低温弱光下类囊体腔内质子由CF_0渗漏引起黄瓜类囊体耦联度降低

毫秒延迟发光测定结果表明低温弱光处理黄瓜叶片导致类囊体原位 (in situ)耦联度显著降低。DCCD可以恢复低温弱光处理的黄瓜叶片的毫秒延迟发光的慢相强度和反映类囊体膜质子吸收的 9- AA(9- Aminoacridine)荧光猝灭能力 ,说明类囊体耦联度降低的原因是质子由 CF0 大量快速渗漏。进一步研究结果表明 ,活性氧和 CF1的脱落不是低温弱光引起黄瓜类囊体耦联度降低的根本原因。     

低温弱光对黄瓜和菠菜类囊体跨膜质子梯度的影响

以典型冷敏性植物黄瓜和典型抗冷性植物菠菜为材料 ,研究了 5℃ 1 0 0μmol pho-tons· m-2 · s-1 低温弱光处理对 2种植物的活体和离体叶绿体类囊体耦联度的影响。结果显示 ,与 5℃黑暗处理相比 ,5℃下弱光 (1 0 0 μmol photons·m-2· s-1 )分别照射黄瓜和菠菜的叶片和离体叶绿体悬浮液 ,都使叶绿体毫秒延迟发光慢相强度以及类囊体耦联度显著降低。表明无论是冷敏性作物黄瓜 ,还是抗冷性植物菠菜 ,低温弱光处理叶片和离体叶绿体悬浮液 ,均可导致类囊体跨膜质子梯度显著降低     

NaN3对叶绿体Mg^2＋—ATPase的抑制作用再探

ＮａＮ３能抑制新鲜菠菜叶片叶绿体经ＤＴＴ和光激活的Ｍｇ＾２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力。这种抑制属非竞争性抑制。ＮａＮ３还能降低新鲜菠菜叶片叶绿体的反映光合磷酸化高能态的毫秒延迟发光和减少反映类囊体膜质子吸收变化的叶绿体的９－氨基吖啶的荧光猝灭。菠菜叶片经低温贮存几天后其叶绿体的超微结构发生变化,ＮａＮ３对绿体的上述影响就消失或基本消失。本实验指出ＮａＮ３是新鲜叶片叶绿体Ｎ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的一个强有力的抑     

不同温度下叶绿体毫秒延迟发光和质子区域化的关系

在０～１℃的低温条件下叶绿体毫秒延迟发光的快相明显较室温时的高,说明低温条件有利于水氧化所释放的质子在类囊体膜上形成区域化;磷酸化能在毫秒级范围内就利用水氧化所产生的区域化质子合成ＡＴＰ,使毫秒延迟发光的快相降低。随着温度升高,水氧化产生的区域化质子易向非区域化质子转变,２５℃时毫秒延迟发光的快相主要与膜电位有关而难以观察到水氧化所释放的质子的影响。水氧化产生的质子区域化与叶绿体膜的状态密切相关。     

热预处理菠菜叶绿体的能量转换特征

经热预处理（湿度为２５－４５℃,部分实验为２０－３６℃,时间为５－１０min)的菠菜（Ｓpinacia oleracea L.)叶绿体。严重影响其能量转换的各步反应。（１）循环光合磷酸化速率随处理温度而下降。（２）类囊体膜上腺三磷酶失活。（３）光照诱导叶绿体的质子吸收减小;叶绿体的９－氨基吖啶（９－ＡＡ）荧光猝灭减弱,但加二环己基磷二亚胺（ＤＣ－ＣＤ）可以部分恢复９－ＡＡ荧光猝死。（４）叶绿体的延迟发光和△Ａ５１５nm电色效应均出现明显变化。（５）免疫印迹反应结果表明,经４５℃预处理叶绿体的膜上腺三磷酶出现解离,其α亚单位的蛋白量明显减少。（６）预处理温度超过３３℃,叶绿体光系统Ⅰ介导的氧吸收速率也下降,在反应介质中加芥子碱可以部分恢复其氧吸收能力,就这些结果与膜透性变化、耦联因子复合物解离和自由基积累的关系进行了讨论。     

解联剂促进BBY膜颗粒电子传递机理的研究

透射电镜结果表明,具有ＰＳⅡ理化特征的ＢＢＹ膜颗粒在结构上不具备完整的类囊体膜特征．９－ＡＡ荧光猝灭与毫秒级Ｃｈｌα延迟发光的测定表明,ＢＢＹ膜颗粒在功能上难以形成．光致跨膜质子浓度差．在ＢＢＹ膜颗粒中,解联剂ｇｒａｍｉｃｉｄｉｎＤ（短杆菌肽〕和ＮＨ４Ｃｌ仅在低ｐＨ值时对ＰＳⅡ电子传递有所促进,ｐＨ６．０时促进尤为显著。两种解联剂促进的数值和对ｐＨ值的依赖特征基本一致,表明两者促进机制相同．综上所述,我们推测,解联剂在ＢＢＹ膜颗粒中并不促进跨越类囊体模的质子运转,而只是加速膜上微区内的质子转移,从而促进相关的电子传递。     

红光和远红光处理引起的杜氏盐藻跨类囊体膜质子动力势变化

照射远红光后杜氏盐藻毫秒延迟发光快相强度明显增加,而红光处理结果则相反.低温条件明显抑制远红光引起的毫秒延迟发光快相强度的上升,而红光则仍能够有效地引起毫秒延迟发光快相强度的降低.加入消除跨类囊体膜质子梯度的尼日利亚菌素后,远红光不能引起延迟荧光强度的上升.与以前在高等植物中得到的结果相比,在杜氏盐藻中远红光处理后毫秒延迟发光快相强度增加的幅度更大,红光处理后没有出现毫秒延迟发光快相强度先增加后降低的现象.     

NaN_3对叶绿体Mg~（2＋）－ATPase的抑制作用再探

ＮａＮ３能抑制新鲜菠菜叶片叶绿体经ＤＴＴ和光激活的Ｍｇ２＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ活力。这种抑制属非竞争性抑制。ＮａＮ３还能降低新鲜菠菜叶片叶绿体的反映光合磷酸化高能态的毫秒延迟发光和减少反映类爱体膜质子吸收变化的叶绿体的９－氨基吖啶的荧光猝灭。菠菜叶片经低温贮存几天后其叶绿体的超微结构发生变化,ＮａＮ３对叶绿体的上述影响就消失或基本消失。本实验指出ＮａＮ３是新鲜叶片叶绿体Ｈ＋－ＡＴＰａｓｅ的一个强有力的抑制剂。其影响受叶绿体制剂的内源无机磷酸盐含量调节。     

突变的叶绿体ATP合成酶ε亚基对菠菜叶绿体毫秒延迟发光的影响

突变和野生型体ＡＴＰ合成酶的ε亚基均可增强中绿体毫秒延迟发光的快相;不同的突变体对快相的增强强度不同,但与它们对离体ＣＦ１的Ｃａ＾２＋－ＡＴＰ酶水解活力的抑制程度情况一致。且这种影响在１℃左右的低温下较显著,而温度升至２５℃时,这种增强作用趋于消失。加入解联剂后快相部分消除,ε亚基仍有增强作用。这些结果说明,ε亚基是通过与ＣＦ１的专一作用而影响光系统Ⅱ附近类囊体的动态结构,使质子不易从类囊体膜上流     

叶绿体类囊体膜蛋白质的化学交联效应

研究了蛋白质化学交联剂二氟二硝基苯对叶绿体类囊体膜功能的效应。检测到ＤＦＤＮＢ抑制光合磷酸化,降低光照诱导类囊体膜的质子吸收和９－氨基吖啶（９－ＡＡ）的荧光猝灭,降低电色效应的快相上升,显抑制膜上腺三磷酶的活性,ＤＦＤＮＢ和游离的腺三磷酶进行交联反应,再经ＳＤＳ－聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳表明,交联后的酶出现新的蛋白染色带。     

C4 photosynthesis at low temperatures

Abstract. C₄ plants grown in optimum conditions are, by comparison to C₃, capable of higher maximum dry-matter yields and greater efficiencies of water and nitrogen use, yet they are rare outside the subtropics. Both latitudinal and altitudinal limits of C₄ distributions correlate most closely with a mean minimum temperature of 8-10°C during the period of active growth. The possibility that the C₄ process is inherently incapable of functioning at low temperatures is examined. The reversible effects of chilling on the quantum efficiency of C₄ photosynthesis and the functioning of the individual steps in the C₄ cycle are examined. Chilling also produces an irreversible loss of capacity to assimilate CO₂ which is directly proportional to the light received during chilling. It is suggested that the reversible reduction in capacity to assimilate CO₂ and the lack of an alternative pathway for the utilization of lightgenerated reducing power may make C₄ species more prone to chilling-dependent photoinhibition. Laboratory studies and limited field observations suggest that this damage would be most likely to occur during photosynthetic induction at the temperatures and light levels encountered on clear, cool mornings during the spring and early summer in cool climates. Even those C₄ species occurring naturally in cool climates do not appear fully capable of tolerating these conditions; indeed their growth patterns suggest that they may be adapted by avoiding 'rather than enduring' such conditions.     

Passive uptake of K+(86Rb+) in sunflower roots at low external K+ concentrations

Passive fluxes of K⁺ (⁸⁶Rb) into roots of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L. cv. Uniflorus) were determined at low K⁺ concentration (0.1 and 1.0 mM K⁺) in the ambient solution. Metabolic uptake of K⁺ was inhibited by 10⁻⁴M 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP). K⁺ (⁸⁶Rb) fluxes were studied both continuously and by time differentiation of uptake. In high K⁺ roots passive uptake was directly proportional to the K⁺ concentration of the uptake solution, indicating free diffusion. This assumption was supported by the fact that passive Rb⁺ uptake was not affected by high K⁺ concentrations. In low K⁺ roots the passive uptake of K⁺ was higher than in high K⁺ roots. The increase was possibly due to carrier-mediated K⁺ transport. As K⁺ effluxes were quantitatively similar to influxes, it is suggested that passive K⁺ fluxes represent exchange diffusion without relation to net K⁺ transport.     

Naturally low carbonic anhydrase activity in C4 and C3 plants limits discrimination against C18OO during photosynthesis

The ¹⁸O content of CO₂ is a powerful tracer of photosynthetic activity at the ecosystem and global scale. Due to oxygen exchange between CO₂ and ¹⁸O-enriched leaf water and retrodiffusion of most of this CO₂ back to the atmosphere, leaves effectively discriminate against ¹⁸O during photosynthesis. Discrimination against ¹⁸O ( Δ ¹⁸O) is expected to be lower in C₄ plants because of low c_i and hence low retrodiffusing CO₂ flux. C₄ plants also generally show lower levels of carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities than C₃ plants. Low CA may limit the extent of ¹⁸O exchange and further reduce Δ ¹⁸O. We investigated CO₂–H₂O isotopic equilibrium in plants with naturally low CA activity, including two C₄ (Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor) and one C₃ (Phragmites australis) species. The results confirmed experimentally the occurrence of low Δ ¹⁸O in C₄, as well as in some C₃, plants. Variations in CA activity and in the extent of CO₂–H₂O isotopic equilibrium ( θ _eq) estimated from on-line measurements of Δ ¹⁸O showed large range of 0–100% isotopic equilibrium ( θ _eq = 0–1). This was consistent with direct estimates based on assays of CA activity and measurements of CO₂ concentrations and residence times in the leaves. The results demonstrate the potential usefulness of Δ ¹⁸O as indicator of CA activity in vivo. Sensitivity tests indicated also that the impact of θ _eq < 1 (incomplete isotopic equilibrium) on ¹⁸O of atmospheric CO₂ can be similar for C₃ and C₄ plants and in both cases it increases with natural enrichment of ¹⁸O in leaf water.     

西北黄芪和山野豌豆对低温胁迫的生理响应研究

以两种野生豆科牧草(西北黄芪和山野豌豆)为试验材料,研究其对低温胁迫的生理响应。结果表明:在低温胁迫下,西北黄芪和山野豌豆的相对电导率、SOD活性、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量均表现出上升的趋势,且随着低温胁迫程度的加剧而加深;就相对电导率、可溶性糖含量两项生理指标而言,西北黄芪5℃增幅显著小于山野豌豆,而-5℃对5℃增幅显著大于山野豌豆;就脯氨酸含量而言,西北黄芪5℃增幅大于山野豌豆,而-5℃对5℃增幅显著小于山野豌豆;就SOD活性而言,西北黄芪5℃增幅大于山野豌豆,而-5℃对5℃增幅显著大于山野豌豆。综合分析,认为西北黄芪比山野豌豆具更强的抗低温能力,同时说明,两种牧草对低温胁迫的生理响应规律不同,相对电导率和可溶性糖含量两项生理指标对低温的响应更加敏感。     

Puccinellia tenuiflora maintains a low Na+ level under salinity by limiting unidirectional Na+ influx resulting in a high selectivity for K+ over Na+

Puccinellia tenuiflora is a useful monocotyledonous halophyte that might be used for improving salt tolerance of cereals. This current work has shown that P. tenuiflora has stronger selectivity for K⁺ over Na⁺ allowing it to maintain significantly lower tissue Na⁺ and higher K⁺ concentration than that of wheat under short- or long-term NaCl treatments. To assess the relative contribution of Na⁺ efflux and influx to net Na⁺ accumulation, unidirectional ²²Na⁺ fluxes in roots were carried out. It was firstly found that unidirectional ²²Na⁺ influx into root of P. tenuiflora was significantly lower (by 31–37%) than in wheat under 100 and 150 m m NaCl. P. tenuiflora had lower unidirectional Na⁺ efflux than wheat; the ratio of efflux to influx was similar between the two species. Leaf secretion of P. tenuiflora was also estimated, and found the loss of Na⁺ content from leaves to account for only 0.0006% of the whole plant Na⁺ content over 33 d of NaCl treatments. Therefore, it is proposed that neither unidirectional Na⁺ efflux of roots nor salt secretion by leaves, but restricting unidirectional Na⁺ influx into roots with a strong selectivity for K⁺ over Na⁺ seems likely to contribute to the salt tolerance of P. tenuiflora .     

Physiological effects of long term exposure to low concentrations of SO2 and NH3 on poplar leaves

Shoots of poplar (Populus euramericana L. cv. Flevo) were exposed to filtered air, SO₂, NH₃ or a mixture of SO₂ and NH₃ for 7 weeks in fumigation chambers. After this exposure gas exchange measurements were carried out using a leaf chamber. As compared to leaves exposed to filtered air, leaves pretreated with 112 μg m^?3 SO₂ showed a small reduction in maximum CO₂ assimilation rate (P_max) and stomatal conductance (g_s). They also showed a slightly higher quantum yield and dark respiration. In addition, the fluorescence measurements indicated that the Calvin cycle of the leaves pretreated with 112 μg m^?3 SO₂ was more rapidly activated after transition from dark to light. An exposure to 64 μg m^?3 NH₃ had a positive effect on P_max, stomatal conductance and NH₃ uptake of the leaves. This positive effect was counteracted by an SO₂ concentration of 45 μg m^?3. The exposure treatments appeared to have no effect on the relationship between net CO₂-assimilation and g_s. Also, no injury of the leaf cuticle or of epidermal cells was observed. Resistance analysis showed that NH₃ transfer into the leaf can be estimated from data on the boundary layer and stomatal resistance for H₂O transfer and NH₃ concentration at the leaf surface, irrespective of whether the leaves are exposed for a short or long time to NH₃ or to a mixture of NH₃ and SO₂. In contrast SO₂ uptake into the leaves was only partly correlated to the stomatal resistance. The results suggest a large additional uptake of this gas by the leaves. The possibility of a difference in path length between SO₂ and H₂O molecules is proposed.     

Characterization of the stimulation of neuronal Na+, K+-ATPase activity by low concentrations of ouabain

Low concentrations (< 10^?7 M) of ouabain stimulate the activity of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase in whole homogenates of rat brain. The magnitude of this stimulation varies from 5 to 70%. The concentrations of ouabain which induces maximal stimulation is also highly variable and ranges between 10^?9 to 10^?7 M. The ouabain stimulation disappears following 1:50 dilution and 2 h preincubation or freezing and thawing of the membranes or their treatment with deoxycholate. “Aging” of a preparation of ATPase also results in loss of its ability to be stimulated by ouabain but ouabain inhibition is preserved. No stimulation of enzyme activity by ouabain is observed in rat brain microsomal fraction. The β-adrenergic blocker propranolol does not inhibit the ouabain induced stimulation of ATPase activity. It is suggested that the stimulation of Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase activity by low concentrations of cardiac glycosides if a result of either the displacement of an endogenous ouabain-like compound from the enzyme or an indirect effect by changing membrane surrounding environment of the Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase.