economically important fish assemblages. We describe here regional scale patterns in the composition of this poorly documented mangrove ichthyofauna. A review of available studies (including own data) from five countries covering the entire region was performed. Species abundance distribution curves were constructed and compared among studies. Relative abundance data of fish species and families were analysed with classification and ordination techniques. Common species and families responsible for differences among localities were identified. Overall, 315 fish species associated to mangroves of the TEP were identified. Fifteen fish families accounted for 80 % or more of the relative abundance of all studies. Despite the use of different sampling techniques, common features arose for most of the mangrove fish assemblages. Clupeidae were numerically dominant throughout the region, while Gerreidae were particularly dominant in the northern mangroves. The catch mass contributions of families from studies where these data were available indicated a dominance of Ariidae, Centropomidae, Lutjanidae and Tetraodontidae. A relatively uniform composition at the family (and sometimes species) level supports recent claims to merge the Panamic with the Mexican province in the TEP according to the distribution of the shore fish fauna. Similarities found with other estuarine-mangrove ichthyofaunas in the Neotropics may be related to the connectedness of these regions in past geological times. Quantitative assessments of mangrove fish communities in four areas of the TEP would improve further zoogeographic analyses and facilitate the development of conservation strategies.     

Biological diversity of the Minnesota caddisflies (Insecta, Trichoptera)

The caddisfly fauna of Minnesota contains at least 277 species within 21 families and 75 genera. These species are based on examination of 312,884 specimens from 2,166 collections of 937 Minnesota aquatic habitats from 1890 to 2007. Included in these totals is my own quantitative sampling of 4 representative habitat types: small streams, medium rivers, large rivers, and lakes, from each of the 58 major Minnesota watersheds from June through September during 1999-2001. All species are illustrated herein, and their known Minnesota abundances, distributions, adult flight periodicities, and habitat affinities presented. Four species: Lepidostoma griseum (Lepidostomatidae), Psilotreta indecisa (Odontoceridae), and Phryganea sayi and Ptilostomis angustipennis (Phryganeidae) are added to the known fauna. An additional 31 dubious species records are removed for various reasons. Of the 5 determined caddisfly regions of the state, species richness per watershed was highest in the Lake Superior and Northern Regions, intermediate in the Southeastern, and lowest in the Northwestern and Southern. Of the 48 individual collections that yielded >40 species, all but 1 were from the Northern Region. Many species, especially within the families Limnephilidae and Phryganeidae, have appeared to decrease in distribution and abundance during the past 75 years, particularly those once common within the Northwestern and Southern Regions. Many species now appear regionally extirpated, and a few have disappeared from the entire state. The loss of species in the Northwestern and Southern Regions, and probably elsewhere, is almost certainly related to the conversion of many habitats to large-scale agriculture during the mid-20th century.     

Species composition,abundance, habitat requirements and regional distribution of terrestrial gastropods in Arctic Norway

Summary The species composition, abundance and habitat distributions of the terrestrial gastropods at lat. 70° N in Finnmark county, northern Norway were studied. Within an area with bedrocks of sandstone there were few snail species and abundance was low. Calciumrich bogs and birch woods with a luxuriant undergrowth had a richer gastropod fauna both in number of species and abundance. The snail fauna consisted of a mixture of stenoecious, calciphile species (Columella columella, Vertigo genesii, V. modesta) and very euryoecious species, e.g., Discus ruderatus, Vitrina pellucida. Cochlicopa lubrica and Nesovitrea hammonis were found only in moist, rather eutropic habitats and seemed to be more stenoecious than further south in their geographical range. There were few snails within the study area (16 species) compared with >30 species found in the coastal areas of northern Norway (Troms county) at the same latitude. This difference in the faunal composition coincides with regional divisions based on the vegetation, and may indicate a general difference in the biota of oceanic and continental areas of northern Norway. The changes in snail fauna along a coast-inland transect at about lat. 70° N are similar to those occurring along a vertical gradient in the inner fjord districts of Western Norway. It is suggested that low temperatures during the coldest part of the year are responsible for this common change in the species composition.     

The palaeoecology of the latest Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous hydrocarbon seep carbonates from Spitsbergen,Svalbard

Latest Jurassic–earliest Cretaceous hydrocarbon seeps from Spitsbergen, Svalbard, are known to contain unusual fauna, lacking most of the species characteristic for roughly coeval seep deposits. This study summarizes and analyses the fauna from 16 seep carbonate bodies from Spitsbergen to explain its composition. The seeps formed in a shallow epicontinental sea with widespread deposition of fine‐grained, organic‐rich sediments. They are spread over a relatively large area and are positioned roughly in the same interval, indicating seepage over extensive areas of the palaeo‐Barents Sea. The seep fauna is very species rich and with low dominance, comprising 54 species, with a composition similar to that of Jurassic–Cretaceous normal‐marine environments of other Boreal seas. Seep‐restricted fauna is not abundant and is represented by four species only. Hokkaidoconchids and possible siboglinid worm tubes characteristic for high sulphide fluxes are rare. Apart from seep‐restricted sulphide‐mining lucinid and thyasirid bivalves, chemosymbiosis was also a source of nourishment for background solemyid and nucinellid bivalves, all of which take sulphide from infaunal sources. This all suggests a relatively weak sulphide flux. The high diversity and low dominance of the fauna and significant richness and abundance of background species is typical for shallow water seeps.     

桂西南柳桥地区二叠纪末期浅水相小有孔虫动物群

本文研究了广西扶绥县柳桥地区二叠纪末期的浅水相小有孔虫动物群。该动物群赋存于硅质岩相地层中的灰岩夹层里。动物群丰度和分异度均较高,共发现12属25种。其中包括长兴期的常见分子如Glomospira,No-dosaria,Colaniella等。此有孔虫组合与Colaniella组合大致相当,可以与类Paleofusulina带和Gallowayiella带相对比。